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Research Design

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Factors affecting Research Design

Availability of scientific information

Availability of sufficient data

Availability of time

Proper exposure to the source of data

Availability of money

Availability of manpower

Effect of various internal and external variables on the

research project Impact of controllable and uncontrollable variables on

the Research Project

Proper exposure to the sources of data

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Advantages

Time Saving

Direction Schedule

Resources Planning

Procurement

Better documentation

Satisfaction

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Steps

The Problem

Objective of the study Nature of Study

Sources of Data

Techniques of Data Collection

Social Cultural Context

Geographical Limit

Basis of Selection

Limitations and Scope of Study

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Contents

Research Study

About what subject it is? Reason for this selection

Scope for this study

Objective of this study

Hypothesis

What is to be tested?

Data Collection

What kind?

What different series?

What methods of collection?

What tools for collection

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Universe and Sample

What universe to be studied?

What type of sampling to be used?

What is the sample size?

Data Analysis

Choice of techniques for analysis

Methods of analysis Results of analysis and conclusions

Report Writing

Stress on domain of validity

Reference period

Reference and Significance of Study

Identifying areas for further research

Bibliography

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Data Collection and Measurement

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Data consists of facts, figures, any relevant material

that serves for basic study and analysis. Without data, no question can be answered.

It is a base for analysis.

Information: Analysis of data

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Data Sources

Primary Sources

Observation Interview

Mailed Questionnaire

Secondary Sources

Internal Source

Private Documents

Bibliography

Camera Directories

Encyclopedias

Films

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Indexes

Journals

Magazines

News Papers

Public Speeches

Radio TV

Tape recorder

Use of Mechanical Devices

Year Books

External Sources

Unpublished Records Not available to People in

Published form.

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Secondary Data

Advantages

Most economic Available Quickly

Widens Database

Verification of findings

Disadvantages

Not meet the needs

Unreliable data

Inaccurate data

Obsolete data

Limited data

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Characteristics for Evaluating Secondary Data

Data Relation Quality

Reliability

Originality

Completeness

Unbiasness

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ac ors n uenc ng e c o ce or a aCollection

Type of Information needed

Nature of Research study Unit of Enquiry

Education

Skilled and Trained Persons

Sample Size

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Methods for Primary Data Collection

Observation

Questionnaire Structured Questionnaire

Non Structured Questionnaire

Experimentation

Interview

Projective Technique

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AdvantagesSr.

No.

Personal Interview with

Questionnaire

Mailed Questionnaire Telephone Interview

1 Most flexible method ofobtaining data

Wider and morerepresentative coverage

possible at the same cost

Wider and morerepresentative coverage

possible at the same cost.

2 Identity of Respondent

known

No field Staff is required No field Staff is required

3 Very Low/non response Cost per questionnairerelatively low Cost of response low

4 Supervision and Control

Possible

No bias for interviewers Quick way of obtaining data

5 Respondents can answer

question directly.

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DisadvantagesSr.

No.

Personal Interview with

Questionnaire

Mailed Questionnaire Telephone Interview

1 Most expensive method ofdata collection

Average number of non

response

Non telephone ownersand those with unlisted

numbers cannot be

reached

2 Considerable supervision

necessary

Probing questions cannot be

asked

Interview period is short

3 Bias of the investigators

present in the responses

Slowest of all methods of

data collection

Questions which require

probing cannot be asked.

4 Assumes that the

respondent is educated

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Preferred Data Collection MethodSr.

No

Funds Time Type of Data Personal

Interview

Mail Telephone

1 Inadequate Restricted Few Items X2 Inadequate Restricted Much

Information X3 Inadequate Ample Few Items X X X4 Restricted Ample Much

Information X X5 Ample Restricted Few Items X X6 Ample Restricted Much

Information X7 Ample Ample Few Items X X8 Ample Ample Much

Information

X

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Sampling & Sampling Technique

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Sampling

Population Universe

Sampling Method

Sample

Continuous Variable

Discrete Variable

Census Survey

Sample Survey

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Advantage of Sampling over Census

Less Expensive

Less Time Consuming Greater Accuracy

Destructive Enumeration

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Sampling Technique

Characteristics

Economy

Intensive and elaborate study

Reliability

Scientific Nature

Suitability

Reliability

Size of the Sample

Homogeneity of the Sample Representativeness of the sample.

Similar Sample

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Importance of Sampling

Concentrated study of selected items

Representatives units studied

Large Area

Scrutiny of available information

Sufficiency of results

Collecting of the information

Ad t

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Advantages

Accuracy

Administrative Suitability

Advantage over Census

Less Cost

Saving in Time

Disadvantages Chances for bias

Difficulty of accuracy

Difficulty of obtaining a representative sample

Lack of trained manpower

Non-availability of informants

Possibility for error in sampling

Inadequacy of samples

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Sampling Errors

Non Sampling Errors Incorrect concept of a Population

Samples drawn lagging complete randomness

Irrelevant, wrong, exaggerated replies to

questionnaires

Wrong interviewing methods

Inadequate response received

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Sampling Frame

Perfect Frame Incomplete Frame

Inaccurate Frame

Inadequate Frame

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Methods of sampling

Probability Sampling

Simple Random Sampling

Stratified Random Sampling

Systematic Random Sampling

Multi-Stage Sapling

Cluster Sampling

No n-Probability Sampling

Convenience Sampling

Purposive Sapling (or judgment) Quota Sampling

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Sampling Design

Type of Population

Sampling Unit

Type of Sample

Sample Size

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Observation

F t f Ob ti

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Features of Observation

Eye Observation

Aim Planning

Recording

Physical and mental Activity Purposive and Selective

Exactness

Cause and Effect relationships

Direct Study

T f Ob ti

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Types of Observation

Direct Observation

Indirect Observation Participant Observation

Non Participant Observation

Structured Observation Unstructured Observation

Ad t

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Advantages

Direct means of data collection e.g., Human Behavior

More accurate and reliable Less bias involved than questioning

Can be done continuously to increase reliability and

accuracy

Di d t

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Disadvantages

Not useful all the time especially to study the past

problem.

Opinions and attitudes cannot be studied by

observations.

Time involved is more

Difference between observer and event to occur.

Sampling theory gets ruled out.

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The Interview Method

Obj ti

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Objectives

To exchange ideas and experience

To elicit (collect) information.

T f I t i

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Types of Interview

Formality

Formal

Informal

Number

Personal

Group

Purpose

Diagnostic

Treatment Research

Fulfill Curiosity

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Period of Contact

Short Contact

Prolonged Contact

Subject Matter

Qualitative

Quantitative

Mixed

Role

Non-directive/free/Unstructured Focused

Repeated

P bl i I t i

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Problems in Interview

Inadequate Response

Non Response

Interviewers bias

Advantages

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Advantages

More Appropriate Technique

Easy to avoid misinterpretations

High percentage of returns

Yield Perfect sample

Information secured is more accurate

Greater number of returns

Disadvantages

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Disadvantages

Involves high cost

Involves huge time

High degree of skill

Process for Interview Method

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Process for Interview Method

Introduction

Object of the Interview

Interview

Free Atmosphere

Help

Research Questions

Encouragement

Direction

Note-Taking

Concluding

Report

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The Questionnaire Method

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Purpose

To collect information from the respondents who arescattered in a vast area

To achieve success in collecting reliable and

dependable data

Types Structured/Standardized

Non-Structured

Open Ended

Close-Ended

Mixed Questionnaire

Pictorial Questionnaire

Guidelines for Questionnaire Items

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Guidelines for Questionnaire Items

Information to be obtained

Type of Questionnaire to be used

Writing a first draft

Re-examining and revising question

Pre-testing and editing the questionnaire

Specify procedure for its use.

Advantages

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Advantages

Less Skill and training

Economical

Standardization

Anonymity

Less Pressure

Disadvantages

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Disadvantages

Limited Response

Low Returns

Lack of Checking on replies

Limited Success

Limited Flexibility

Lac of Personal Contact

Possibility of Wrong Answers

Illegibility

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