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POLLUTION IN

INDUSTRY

NURHIDAYAH BT MD JASIN 148969

ADIBATUL HUSNA ZAHIR 148824


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KYOTO PROTOCOLKYOTO PROTOCOL

An amendment to the international treaty on

climate change, assigning mandatory targets for

the reduction of greenhouse gasses (GHGs)

emissions to signatory nations.

The Protocol is an international agreement

linked to the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

Kyoto protocol have 28 Article and 2 Annex

(which Annex A and Annex B)


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SECTOR INVOLVED (ANNEX A)

Energy

Industrial Processes

Agriculture

Waste


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PROBLEMPROBLEM

The problem is trying to address is climatechange, and more specifically, the speed at

which the earth is warming up.

Whether Kyoto can accomplish this is verymuch a matter of debate.


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BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

From December 1 through 11, 1997, more than

160 nations met in Kyoto, Japan, to negotiate

binding limitations on greenhouse gases for the

developed nations.

Pursuant to the objectives of the Framework

Convention on Climate Change of 1992(adopted

at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, which did

not set any limitations or enforcement

mechanisms).


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CCONTONT..

The outcome of the meeting was the Kyoto

Protocol, in which the developed nations agreed

to limit their greenhouse gas emissions, relative

to the levels emitted in 1990.

The United States agreed to reduce emissions

from 1990 levels by 7 percent during the period

2008 to 2012.


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CCONTONT..

It was open for signature from March 16, 1998, to March

15, 1999, at United Nations Headquarters in New York

City.

The EU and its Member States ratified the KyotoProtocol in late May 2002.

As of November 2009, 187 states have signed and

ratified the protocol.


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CCONTONT..

All parties to UNFCCC can sign or ratify the Kyoto

Protocol, while non-parties to UNFCCC cannot.

Most provisions of the Kyoto Protocol apply to

developed countries, listed in Annex I to UNFCCC.


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KKYOTOYOTO PPROTOCOLROTOCOL BBODIESODIES

The intergovernmental negotiation process primarily

encompasses the Conference of the Parties (COP), the

Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP),

Subsidiary Bodies meetings and a series of workshops.

The COP is the "supreme body" of the Convention. The

CMP is the "supreme body" of the Kyoto Protocol.


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TTHEHE MMECHANISMSECHANISMS UNDERUNDER THETHE

KKYOTOYOTO PPROTOCOLROTOCOL

Countries with commitments under the Kyoto Protocol to

limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions must meet their

targets primarily through national measures.

As an additional means of meeting these targets, theKyoto Protocol introduced three market-based

mechanisms, thereby creating what is now known as the

carbon market.


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TTHEHE KKYOTOYOTO MECHANISMSMECHANISMS AREARE::

Emissions Trading

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

Joint Implementation (JI)


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THE CLEAN DEVELOPMENT

MECHANISM (CDM)

(ARTICLE 12, KYOTO PROTOCOL)

One of the flexible initiatives proposed to enable parties to

the convention and those that have ratified the Kyoto

Protocol meet their Kyoto commitments. Allows emission reduction projects that assist developing

countries in achieving sustainable development and that

generate certified emission reductions (CERs) for use by the

investing countries or companies.

Developed countries fund clean (alternative energy)

technologies, such as wind and solar power, in the

developing nations and thereby earn credits to offset their

Kyoto targets.


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Developed countries fund clean (alternative energy)technologies, such as wind and solar power, in the

developing nations and thereby earn credits to offset

their Kyoto targets.

y The developing countries acquire sustainabledevelopment (of low or no carbon emissions

potential) while the investing (annex I) countries

that undertake the projects earn Certified Emission

Reductions (CERs) that counts as credits towardsmeeting their Kyoto targets


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Countries can also claim credits for planting treesafforestation and/or reforestation(which serves as

carbon sinks) in the developing world.y Afforestation/reforestation projects are the only allowed carbon sink

projects for the first commitment period of 2008 -2012.

y Also an annex I country can only use CERs generated from sink

projects for up to 1% of the country's emissions in its base year, for

each of the five years of the commitment period


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CDM IN FORESTRY AND

AGRICULTURE

Introduces the concept of using forest and forest

management

To enhance sequestration of CO2 to compensate

for emission from the utilization of fossil fuel. Forest tree activities can be utilize for offsetting

carbon emissions

During the first commitment period starting from

2008 through 2012

Agricalture-rice cultivation as carbon sink


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CASE STUDY

Landfill gas recovery and electricity generation

at Mtoni Landfill in Tanzania.

Focus-CDM project implemented at the Mtoni

landfill site in Tanzania. Project scope and objective-to capture and

flare the biogas from a landfill site and, in a

second phase, use it for electricity generation for

the national grid.

Biogas contain of 50% methane-21 times more

powerful than CO2.


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REFERENCES

http://www.climateavenue.com/index.htm(climateavenue)

UNFCCC

http://www.environbusiness.com/CChange/JIM.html

http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf---(pdf)

http://www.climatechange.gov.au/en/government/initiatives/kyoto/progress.aspx

http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/climate-atmosphere/map-504.html

http://pustakalaya.olenepal.org/wiki/wp/k/Kyoto_Protocol.htm

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