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MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5

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ElektronikElectronics4

• Menerangkanpancarantermion.Explain thermionic emission.

• Menghuraikanciri-cirisinarkatod.Describe the properties of cathode rays.

• Menghuraikanprinsipkerjaosiloskopsinarkatod.Describe the working principle of the cathode ray oscilloscope.

• MengukurbezakeupayaanmenggunakanO.S.K.Measure potential difference using the C.R.O.

• MengukurselamasayangsingkatdenganmenggunakanO.S.K.Measure short time intervals using the C.R.O.

• MemaparkanbentukgelombangdenganmenggunakanO.S.K.Display wave forms using the C.R.O.

• MenyelesaikanmasalahberdasarkanpemaparanO.S.K.Solve problems based on the C.R.O. display.

4.1 Memahami kegunaan Osiloskop Sinar Katod (O.S.K.)Understanding the uses of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (C.R.O.)

• Menghuraikantransistordalamsebutanterminal-terminalnya.Describe a transistor in terms of its terminals.

• Menghuraikantransistorsebagaiamplifier.Describe how a transistor can be used as a current amplifier.

• Menghuraikantransistorsebagaisuisautomatik.Describe how a transistor can be used as an automatic switch.

4.3 Memahami transistorUnderstanding transistors

• Menghuraikansemikonduktordalamsebutanrintangandanelektronbebas.Describe semiconductors in terms of resistance and free electrons.

• Menghuraikansemikonduktorjenis-ndanjenis-p.Describe n-type and p-type semiconductors.

• Menghuraikandiodsemikonduktor.Describe semiconductor diodes.

• Menghuraikanfungsidiod.Describe the function of diodes.

• Menghuraikankegunaandiodsebagairektifier.Describe the use of diodes as rectifiers.

• Menghuraikankegunaankapasitorsebagaiperataarusoutputdanvoltanoutputdalamlitarrektifier.Describe the use of capacitors to smooth out output current and output voltage in a rectifier circuit.

4.2 Memahami diod semikonduktorUnderstanding semiconductor diodes

04-Physic F5 2015 (FSY5p).indd 150 10/15/15 3:30 PM

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Terminologi / Terminology Penerangan / Explanation

PancarantermionThermionic emission

Elektronyangdibebaskandaripadapermukaanlogamyangdipanaskan.Is the release of electrons from a heated metal surface.

SinarkatodCathode ray

Suatualurelektronyangbergerakdenganlajuyangtinggidalamvakum.A beam of electrons moving at high speed in a vacuum.

• Logammengandungisebilanganbesarelektron yangbebasbergerak.

Metal consists of large number of electrons which are free to move.

• Pada suhu bilik ,elektronbebasbergerak

tetapitidakmempunyai tenaga yang cukup untukmelepasipermukaanlogam.

At room temperature , the electrons are free to move

but do not have enough energy to escape from the metal surface.

Pancaran termion / Thermionic emission

• Filamentungstenyangjugabertindaksebagai katod menjadipanasapabiladilaluioleharus.

The tungsten filament which is also acting as cathode becomes hot when a current passes through it.

• Apabilakatoddisambungkepadaanoddenganvoltanlampautinggi(VLT),elektrondalamfilamentungsten

mendapat tenaga kinetik .When the cathode is connected to the anode by an extra high tension (EHT), the electrons in the tungsten filament gain

kinetic energy .

Sinar katod / Cathode ray

Filamen panas / Hot filament

e

ee

e

Sinar Katod / Cathode Ray

AnodAnode

Katod / filamenCathode / filament

V.L.T. / E.H.T.

ee

– +

+

• Menyatakangetlogiksebagailitarsuisdalamkomputerdansistemelektronikyanglain.State that logic gates are switching circuits in computers and other electronic systems.

• Menyenaraikandanmelukissimbolbagisetiapgetlogik.Menyatakanjugaget-getlogikinidalamjadualkebenaran.List and draw symbols for the following logic gates. Also state the action of these logic gates in a truth table.i. DAN/ANDii. ATAU/ORiii. TAK/NOTiv. TAK-DAN/NANDv. TAK-ATAU/NOR

• Membinajadualkebenaranbagigetlogikdalamgabunganmaksimum2input.Build truth tables for logic gates in combination for a maximum of 2 inputs.

• Menghuraikanaplikasisistem-sistemkawalangetlogik.Describe applications of logic gate control systems.

4.4 Menganalisis get logikAnalysing logic gates

Memahami Kegunaan Osiloskop Sinar Katod (OSK) Understanding the Uses of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (C.R.O.)

4.1




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• Elektrontidakdapatmelepasipermukaanlogam

keranaiaditarikdengan daya tarikan olehnukleusatom.

The electrons cannot escape from the surface because they

are held back by the attractive force of the atomic nucleus.

• Jikalogamdipanaskanpada suhu yang tinggi ,beberapaelektronbebasakan

mendapattenagayangcukup,mampuuntukmelepasipermukaanlogam.

If the metal is heated at a high temperature , some

of the free electrons may gain sufficient energy to escape from the metal surface.

• Elektronyangmendapattenagakinetikyangcukuptinggiakandapatmelepasipermukaanfilamentungsten.Electrons that gain sufficiently high kinetic energy will be able to escape from the surface of the tungsten filament.

• Elektron dipancarkan dandipecutkankepadaanod

dengan beza keupayaan yang tinggi antarakatoddananod.

The electrons emitted are accelerated towards the anode

by the high potential difference between the cathode and anode .

Denganprinsipkeabadiantenaga,bagisetiapelektron,/From the principle of conservation of energy, for each electron,

Tenaga keupayaan elektrik / Electrical potential energy = Tenaga kinetik / Kinetic energy

eV = 12

mv2

Olehitu,Hence,

v =halajuelektron/velocity of the electronsV =perbezaanpotensiantaraanoddankatod/potential difference between anode and cathodee =cassetiapelektron/charge of one electron,1.6×10–19Cm=jisimelektron/mass of electron9×10–31kg

v = 2eVm

FaktorFactor

Kesan ke atas kadar pancaran termionEffect on the rate of thermionic emission

SuhukatodTemperature of the cathode

Apabilasuhu meningkat ,makakadarpancarantermionjuga meningkat .

The rate of thermionic emission increases as the temperature increases .

LuaspermukaankatodSurface area of the cathode

Jikaluaspermukaan bertambah ,kadarpancarantermionjugaakan meningkat .

The rate of thermionic emission increases as the surface area increases .

BezakeupayaanantaraanoddankatodPotential difference between the anode and cathode

Jikabezakeupayaan meningkat ,kadarpancarantermion tidak berubah tetapi

halajuelektronyangdipancarkankearahanod meningkat .

If the potential difference increases , the rate of thermionic emission is unchanged but the

velocity of the emitted electrons towards the anode is higher .




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Ciri-ciri sinar katod / Properties of cathode rays

1 Bergerak lurus dalam vakum / Travel in a straight line in vacuum .

2 Mempunyai tenaga kinetik dan momentum / Possess kinetic energy and momentum .

3 Menghasilkan kesan berpendarfluor / Produce fluorescent effect .

4 Bercas negatif / Negatively charged .

5 Dipesongkan oleh medan elektrik ke arah plat positif / Deflected by an electric field towards a positive plate .

6 Dipesongkan oleh medan magnet / Deflected by a magnetic field .

7 Menyebabkan pengionan molekul gas / Cause ionisation of gas molecules .

8 Boleh menembusi kepingan nipis aluminium, kertas nipis dan lapisan grafit nipis .

Can penetrate thin aluminum foil, thin paper and thin graphite layer .

9 Memberi kesan kepada plat fotografi / Affect photographic plates .

10Menghasilkan haba dan sinar-X dalam tiub sinar-X / Produce heat and X–rays in an X–ray tube .

11Cas untuk satu elektron, e = 1.6 × 10–19 C / Charge of one electron, e = 1.6 × 10–19 C .

12Jisim elektron, me = 9 × 10–31 kg / Mass of electron, m

e = 9 × 10–31 kg .

Kawasan / Region Jenis gerakan / Types of motion

PQ:KatodkeanodCathode to anode Pecutan seragam / Uniform acceleration

QR:AnodkeskrinAnode to screen Halaju seragam / Uniform velocity

R

QP

Jenis pergerakan sinar katod dalam tiub sinar katodTypes of motion of cathode rays in a cathode ray tube

KawasanRegion

Jenis tenagaTypes of energy

P:Katod/CathodeTenaga keupayaan elektrik

Electrical potential energy

PQR:KatodkeAnoddanskrinCathode to anode and screen

Tenaga keupayaan elektrik Tenaga kinetikElectric potential energy Kinetic energy

Perubahan tenaga pada elektron dalam sinar katodEnergy conversion of electrons in cathode rays




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ProsedurProcedure

PemerhatianObservation

PeneranganExplanation

KesimpulanConclusion

Pemanas6Vdihidupkan.A 6 V heater is switched on.

Bayang palang

kelihatan

A shadow of the cross

is seen

Bayangdihasilkanoleh

cahayadari filamen

yang dipanaskan .The shadow is formed by the light rays from the

heated filament .

Lintasan sinar bergerak dalam

garis lurus

Light rays travel in a straight line

Sekarangbekalankuasa3kVdisambungkanantarakatoddananod.Now, a 3 kV power supply is connected between the cathode and anode.

Bayang palangberwarna

hijau dibentukkan .Iasamasaizdansamakedudukandenganbayangyangdihasilkanolehcahayatadi.

A green shadow of the cross is seen. It is the same size and at the same position as the shadow formed by the light earlier.

Bayangpalangdihasilkan

oleh sinar katod .The shadow is formed by the

cathode rays .

Sinarkatodbergerakdalamgaris lurus .

Sinarkatodmenyebabkankesanberpendarfluor .

Sinarkatodmembawa tenaga

kinetik yangditukarkan

kepada tenaga cahaya apabilaiamenghentamskrin.

Cathode rays travel in a straight line .

Cathode rays cause fluorescence .

Cathode rays carry kinetic energy which is

converted to light energy when they hit the screen.

KutubutaramagnetbardibawaberdekatandengansinarkatodThe North pole of a bar magnet is brought close to the cathode rays.

Bayangsinarkatodbergerak dan

tersasar / terpesong

kebawah.The cathode ray shadow

is moved and deflected downward.

Daya saling tindakan / Daya lastik

dihasilkankeranasinarkatodmembawa

cas negatif .

A catapult force is produced because the cathode

rays carry a negative charge .

Sinarkatodboleh dipesongkan olehmedan magnet .Peraturantangan

kiriFlemingdigunakanuntukmenentukanarahgerakansinar.

Cathode rays can be deflected by a magnetic field . The Fleming’s left-hand rule

is used to determine the direction of motion.[Perhatian/Note:Arahsinarkatodadalahbertentangandenganaraharus./The direction of the cathode rays is opposite to that of the electric current.]

Ciri-cirisinarkatoddikajidenganmenggunakantiubpalangMaltesedantiubpesongan.The characteristics of cathode rays are investigated by using the Maltese cross tube and deflection tube.

Tiub palang MalteseMaltese cross tube

3 kV

KatodCathode

Bekalan pemanas, 6V

6 V heater supply

AnodAnode

Skrin berpendarfluorFluoresecent screen

VakumVacuum

BayangShadow

Palang maltese aluminiumAluminium Maltese Cross

N

S

Mengkaji ciri-ciri sinar katodTo investigate the characteristics of cathode rays




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ProsedurProcedure

PemerhatianObservation


KesimpulanConclusion

Bekalanpemanas6Vdanbekalankuasa3kVdisambungkantetapiplatlogamtidakdisambungkebekalankuasa.6 V heater supply and 3 kV power supply are connected but metal plate is not connected.

Tiada medan elektrik diantaraduaplatlogam.

No electric fields between the two metal plates.

Sinar katod bergerak

dalam garis lurus

Cathode ray travels in a

straight line

Bekalanpemanas6Vdanbekalankuasa3kVdisambungkandanbekalankuasa1000Vdisambungkankepadaplatlogam.6 V heater supply and 3 kV power supply are connected and also 1 000 V power supply is connected to the metal plates.

+

–

Terdapatmedan elektrik diantara

kedua-duaplat.Electric field

exists between two plates.

Sinarkatod dipesongkan

ke atas .The cathode ray is

is deflected upward .

Sinar katod bercas

negatif

Cathode ray is negatively

charged

Bekalanpemanas6Vdan3kVbekalankuasadisambungkandanjuga1000Vbekalankuasadisambungkansecarasongsangkepadaplatlogam.6 V heater supply and 3 kV power supply are connected and also the 1 000 V power supply is connected to the metal plates but in reverse order.

+

–

Terdapatmedanelektrikdiantarakedua-duaplat.

Sinarkatod terpesong ke bawah .

Electric field exists between the two plates.The cathode ray is

is deflected downward .

Sinar katod bercas

negatif

Cathode ray is negatively

charged

Tiub pesonganDeflection tube

3 kV

0 – 1 000 V

Plat logamMetal plates

KatodCathode

Bekalan pemanas, 6 V

6 V heater supply

AnodAnode

Skrin berpendarfluorFluoresecent screen




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Tenaga keupayaan elektrik =Tenaga kinetik Electrical potential energy = Kinetic energy eV = E

(1.6 × 10–19C) × (5 × 103V) = E

E = 8.0 × 10–16 J

1 Bezakeupayaanantaraanoddankatoddalamsenapangelektronialah5kV.Hitungkantenagakinetikelektron.[e=1.6×10–19C]The potential difference between the anode and cathode in an electron gun is 5 kV. Calculate the kinetic energy of the electrons. [e = 1.6 × 10–19 C]

Penyelesaian / Solution

E = eV = (1.6 × 10–19C) × (20 × 103V) = 32 × 10–16

= 3.2 × 10–15 J

2 Dalamtiubgambarsettelevisyen,bezakeupayaan20 kVmerentasi anod dan katodmemecutkansinarelektron.Cassatuelektronialah1.6×10–19C.Berapakah tenaga keupayaan setiap elektronyangmenghentamskrin?In a picture tube of a television set, a potential difference of 20 kV is applied across the anode and the cathode to accelerate the electron beam. The charge of each electron is 1.6 × 10 –19 C. What is the kinetic energy of each electron striking on the screen?


Senapang elektronAn electron gun

Sistem pemesonganDeflection system

Skrin pendarfluorFluorescent screen

Control grid• to control brightness of

the spot on the screen

Y-input terminalTerminal y-input

DasarmasaTime base

VakumVacuum

X-plates• to deflect cathode rays

horizontally

Plat-X• untuk memesongkan sinar

katod secara mendatar

Skrin berpendafluor• untuk menghasilkan

tompok yang cerah apabila dihentam oleh sinar katod

Y-plates• to deflect cathode

rays vertically

Flourescent screen• to produce bright spot

when hit by cathode rays

Cathode rays

Sinar katod

Focusing anode• to focus moving

electrons into a fine ray

Grid kawalan • untuk mengawal

kecerahan tompok di atas skrin

Plat-Y• untuk memesongkan

sinar katod secara menegak

Anod memfokus• untuk memfokuskan

elektron yang bergerak kepada sinar yang halus

Accelerating anode• to accelerate electrons

Anod memecut• memecutkan elektron

Filament• supply heat to the

cathode

Filamen• membekalkan

haba kepada katod

Katod• memancarkan elektron

apabila dipanaskanCathode• emit electrons when

heated

Salut grafik / Graphite coating

• Untuk membumikan elektron

yang menghentam skrin

To channel the electrons striking

the screen to the Earth

Tenaga keupayaan elektrik =Tenaga kinetikElectrical potential energy = Kinetic energy

eV = 12

mv2

1.6 × 10–19C × 7 × 103V = 12

× (9 × 10–31kg) × v2

v2 = (1.6 × 10–19C)× (7 × 103V)(4.5 × 10–31kg)

v = 4.99 × 107 m s–1

3 Dalam tiub vakum penerima televisyen, sinarkatod dihasilkan dan memecut melalui bezakeupayaan7kV.Tentukanhalajusinarkatoditu.

[e=1.6×10–19Cdanme=9×10–31kg]

In the vacuum tube of a television receiver, a cathode ray is produced and accelerated through a potential difference 7 kV. Determine the velocity of the cathode ray.[e = 1.6 × 10–19 C and m

e = 9 × 10–31 kg]


Contoh / Example

Struktur dan fungsi bahagian-bahagian yang penting dalam Osiloskop Sinaran Katod (O.S.K.)Structure and functions of the main parts of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope ( C.R.O.)




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Penggunaan O.S.K.Uses of C.R.O.

1 Paparan bentuk gelombang Displaying waveforms

Input-YY-input

Litar dasar masaTime-base circuit

Suis dipadam

Switched off

Suis dihidupkanSwitched on

TiadabekalankuasadisambungkanNo power supply connected

Bekalankuasaa.t.d.c. power supply

Bekalankuasaa.u.a.c. power supply

2 Mengukur beza keupayaan bekalan kuasa Measuring the potential difference of the power supply

Voltana.t./d.c. voltage

V=gandaan-Y×h V = Y-gain × h

Voltana.u./a.c voltage

Voltanpuncak,Vp=gandaan-Y× 1

2(ketinggiangaris

menegak)

Peak voltage, Vp = Y-gain × 1

2(height of the vertical line)

Vr.m.s.

=1

2×V

p

Vr.m.s.

=Vroot mean square

Vp.m.k.d.

=Vpunca min kuasa dua

3 Mengukur sela masa yang singkat dan frekuensiMeasuring short time interval and frequency

Jarakantaraduadenyutanpadaskrin=dcm. The distance between two pulses on the screen = d cm. Kawalandasarmasa=x scm-1. The time-base control setting = x s cm-1.

Tempohbagiduadenyutan,T=xd Period for two pulses, T = xd

[Dalamkesini,unitTialah'saat' In this case, the unit of T is 'second' ]

Suisa.u/a.t/a.c. / d.c. switch

Gandaan-YY-gain

Input-Y/Y-input

Input-X/X-input

Bumi/Earth

KawalandasarmasaTime-base controls

Brilliance (Brightness)Kecerahaan

SuiskuasaPower switch

Fokus/Focus

Anjakan-X/X-shift

Anjakan-Y/Y-shift

SkrinScreen

1cm

h=2cm

Gandaan-Yditetapkanpada2.0Vcm–1.Y-gain is set at 2.0 V cm–1.

Voltanpuncak, Vp=2.0 V cm–1 × 2 cm

=4 V

Vr.m.s.

= V

p

2 = 4 V

2

=2.83 V

d=4cm

1cm

Frekuensi / Frequency, f = 1T

f = 10.04 s

= 25 Hz

Gandaandasarmasaditetapkanpadax= 0.01 s cm–1

The time-base gain is set at x

Jarakantaraduadenyutanpadaskrin,d=4 cm

The distance between two pulses on the screen, d

Olehitu,tempoh,T= 0.01 s cm–1 × 4 cm = 0.04 s

So, period, T

Contoh/Example:

Contoh/Example:

h=sesarantegaktempokcahayah = vertical displacement of the light spot

Vp.m.k.d.

=1

2×V

p

[ ]




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1 Rajah menunjukkan bentuk gelombang yangterhasil daripada bekalan kuasa arus ulang-alikyangdisambungkankepadainput-YpadaO.S.K.[Gandaan-Y disetkan = 20 V cm–1 dan kawalandasarmasa=5mscm-1]The diagram shows a waveform obtained from an a.c. power supply connected to Y-input of a C.R.O.[Y-gain setting = 20 V cm–1 and time-base control setting = 5 ms cm–1]

Tentukan,/Determine,(a) tempohisyaratyangditunjukkan

the period of the signal(b) frekuensiisyarat

the frequency of the signal(c) bezakeupayaanpuncakkepuncak

the peak to peak voltage(d) bezakeupayaanvoltanpuncak

the peak voltage


(a) Ketetapan kawalan dasar masa Time-base control setting = 5 ms cm–1

Tempoh / Period, T = 5 ms cm–1 × 14 cm = 70 ms = 7.0 × 10–2 s

(b) Frekuensi / Frequency, f = 1T

= 1

7.0 × 10–2 s = 14.29 Hz(c) Ketetapan gandaan-Y Y-gain setting = 20 V cm–1

Voltan puncak ke puncak Peak to peak voltage, V

pp = 20 V cm–1 × 8 cm

= 160 V

(d) Vp = Vpp

2

= 160 V

2 = 80 V

d=14cm

8cm

2 RajahmenunjukkanbentukgelombangdihasilkanpadaskrinO.S.K.diradarstesenlapanganterbang.TitikX danY menunjukkanmasa penghantaranisyarat ke kapal terbang dan masa penerimaanpantulanisyaratmelaluiradartersebut.

[KawalandasarmasapadaO.S.K.=50mscm–1]The diagram shows a waveform obtained on the screen of a C.R.O. at an airport radar station. The points X and Y indicate the time of transmission to an aeroplane and the time of receiving the reflected signals by the radar station.[Time-base control setting of the C.R.O. = 50 ms cm–1]

8cm

XY

HitungCalculate(a) masaisyaratradardariXkeY.

the time travels of the radar from X to Y.(b) jarakantarastesenradardankapalterbang. [Halajucahaya=3×108ms–1]

the distance between the radar station and the aeroplane.[Speed of light = 3 × 108 m s–1]


(a) Ketetapan kawalan dasar-masa O.S.K. Time-base control setting of the C.R.O. = 50 ms cm–1

Masa penghantaraan isyarat radar, Time travels of the radar, T = 50 ms cm–1 × 8 cm = 400 ms = 0.4 s

(b) Halaju cahaya = 3 × 108 m s–1

Speed of light = 3 × 108 m s–1

Menggunakan formula, 2D = vt Using formula, 2D = vt Jarak antara stesen radar dan kapal terbang Distance between the radar station and the aeroplane,

D = vt2

= (3 × 108 m s–1 ) ×(0.4 s)

2

= 6.0 × 107 m

Latihan / Exercise

KBAT




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Ciri-ciri semikonduktorProperties of semiconductors

• Contohsemikonduktorialah silikon, germanium dan selenium .

Example of semiconductor are silicon, germanium and selenium .

• Semikonduktortulenbersifatseperti penebat dalamkeadaansejuk,tetapimengalirkanarusyangkecilpadasuhubilik(bersifatkonduktor).

Pure semiconductors act as insulators when they are cold, but conduct a small current when they are at room temperature.

• Semikonduktor intrinsik sepertisilikondangermaniummenunjukkanciri-cirisemikonduktordariatomasalnya.

An intrinsic semiconductor such as silicon and germanium derives its semiconductor properties from its own atoms.

• Apabila beza keupayaan dikenakanmerentasisemikonduktorintrinsik,iaakanmengalirkanarusyangkecil.

When a potential difference is applied across an intrinsic semiconductor, it conducts a very small current.

• Kekonduksiandalamsemikonduktoradalahmelaluipergerakanelektron-elektronbebasdanlohong-lohongdalamarahbertentangan.Conduction in a semiconductor is by means of movement of free electrons and holes in opposite directions.

• Iabolehdijadikankonduktoryangbaikdengan pendopan semikonduktordengansebilangankecilatomasing.

They can be made to conduct better by 'doping' the semiconductor with a small amount of foreign atoms.

Perbandinganantarapenebat,semikonduktordankonduktor:Comparison between insulator, semiconductor and conductor:

PenebatInsulator

SemikonduktorSemiconductor

KonduktorConductor

ContohbahanExample of material

Kaca,seramik,politenaGlass, ceramic, polythene

Silikon,germanium,seleniumSilicon, germanium, selenium

Kuprum,aluminium,besiCopper, aluminium, iron

PembawacasCharge-carriers

Tiada elektron bebas

No free electrons

Elektron bebas dan lohong

Free electrons and holes

Elektron bebas

Free electrons

RintanganResistance

Tinggi

High

Beradaantararintanganpenebat dan

konduktorBetween the resistance of

an insulator and conductor

Rendah

Low

KekonduksianConductivity

Kekonduksian lemah kerana

tiadaelektronbebasyang

mengalirkanaruselektrik.Poor conductivity because

there are no free electrons to move about to conduct electricity.

Kekonduksian meningkat apabilasuhumeningkat.Kekonduksianjugameningkatapabilacahayamataharimenyinarinyaataudengan

kehadiran bendasing .

Conductivity increases when the temperature increases. Conductivity also increases when light shines on it or with the presence of

impurities .

Kekonduksian yang baik keranaterdapatbanyakelektronbebasyangmudahbergerakantaraatom.

Good conductivity because conductors have many free electrons that can move easily between atoms.

Memahami Diod Semikonduktor Understanding Semiconductor Diodes

4.2




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Proses pendopanDoping process

• Pendopan ialahprosesmenambahkanbilanganbendasingyangtertentukedalamatom

semikonduktortulen(semikonduktorintrinsik)untukmeningkatkan kekonduksian .Doping is a process of adding a certain amount of specific impurities into the pure semiconductor atoms

(intrinsic semiconductor) to increase its conductivity .

• Prosespendopanmenghasilkanduajenissemikonduktor.Doping process produces two types of semiconductors.

• Duajenissemikonduktoriniialah semikonduktor jenis-n dan semikonduktor jenis-p .

These two types of semiconductors are the n-type semiconductor and p-type semiconductor .

Semikonduktorjenis-nn-type semiconductors

Semikonduktor jenis-nn-type semiconductors

• Atomsilikon(mempunyaiempatelektronvalens)didopkandenganatom-atom pentavalen

(mempunyailimaelektronvalens)seperti antimoni, fosforus atau arsenik untukmeningkatkanbilanganelektron-elektronbebas.

Silicon atoms (with four valence electrons) doped with pentavalent atoms (which have five valence

electrons) such as antimony, phosphorus or arsenic increases the number of free electrons.• Atompentavalenakanmenggantikanbeberapaatomsilikon,kemudiantiap-tiapsatudaripadaatom

pentavalenakanmempunyai empat ikatan kovalen dansatuelektronbebaslebihan.The pentavalent atoms will replace some of the silicon atoms, then each of the pentavalent atoms will have

four covalent bonds and one extra free electron.

• Olehkeranaatompentavalenmendermalebihanelektron,iadinamakanatom penderma .

Since a pentavalent atom donates an extra electron, it is called donor atom.• Dalamkeadaanini,terdapatlebihbanyakelektronbebasberbandinglohong,olehituelektron

adalahpembawacas majoriti danlohongadalahpembawacas minoriti ,

makaiadinamakan semikonduktor jenis-n .

In this case, there are more free electrons than holes. Therefore, the electrons are the majority charge-

carriers and the holes are the minority charge-carriers and is thus known as an n-type semiconductor .

• Elektron bebas yangberlebihanmenjadipembawacasnegatifdalamsemikonduktorjenis-n.

The excess free electrons become the negative charge-carriers in an n-type semiconductor.

Semikonduktorjenis-nn-type semiconductor

As SiAtomarsenikArsenic atom

AtomsilikonSilicon atom

ElektronElectron

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

As

Si

Si

ElektronbebaslebihanExtra free electron

IkatankovalenCovalent bond




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Semikonduktorjenis-pp-type semiconductors

Semikonduktor jenis-pp-type semiconductors

• Silikonyangdidopkandenganatom trivalen (mempunyaitigaelektronvalens)sepertiboron, indium atau galium akanmeningkatkanbilanganlohong.

Silicon doped with trivalent atoms (which have three valence electrons) such as boron, indium or gallium increase the number holes.

• Atomtrivalenakanmenggantikanbeberapaatomsilikon,menyebabkansilikonkehilangansatuelektrondaripadaempatikatankovalen.The trivalent atoms will replace some of the silicon atoms, resulting in one electron missing from one of the four covalent bonds.

• Atomtrivalenakanmenerimasatuelektron,makaiadinamakanatom penerima .

Since a trivalent atom accepts an electron, it is called the acceptor atom.

• Atomtrivaleninimenghasilkan semikonduktor jenis-p denganmembentukkekurangan

elektronvalensyangdinamakan lohong .

These trivalent atoms produce p-type semiconductors by creating a shortage of valence electrons called holes .

• Dalamkeadaanini,terdapatlebihbanyaklohongterhasil,olehitulohongadalahpembawacasmajoriti danelektronadalahpembawacas minoriti ,semikonduktorini

dinamakan semikonduktor jenis-p .

In this case there are more holes. Therefore, the holes are the majority charge-carriers and the electrons are

the minority charge-carriers and is thus known as p-type semiconductors .

• Lohongberlebihaninimenjadipembawa cas positif dalamsemikonduktorjenis-p.

The excess holes become the positive charge charge-carriers in the p-type semiconductors.

InSi AtomIndiumIndium atom

AtomsilikonSilicon atom

ElektronElectron

LohongHole

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

In

Si

Si

KehilanganelektronmembentuklohongMissing electron created a hole

Semikonduktorjenis-pp-type semiconductor




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Bagaimana simpang p-n berfungsiHow the p-n junction works

• Apabilabahansemikonduktorjenis-pbercantumdenganbahansemikonduktorjenis-n,iniakan

membentukkanditengah-tengahnyasatu lapisan yangdinamakan lapisan susutan .Pada

lapisanini, elektron daribahanjenis-nmenghanyutmerentasisimpanguntukmengisi

lohong dalambahanjenis-p. Lohong daribahanjenis-pmenghanyutdalam

arahbertentangankebahanjenis-n.Hasilnya,lapisansusutanyang nipis terbentuk.Iaadalahkawasansempityangkehilangansemuaelektronbebasdanlohongdanbersifatseperti

silikontulenyangmempunyai kerintangan tinggi .Pengalirancasseterusnyayangmerentasisempadanlapisansusutanakanditolakolehcasdidalamlapisantersebut.

When a p-type semiconductor material is in contact with an n-type semiconductor material, a layer called

the depletion layer is formed in the middle. At this junction, electrons from n-type semiconductor drifts

across the junction to fill in the holes in the p-type semiconductor. The holes from the p-type semiconductor drift in the opposite direction to the n-type semiconductor. As a result, a depletion layer is produced.

It is a very narrow region which has lost all its available free electrons and holes and thus behaves almost

like a pure silicon, with high resistivity . Any further movement of charges across the boundry in the depletion layer will be repelled by the charges in the layer.

Voltansimpang/Junction voltage


LapisansusutanDepletion layer


• Lapisancas negatif dalambahanjenis-pakanmenghalangpembawacasmajoritidari

bahanjenis-n(elektron)daripadamerentasisempadan.Begitujugalapisancas positif dalambahanjenis-nakanmenghalangpembawacasmajoritidaribahanjenis-p(lohong)daripada

merentasisempadandalamarahbertentangan.Inimenyebabkansuatu beza keupayaan

yangbertindakdaribahanjenis-nkebahanjenis-p.Bezakeupayaanmerentasisimpangini

dinamakan voltan simpang . Tiada arus mengalirmelaluisimpangp-n

semasacasberadadalam keseimbangan .

The layer of the negative charge in the p-type region will prevent the majority charge carriers from the n-type

region (the electrons) from crossing the boundary. Similarly, the positive charge layer in the n-type region will prevent the majority charge carriers from the p-type region (the holes) from crossing the boundry in the opposite

direction. This will result in a potential difference acting from the n-type material to the p-type material

across the junction. This potential difference is known as the junction voltage . In its normal state, a p-n

junction delivers no current since the charges are in equilibrium .

Lohong/HoleElektron/Electron



• Kesanvoltansimpangialahuntuk menghalang pembawacasdaripadamenghanyutmerentasisimpang.Anggaranvoltansimpangbagigermaniumdansilikonialah0.1Vdan0.6Vmasing-masing.

This junction voltage prevents charge carriers from drifting across the junction. The junction voltages for germanium and silicon are approximately 0.1 V and 0.6 V respectively.

Diod semikonduktor / Semiconductor diodes




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Simbol diod semikonduktorSymbol of asemiconductor diode

p n

StrukturStructure

SimbolSymbol

Anod(+)Anode (+)

Katod(–)Cathode (–)

Fungsi diodFunction of diodes

Pincang ke depanForward-biased• Untukmembenarkanaruselektrikmengalirmelaluidiod,bezakeupayaanmerentasidiodmestimelebihivoltansimpang.

In order for an electric current to flow through the diode, the voltage applied across the diode must exceed the junction voltage.

• Dalamsusunanpincangkedepan,bezakeupayaansel lebih besar daripadavoltansimpang.

Lapisansusutanmenjadi nipis , rintangan diod berkurang .Olehituarus yang besar mengalirmelaluidiod.

In a forward-biased arrangement, the cell voltage is greater than the junction voltage. The depletion layer

becomes narrow , the resistance of diode decreases . Hence a large current flows through the diode.

RintanganrendahLow resistance

ArusmengalirCurrent flow

p n

PincangkedepanForward-biased

+ –

BezakeupayaanselCell voltage

VoltansimpangJunction voltage

Rintanganrendah/Low resistance

LapisansusutannipisNarrow depletion layer



Lukislitarindenganmenggunakansimbol.Draw this circuit by using symbols.

• Diodmengalirkan arus kerana lohong darisemikonduktorjenis-pdan elektron

darisemikonduktorjenis-nberupaya merentasi simpang .Mentolakan menyala .

The diode conducts current because the holes from the p-type semiconductor and electrons from the n-type semiconductor are able to cross over the junction . The bulb will light up .

• Fungsidiodmembenarkanarusmengalirdalam satu arah sahaja .

The function of a diode is to allow current to flow in one direction only .




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TerminologiTerminology

Penerangan Explanation

LapisansusutanDepletion layer

IalahkawasanneutralyangtiadapembawacasIs the neutral region which has no charge-carriers

RektifierRectifier

Ialahperantielektrikyangmenukarkanarusulang-alikkepadaarusterusIs an electrical device that converts alternating current to direct current

RektifikasiRectification

Ialahprosesuntukmenukarkanarusulang-alikkepadaarusterusdenganmenggunakandiodIs the process to convert an alternating current into a direct current by using diode

Pincang songsangReverse-biased

• Dalamsusunanpincangsongsang,bezakeupayaansellebih rendah daripadavoltan

simpang.Lapisansusutanmenjadi besar dan rintangan diodmeningkat.Olehitu,tiadaarusmengalirmelaluidiod.

In a reverse-biased arrangement, the cell voltage is lower than the junction voltage. The depletion layer is wide and the resistance of diode increases. Hence, no current flows through the diode.

RintangansangattinggiVery high resistance

TiadaarusNo current

p n

PincangsongsangReverse-biased

– +

BezakeupayaanselCell voltage

VoltansimpangJunction voltage

Rintangantinggi/High resistance

LapisansusutanlebarWide depletion layer

Bahanjenis-pp-type material

Bahanjenis-nn-type material

Lukislitarinidenganmenggunakansimbol.Draw this circuit by using symbols.

• Elektron dan lohong ditarikmenjauhisimpang.Mentol tidak menyala .

Both electrons and holes are pulled away from the junction. The bulb does not light up .

GrafGraph

Graf arus lawan beza keupayaan bagi simpang p-n dalam diod silikon dan diod germaniumGraph of current against voltage for the p-n junction in a silicon and germanium diode

PincangsongsangReverse-biased

PincangkedepanForward-biased

V/Volt0.10 0.6

I /mA

DiodgermaniumGermanium

diode DiodsilikonSilicon diode

Diod sebagai rektifier / Diodes as rectifiers




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Diodialahperantiyangmembenarkanarusmengalirmelalui satu arah sahaja.Iajugadikenalisebagai

rektifier .Prosesyangmenukarkana.ukepadaa.tdikenalisebagai rektifikasi .

A diode is a device that allows current to flow through it in one direction only. It is also called a rectifier . The

process that changes a.c. into d.c. is called rectification .

Jenis rektifikasi

Types of rectification

Rajah litarDiagram of the circuit

Lakaran grafSketch of graph


RektifikasiseparuhgelombangHalf-wave Rectification

R V

DiodDiode

KeO.S.K.To C.R.O.

a.c

Vin=bezakeupayaaninput(a.u.)V

in = Input voltage (a.c. current)

Vin

0t/s

VR=bezakeupayaanoutput

melaluiO.S.K. Rectified voltage which shows in the C.R.O.

0

VR

t/s

Prosesdimanahanyaseparuh

kitarpertamaarusulang-alik,

dibenarkanmengalirdalam

satu arah .

A process where only half of every

cycle of alternating current is made to

flow in one direction .

Dalamseparuhkitarpertama,

diod dipincang ke depan

danarusdapat mengalir .

In the first half cycle, the diode is

forward-biased and current

can flow .

Arusdihalangmengalir

menerusidioddalamseparuh

kitarkeduaapabiladiod

dipincang songsang .

The current cannot flow through the

diode in the second half-cycle when the

diode is reverse-biased .




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RektifikasigelombangpenuhFull-wave rectification

R VR

KeO.S.K.To C.R.O.

A

B

D4

D1

D2D

3

(i)Separuhkitaranyangpertamaarusu.a. First half of cycle of a.c. current

R VR

KeO.S.K.To C.R.O.

A

B

D4

D1

D2D

3

(ii)Separuhkitaranyangkeduaarusu.a. Second half of cycle of a.c. current

BezakeupayaanoutputmerentsiR

Output voltage across R

0

VR

t/s

(i) (ii) (i) (ii) (i)

Prosesdimana

kedua-dua

separuh daripada

setiapkitaranarusulang-alik,

dibenarkanmengalirdalam

satu arah / arah yang sama .

A process where both halves

of every cycle of an alternating

current is made to flow in the

same direction .

Ketikaseparuhkitaranpertama,

arusa.u.,(i),arusmengalir

dari A ke D1 ke R ,

ke D3 ke B .

In the first half of the cycle of

the a.c. current, (i), the current

flows from A to D1 to R ,

to D3 to B .

Ketikaseparuhkitaran

kedua,(ii),arusmengalir

dari B ke D2 ke R ,

ke D4 ke A .

In the second half, (ii), the current

flows from B to D2 to R ,

to D4 to A .

Araharusulang-alikyang

mengalirmelaluiperintangR

untuksetiapseparuhkitaran

adalah sama .

The direction of alternating current

passing through the resistor R

for each half of the cycle is the

same .




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MeratakanarusmenggunakankapasitorSmoothening the current by using a capacitor

RC VR

KeOSKTo CRO

A

B

D4

D1

D2D

3

Arusmengalir

Current flows

ArusmengalirCurrent flows

ArusselepasmerentasikapasitorAfter the current flows across the capacitor

ArussebelummerentasikapasitorBefore the current flows across the capacitor

0

V

t/s

KapasitorCapacitorKapasitordisambungsecara

selari dengan

perintang .Iadigunakanuntuk:

A capacitor is connected parallel

with the resistor . This device can:

1 Menyimpan cas elektrik Store electric charge

2 Meratakan bentuk gelombang bagi arus outputyang telah direktifikasi Smoothen a waveform in the rectified output

3 Memisahkan arus ulang-alikdan arus terus (sebagai penapis) Separate the a.c. and d.c. (as a filter)

Meratakan gelombang output menggunakan kapasitorSmoothing output wave by using a capacitor• Apabilaarusmelaluiresistordankapasitor,kapasitor

akan dicaskan dan

tenaga disimpan .When a current flows through the resistor and capacitor, the

capacitor is charged and

stores energy .• Apabilatiadaarusmelaluiperintangdankapasitor,kapasitor

dinyahcaskan dantenaganyadigunakanuntukmenghasilkan

beza keupayaan merentasiperintang.When there is no current passing through the resistor and capacitor,

the capacitor is discharged

and the energy from it used to

produce a voltage across the resistor.

• Hasilnya arus terus outputyangrataterhasil.As a result it produces a

smooth d.c. output.




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Raj

ahD

iagr

amP

ener

ang

anE

xpla

natio

n

Rum

us

transistor

For

mul

a of

tr

ansi

stor

I E=I

B+IC

(a)Transistorp-n-p

p-n-

p tr

ansi

stor

C(Pengumpul/

Col

lect

or)

B(Tapak/

B

ase)

E(Pengeluar/

Em

itter)

C(Pengumpul/

Col

lect

or)

E(Pengeluar/

Em

itter)

B(Tapak/

B

ase)

p n p

•Transistormem

punyaitigaelektrodyangbersambungkepada

peng

elua

r (E

),

tapa

k (B

)dan

peng

umpu

l (C

).

A tr

ansi

stor

has

thre

e le

ads

conn

ecte

d to

the

emitt

er (

E)

, ba

se (

B)

and

colle

ctor

(C

) .

•P

enge

luar

mem

ancarkanataumenghantarpembawacasmelalui

lapi

san

tapa

kyang

nipisuntukdikumpulkanoleh

peng

umpu

l.

The

emitt

er e

mits

or

send

s ch

arge

car

ries

thro

ugh

the

thin

ba

se la

yer

to b

e co

llect

ed b

y th

e

colle

ctor

.

•Arahpadapengeluarmenunjukkanarah

alira

n ar

us.

The

arro

w o

n th

e em

itter

sho

ws

the

dire

ctio

n of

the

curr

ent fl

ow.

•Dalam

transistorp-n-p,pengeluarjenis-pmenghantar

loho

ng b

erca

s po

sitif

kepada

pengum

pul.

In p

-n-p

tran

sist

or, t

he p

-typ

e em

itter

sen

ds

posi

tive

hole

s to

the

colle

ctor

.

•Transistorp-n-pterdiridaripadalapisansemikonduktorjenis-nyangdilapisidengandualapisan

semikonduktorjenis-p.

A p

-n-p

tran

sist

or c

onsi

sts

of a

thin

laye

r of

n-t

ype

sem

icon

duct

or s

andw

iche

d by

two

laye

rs o

f p-t

ype

sem

icon

duct

or.

(b)Transistorn-p-n

n-p-

n tr

ansi

stor

C(Pengumpul/

Col

lect

or)

B(Tapak/

B

ase)

E(Pengeluar/

Em

itter)

C(Pengumpul/

Col

lect

or)

E(Pengeluar/

Em

itter)

B(Tapak/

B

ase)

n p n

•Dalam

transistorn-p-n,pengeluarjenis-nmenghantar

elek

tron

ber

cas

nega

tifkepada

pengum

pul.

In a

n n-

p-n

tran

sist

or, t

he n

-typ

e em

itter

sen

ds

nega

tive

elec

tron

s to

the

colle

ctor

.

•Arahdalampengeluarmenunjukkanarah

arus

men

galir

.

The

arro

w o

n th

e em

itter

sho

ws

the

dire

ctio

n of

the

curr

ent fl

ow.

•Transistorn-p-nterdiridaripadalapisansemikonduktorjenis-pyangnipisdandilapisidengandua

lapisansemikonduktorjenis-n.

An

n-p-

n tr

ansi

stor

con

sist

s of

a th

in la

yer

of p

-typ

e se

mic

ondu

ctor

san

dwic

hed

by tw

o la

yers

of n

-typ

e se

mic

ondu

ctor

.

Me

ma

ha

mi T

ran

sist

or

Und

erst

andi

ng T

rans

isto

rs4

.3




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Jenislitar

Type

s of

ci

rcui

ts

LitartransistorI(mem

erlukanduasel

kering)

Tran

sist

or c

ircu

it I

(tw

o dr

y ce

lls a

re n

eede

d)

CI c

R2

E2

E1

R1

B

E

I b

1Nilaiarustapak

sang

at k

ecil

(μA

)berbandingnilai

arus

pen

gum

pul (

mA

).(

I b<<<Ic)

Pem

besaranarus=

I b —– I c

The

base

cur

rent

is

very

sm

all (

in μ

A)

com

pare

d to

the

colle

ctor

cur

rent

(in

mA

). (

I b <<

< I

c)

Cur

rent

am

plifi

catio

n =

I c — I b

2Kenaikan

keci

ldalam

arustapakakanmenyebabkankenaikanyang

besa

rdalam

arus

pengum

pul.(∆

I b<<<∆

I c)

A

smal

l in

crea

se in

the

base

cur

rent

, ∆I b w

ill c

ause

a

big

incr

ease

in th

e co

llect

or c

urre

nt, ∆

I c. (

∆I b <

<<

∆

I c)

3I e=Ib+Ic

Aruspengeluar,IE,adalah

sam

a de

ngan

jumlaharustapakdanaruspengumpul.Daripada

prinsipdiatas,dapatdisimpulkanbahaw

afungsitransistorsebagai

peng

uat a

rus

iaitudengan

mem

benarkanarusyang

keci

luntukmengawalarusyangbesar.

The

Em

itter

cur

rent

, IE

, is

eq

ual

to th

e su

m o

f the

bas

e cu

rren

t and

col

lect

or c

urre

nt. F

rom

the

wor

king

pri

ncip

le

abov

e, w

e co

nclu

de th

at a

tran

sist

or fu

nctio

ns a

s a

curr

ent a

mpl

ifier

by

allo

win

g a

smal

l c

urre

nt to

con

trol

a la

rger

cur

rent

.

LitartransistorII(mem

erlukansatusel)

Tran

sist

or c

ircu

it II

(on

e ce

ll is

nee

ded)

CI c

R2

VR

1B

E

I b

Rx

Ry

Voltan

bateri

Bat

tery

vo

ltage

Voltan

tapak

Bas

e vo

ltage

Rxdan

RY:Pem

bahagivoltan

RX a

nd R

Y :

Volta

ge d

ivid

er

1ApabilaR

Y=0,voltantapakV

RY=0.A

rustapak

tidak

men

galir

menyebabkan

arus

pen

gum

pul

jugatidakmengalir.Transistor

terp

adam

.

Whe

n R

Y =

0, t

he b

ase

volta

ge V

RY =

0. T

he b

ase

curr

ent

does

not

flow

and

the

colle

ctor

cur

rent

als

o do

es n

ot

flow

. The

tran

sist

or

rem

ains

sw

itche

d of

f. I b=0dan/

and

I c=0

2Apabila

rinta

ngan

RY

men

ingk

at,

voltantapakakan

men

ingk

atsehinggavoltantapakmencapainilaim

inimum

yang

tertentu,

arus

tapa

kmengalirdanmenyebabkanaruspengum

puljuga

men

galir

.

Aru

s ta

pak

menyebabkantransistor

dihi

dupk

an.

Whe

n th

e re

sist

ance

of R

Y is

in

crea

sed

,

the

base

vol

tage

will

in

crea

se u

ntil

the

base

vol

tage

exc

eeds

a c

erta

in m

inim

um v

alue

, the

bas

e cu

rren

t flow

s an

d

caus

e a

larg

e c

olle

ctor

cur

rent

to fl

ow. T

he b

ase

curr

ent s

witc

hes

the

tran

sist

or

on.




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3Dariprinsipkerjadiatas,bolehdisimpulkanbahaw

atransistorberfungsisebagai

suis

aut

omat

ik.

Olehitu,transistorbolehdihidupkanataudipadamkan.

Fro

m th

e w

orki

ng p

rinc

iple

abo

ve, w

e co

nclu

de th

at a

tran

sist

or fu

nctio

ns a

s an

aut

omat

ic s

witc

h s

o th

at th

e tr

ansi

stor

is

switc

hed

ON

or

OF

F.

4Transistortidakm

empunyai

tena

gany

a se

ndiri

tetapi

tena

gadalam

transistordibekalkanoleh

bekalankuasasepertiselkering.

A tr

ansi

stor

doe

s no

t hav

e its

ow

n en

ergy

. The

en

ergy

in a

tran

sist

or is

sup

plie

d by

the

pow

er s

uppl

y su

ch a

s th

e dr

y ce

ll.

5Fungsiduaresistor,R

xdan

Ryyangdisam

bungsecara

sesi

risepanjangbateriutamaadalah

sebagaipem

bahagi

volta

n.

The

func

tion

of th

e tw

o re

sist

ors,

RX a

nd R

Y , w

hich

are

con

nect

ed in

se

ries

acr

oss

the

mai

n ba

ttery

, is

as a

po

tent

ial d

ivid

er.

6Voltantapakdikiradengan:

The

base

vol

tage

can

be

calc

ulat

ed a

s:

Kegunaan

transistor

Use

s of

a

tran

sist

or

CB

E

Pem

besar

suara

Loud

spea

ker

Mikrofon

Mic

roph

one

Tra

nsi

sto

r se

bag

ai p

eng

uat

isya

rat

The

tran

sist

or a

s an

am

plifi

er

1Apabilaseseorangbercakapmelaluimikrofon,gelom

bangbunyiditukarkankepada

arus

ula

ng-a

lik.

Whe

n a

pers

on s

peak

s th

roug

h a

mic

roph

one,

the

soun

d w

aves

are

con

vert

ed in

to a

n al

tern

atin

g cu

rren

t.

2P

erub

ahan

yan

g ke

cilkepada

arus

tapa

k,m

enyebabkan

peru

baha

n ya

ng b

esar

kepada

arus

pen

gum

pul

.

A

smal

l cha

nge

in

base

cur

rent

, will

cau

se a

bi

g ch

ange

in th

e co

llect

or c

urre

nt.

3Alatpem

besarsuaramenerima

arus

ula

ng-a

lik y

ang

besa

r daripadalitarpengumpuldan

menukarkannyakepadagelombang

buny

i yan

g ku

at.

The

loud

spea

ker

thus

rec

eive

s a

larg

e al

tern

atin

g cu

rren

t fr

om th

e co

llect

or c

ircu

it an

d co

nver

ts it

into

a

loud

sou

nd.

4Kapasitormenghalangarusmantap(arusterus)daripadamengalirkedalam

tran

sist

or dan

mik

rofo

n.

The

capa

cito

r bl

ocks

a s

tead

y cu

rren

t (di

rect

cur

rent

) fr

om fl

owin

g in

to th

e tr

ansi

stor

and

m

icro

phon

e.

VB=

Ry

Ry

+ R

x×V

I G

ain=

I c I b




UN

IT 4

UN

IT 4

CB

ER

Tra

nsi

sto

r se

bag

ai s

uis

kaw

alan

su

hu

The

tran

sist

or a

s a

tem

pera

ture

con

trol

led

switc

h

1Apabilatermistorsejuk,iamem

punyai

rinta

ngan

lebi

h be

sar

dariR

.

Whe

n th

e th

erm

isto

r is

col

d, it

has

a

larg

er r

esis

tanc

e th

an R

.

2Olehitu,

beza

keu

paya

anmerentasitermistoradalah

tingg

itetapibezakeupayaanmerentasi

perintang Radalah

rend

ah.

Ther

efor

e, th

e po

tent

ial d

iffer

ence

acr

oss

the

ther

mis

tor

is

high

and

hen

ce th

e po

tent

ial d

iffer

ence

acr

oss

resi

stor

R

is

low

.

3Tiada

arus

tapa

kmengalirdanmenyebabkan

arus

pen

gum

puljugatidakmengalir.M

aka

mentol

tidak

men

yala

.

The

base

cur

rent

doe

s no

t flow

and

ther

efor

e th

e co

llect

or c

urre

nt d

oes

not fl

ow. T

he b

ulb

does

not

ligh

t up

.

4Apabilasuhu

men

ingk

at,

rinta

ngan

termistorberkurang.Bezakeupayaanmerentasitermistorberkurang.

Whe

n th

e te

mpe

ratu

re

rise

s, t

he

resi

stan

ce o

f the

ther

mis

tor

falls

. The

pot

entia

l diff

eren

ce a

cros

s th

e th

erm

isto

r de

crea

ses.

5Maka,bezakeupayaanmerentasiRadalahsangattinggi.

Th

eref

ore,

the

pote

ntia

l diff

eren

ce a

cros

s R

incr

ease

s an

d be

com

es v

ery

high

. 6

Maka,arustapakbertam

bah.Inim

enyebabkanaruspengum

pul,

I c,bertambahbesar.Makamentol

menyala.

Ther

efor

e, th

ere

is a

n in

crea

se in

the

base

cur

rent

. Thi

s ca

uses

the

colle

ctor

cur

rent

, Ic , t

o be

com

e hi

gh. S

o, th

e bu

lb li

ghts

up.

CB

ER

1

R

PPC

/ LD

R

Cahaya

/ Lig

htT

ran

sist

or

seb

agai

su

is k

awal

an c

ahay

aT

he tr

ansi

stor

as

a lig

ht c

ontr

olle

d sw

itch

Litarmem

adam

kanmentolpadawaktumalam

danmenyalapadasiangharisecaraautom

atik.

Cir

cuit

switc

hes

off t

he b

ulb

at n

ight

and

sw

itche

s on

the

bulb

at d

ay ti

me

auto

mat

ical

ly.

1Padasianghari,perintangpekacahaya(PPC)mem

punyairintanganyangkecil.Olehitu,

beza

keu

paya

anmerentasiPPC

rend

ahtetapibezakeupayaanmerentasi

rinta

ngan

Radalah

tingg

i.A

rustapak,I

Bmengalirmenyebabkan

arus

pen

gum

pul,

I cyang

besa

rmengalir.M

entol

men

yala

.

In d

aylig

ht, t

he li

ght-

depe

nden

t res

isto

r (L

DR

) ha

s a

very

low

res

ista

nce.

The

refo

re th

e po

tent

ial d

iffer

ence

acr

oss

LDR

is

low

and

hen

ce th

e po

tent

ial d

iffer

ence

acr

oss

resi

stor

R is

hi

gh. T

he b

ase

curr

ent,

I B fl

ows

and

caus

e a

larg

e co

llect

or c

urre

nt, I

c fl

ows.

The

bul

b lig

hts

up.

Termistor

Ther

mis

tor




UN

IT 4

UN

IT 4

2Padawaktumalam

,PPCmem

punyai

rinta

ngan

yan

g sa

ngat

ting

gi.O

lehitu,bezakeupayaanmerentasi

PPCadalah

tingg

itetapibezakeupayaanmerentasiperintangRadalah

rend

ah.

In d

arkn

ess,

the

light

-dep

ende

nt r

esis

tor

(LD

R)

has

a ve

ry

high

res

ista

nce

. The

refo

re, t

he p

oten

tial d

ifere

nce

acro

ss L

DR

is

high

and

hen

ce th

e po

tent

ial d

iffer

ence

acr

oss

resi

stor

R is

lo

w.

3Makatiadaarustapakmengalirdanmenyebabkanaruspengum

pultidakmengalir.M

entol

tidak

men

yala

.

The

base

cur

rent

doe

s no

t flow

and

cau

se th

e co

llect

or c

urre

nt d

oes

not fl

ow. T

he b

ulb

does

not

ligh

t up

.

CB

ER

Cahaya

Ligh

t

PPC/L

DRAR1

Mentol

Bul

b

9V

Lit

ar m

enya

laka

n m

ento

l pad

a w

aktu

mal

am d

an d

ipad

amka

n p

ada

sian

g h

ari s

ecar

a au

tom

atik

Cir

cuit

switc

hes

on th

e bu

lb a

t nig

ht a

nd s

witc

hes

off

the

bulb

at d

ay ti

me

auto

mat

ical

ly

1Disianghari,PPC(

R)mem

punyai

rinta

ngan

yan

g re

ndah

seperti

R1.

Vol

tan

tapa

k

adalahrendahmenyebabkan

arus

tapa

k tid

ak m

enga

lirdanaruspengum

puljugatidakmengalir,

I B=0,I

c=0.

Tra

nsis

tor

terp

adam

.Mentol

tidak

men

yala

.

In d

aylig

ht, t

he L

DR

(R

) ha

s a

very

lo

w r

esis

tanc

e a

s co

mpa

red

to R

1. Th

e ba

se v

olta

ge is

too

low

. The

base

cur

rent

doe

s no

t flow

and

the

colle

ctor

cur

rent

als

o do

es

not fl

ow,

I B =

0, I

c = 0

. The

tran

sisi

tor

is

switc

hed

off

. The

bul

b is

do

es n

ot li

ght u

p.

2Dalam

keadaangelap,P

PCmem

punyai

rinta

ngan

yan

g tin

ggi

,bezakeupayaanmerentasiPPC

cukup

tingg

iuntukmenghidupkantransistortetapi

beza

keu

paya

anmerentasiperintangR

1

adalah

rend

ah.

In d

arkn

ess,

the

LDR

has

a v

ery

high

res

ista

nce

, the

po

tent

ial d

iffer

ence

acr

oss

the

LDR

is

high

enou

gh to

sw

itch

the

tran

sist

or o

n an

d he

nce

the

pote

ntia

l diff

eren

ce a

cros

s re

sist

or R

1 is

low

.

3B

eza

keup

ayaa

n ta

pak

/ Vol

tan

tapa

kadalah

tingg

i,

arus

tapa

k,I

B,mengalirdan

menyebabkanaruspengum

pul,

I c,yang

besa

rmengalir.M

entol

men

yala

.

The

base

vol

tage

is

high

, the

ba

se c

urre

nt, I

B , i

ncre

ases

and

flow

s an

d ca

uses

a

larg

e c

olle

ctor

cur

rent

,

I c , t

o flo

w. T

he b

ulb

light

s up

.




UN

IT 4

UN

IT 4

6V

R

Termistor

Ther

mis

tor

10kΩ

1kΩ RB

Suisgeganti

Rel

ay s

witc

h

Pen

gger

aA

larm

Su

is k

awal

an h

aba

atau

pen

gg

era

suh

u t

ing

gi /

Hea

t-co

ntro

lled

switc

h or

hig

h te

mpe

ratu

re a

larm

1Termistorialah

perin

tang

yangmanarintanganberubahapabilasuhuberubah.

A th

erm

isto

r is

a

resi

stor

in w

hich

its

resi

stan

ce c

hang

es a

s th

e te

mpe

ratu

re c

hang

es.

2R

inta

ngan

termistormengurangsebaiksahaja

suhu

meningkat.

The

resi

stan

ce o

f the

ther

mis

tor

falls

as

the

tem

pera

ture

ris

es.

3TermistordanperintangRdalam

rajahmenghasilkan

pem

baha

gi k

eupa

yaan

merentasibekalankuasa,

6V.

The

ther

mis

tor

and

resi

stor

R in

the

diag

ram

form

a

pote

ntia

l div

ider

acr

oss

the

6 V

sup

ply.

4Padasuhubilik,termistormem

punyai

rinta

ngan

yan

g tin

ggi

dibandingkandenganR.

At r

oom

tem

pera

ture

, the

ther

mis

tor

has

a hi

gh r

esis

tanc

e a

s co

mpa

red

to R

.

5Olehitu,

beza

keu

paya

an

merentasitapaktransistoradalah

rend

ahdantidak

mencukupiuntukmenghidupkansuistransistor.

Ther

efor

e, th

e po

tent

ial d

iffer

ence

acr

oss

the

base

of t

he tr

ansi

stor

is to

o lo

w a

nd n

ot e

noug

h to

sw

itch

the

tran

sist

or

on.

6Apabilasuhumeningkat,

rinta

ngan

termistor

berk

uran

gRintangantermistormenjadisangat

kecilberbandingdenganrintanganR.

Whe

n th

e te

mpe

ratu

re r

ises

, the

re

sist

ance

of t

he th

erm

isto

r de

crea

ses

sig

nific

antly

. The

res

ista

nce

of

the

ther

mis

tor

is v

ery

smal

l as

com

pare

d to

the

resi

stan

ce o

f R.

7Maka,bezakeupayaanmerentasiRadalah

tingg

i.B

ezakeupayaantapakadalah

tingg

idan

arus

tapa

kyangmengalir,I

B,adalahcukuptinggiuntukmenghasilkan

arus

pen

gum

pul

,

I cyangbesar.Icadalahcukupbesaruntukmenghidupkantransistordanmengalirmelaluigegelunggeganti.

Suisgeganti

ditu

tup

(suisgegantidihidupkan)danmenyebabkan

peng

gera

ber

buny

i.

Hen

ce, t

he p

oten

tial d

iffer

ence

acr

oss

R is

hi

gh. T

he b

ase

volta

ge is

hi

gh ;

and

the

base

cur

rent

I B, w

hich

flow

s is

hi

gh e

noug

h to

pro

duce

a la

rge

colle

ctor

cur

rent

I c. Ic is

larg

e en

ough

to s

witc

h th

e

tran

sist

or o

n an

d flo

ws

thro

ugh

the

rela

y co

il. T

he r

elay

sw

itch

is

clos

ed (

rela

y is

sw

itche

d on

) an

d th

is c

ause

s th

e

alar

m to

be

activ

ated

.

8Dioddalamlitarkawalanhabaadalahuntuk

mel

indu

ngitransistordarirosakoleh

d.g.

e te

raru

h ya

ng b

esar

dalam

gegelunggegantiapabila

arus

pen

gum

pul I

cmenurunke

sifa

r.

Dio

de in

the

heat

-con

trol

led

circ

uit i

s to

pr

otec

t th

e tr

ansi

stor

from

bei

ng d

amag

ed b

y th

e la

rge

indu

ced

e.m

.f.

in th

e re

lay

coil

whe

n th

e co

llect

or c

urre

nt I c

dro

ps to

ze

ro

BC

E




UN

IT 4

UN

IT 4

Vp

VXZ

= Rp

Rp + Rs

2 V12 V =

10 k Ω10 k Ω + R

s

10 k Ω + Rs = 60 k Ω

Rs = 50 k Ω

IE = I

B + I

c

= 5 mA + 120 mA

= 125 mA

1 Rajah menunjukkan litar transistor. Perintang Pmempunyai rintangan 10 kΩ.Untukmenyalakanmentol, beza keupayaan merentasi perintang Pmestilahsekurang-kurangnya2V.The diagram shows a transistor circuit. Resistor P has a resistance of 10 kΩ. In order to light up the bulb, the potential difference across resistor P must be at least 2 V.

12VT

P

SX

Y

Z

Apakahnilai tertinggiperintangSapabilamentolmenyala?What is the maximum value of resistor S when the bulb lights up?

PenyelesaianSolution

3

(a) (i) NamakankomponenP. Name component P. (ii) ApakahfungsibagikomponenP? What is the function of component P?(b) ApakahfungsiperintangR? What is the function of resistor R?(c) (i) ApakahyangakanberlakukepadabezakeupayaanV

ppadawaktumalam?

What happens to potential difference Vp at night?

(ii) Terangkankenapamentolmenyalapadawaktumalam. Explain why the bulb is lighted up at night.(d) MentolMberlabel240V,60WmulamenyalaapabilaV

pmempunyainilaiminimum2.0Vdanrintangan

bagiperintangPadalah10kΩ.TentukanrintanganperintangS. Bulb M, labelled 240 V, 60 W starts to light up when V

p has a minimum value of 2.0 V and the resistance of resistor P is

10 kΩ. Determine the maximum resistance of resistor S.

2 Rajahmenunujukkansimbolrintangann-p-n.The diagram shows the symbol of an n-p-n transistor.

B

C

E

120mA

5mA

Ie

ApakahnilaiIe?

What is the value of Ie?


SuisgegantiRelay switch

R

P

S

6V

Q

240Va.u.240 V a.c.

Vp

M

X

Y

Z

Latihan / Exercise

KBAT




UN

IT 4

UN

IT 4


(a) (i) Perintang peka cahaya (PPC) / Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR)

(ii) mengawal voltan tapak secara automatik / automatically controls the base voltage.(b) Mengawal dan mengehadkan arus tapak supaya transistor tidak rosak. Control and limit the base current 80 that the transistor is not damaged.(c) (i) Beza keupayaan merentasi V

p meningkat

Potential difference across Vp increases.

(ii) Pada waktu malam PPC mempunyai rintangan yang sangat tinggi. Beza keupayaan merentasi LDR sangat tinggi. Maka, voltan tapak adalah tinggi. Arus tapak mengalir dan ini menyebabkan arus pengumpul yang tinggi mengalir. Transistor dihidupkan dan mentol menyala.

At night the LDR has a very high resistance. The potential difference across LDR is very high. Hence the base voltage is high. The base current flows and produces a large collector current flow. The transistor is switched on and the bulb lights up.

(d) Vp

VXZ = Rp

Rp + Rs

... 2.0 V6.0 V

= 10 k Ω10 kΩ + Rs

... 10 kΩ + Rs = 30 kΩ

... Rs = 20 kΩ

4 Litardibawahdigunakansebagaisuisberasaskanhaba.The circuit below is used as a heat-operated switch.

5kΩ

10VR

2

R1

X

A

B

C

(a) (i) ApakahkomponenX? What is the component, X? (ii) LukisrajahkomponenX. Draw the component, X.(b) NamakanterminalA,BdanC. Name the terminals, A, B and C.(c) Untuk menghidupkan mentol, beza

keupayaanmerintangiXmestipalingkurang4V.

In order to light the bulb, the potential difference across X must be at least 4 V.

(i) Apakah rintangan X apabila mentolmenyala?

What is the resistance of X when the bulb lights up?

(ii) Apakah yang berlaku kepada mentol XapabilarintanganXialah1kΩ?

What happens to the bulb if X has a resistance of 1 kΩ?


(a) (i) Termistor / Thermistor (ii)

(b) A: Tapak / Base B: Pengumpul / Collector C: Pengeluar / Emitter

(c) (i) RX

5 k Ω + RX

= 4 V10 V

... 10RX = 20 k Ω + 4R

X

... 10RX - 4R

X = 20 k Ω

... 6RX = 20 k Ω

... RX = 3.33 k Ω

(ii) VX = 1 k Ω

(1 + 5) k Ω × 10 V

= 1.67 V

VX < V

minimum

Oleh itu, mentol tidak menyala. So, the bulb does not light up.

KBAT




UN

IT 4

UN

IT 4

TerminologiTerminology


GetlogikLogic gate

Satulitarelektronikyangmempunyaisatuinputataulebihdansatuoutput.An electronic circuit with one or more inputs and a single output.

JadualkebenaranTruth table

Jadualyangmenyenaraikansemuakemungkinaninputdanoutputgetlogik.A table that summarises all the possible inputs and outputs of a logic gate.

AlgebraBooleanBoolean algebra

UngkapanBooleialahsuatubentukungkapanyangbolehmeringkaskanoperasilogiksuatugetlogik.The Boolean algebra is one form of expression which can be used to summarise the logic operation of a logic gate.

Algebra BooleanBoolean algebra

Simbol Get logikLogic gate Symbol

Jadual kebenaranTruth table

X = A

TAK / NOT

XA

Input / InputA

Output / OutputX

0 1

1 0

X = A . B

DAN / AND

A

XB

Input / Input Output / OutputXA B

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

X = A + B

ATAU / OR

B

XA


0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

1 Getlogikialahlitaryangmempunyaisatuataulebihisyaratinputtetapihanyasatuisyaratoutput.A logic gate is a circuit that has one or more input signals but only one output signal.

2 Setiapinputdanoutputbolehsamaadatinggi(logik1)ataurendah(logik0).Each input and output can be either high (logic 1) or low (logic 0)

3 Sistembinari"0"mewakili0Vdanbinari"1"mewakilivoltanbukansifar.A binary "0" represents 0 V, and a binary "1" represents a non-zero voltage.

4 Jadualkebenaranmenyenaraikankemungkinansemuainputdanoutputyangsepadan.A truth table lists all input possibilities and the corresponding output for each input.

Menganalisis Get Logik Analysing Logic Gates

4.4




UN

IT 4

UN

IT 41 RajahmenunjukkangetlogikdenganinputPdanQ.

The diagram shows a logic gate with inputs P and Q.

P

XQ

JikainputP=0011010daninputQ=1100011,apakahoutputX?If the input P = 0011010 and the input Q = 1100011, what is the output X?


X = A + B

TAK-ATAU / NOR

B

XA


0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

X = A . B

TAK-DAN / NAND

A

XB


0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

X = A B

X-ATAU / X-OR

X

A

B


0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

X=1111101

P0011010

Q1100011

X1111101

Input Output

Latihan / Exercise




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IT 4

UN

IT 4

2 RajahmenunjukkanduaisyaratyangmenghubungkaninputAdanBdalamsuatugetOR.The diagram shows two signals connected to the inputs A and B of an OR gate.

A

XB

InputInput

A

B

LukiskanisyaratoutputX.Draw the output signal X.


OutputOutput

A

B

X

InputInput

3 RajahmenunjukkangabungangetlogikdenganinputAdaninputB.JikainputA=0011daninputB=0101,apakahoutputX?The diagram shows the combination of logic gates with inputs A and B. If the input A = 0011 and the input B = 0101, what is the output X?

A

X

B


X = 1110

A

XB

0011

0101

1110

11100001

0101

0011

1110

KBAT




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IT 4

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IT 4

1 Kipasautomatikuntuksistemperdinginan Automatic fan for cooling system

Input / Input Output / Output

Pengesan cahaya

Light detector

Pengesan suhuTemperature

detector

HabaHeater

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

HabaHeater

Pengesancahaya

Light detector

PengesansuhuTemperature

detector

2 SistempenggeraKebakaran Fire alarm system


Pengesan asapSmoke detector

Pengesan habaHeat detector

Bunyi isyaratSiren

0 0Tidak aktif

Not activated

0 1Aktif

Activated

1 0Aktif

Activated

1 1Aktif

Activated

BunyiisyaratSiren

Pengesanasap

Smoke detector

Pengesanhaba

Heat detector

3 Sistemkawalanapi Fire control system


Pengesan asap

Smoke detector

Pengesan haba

Heat detector

Alat Pemadam api

Fire extinguisher

Penggera kebakaranFire alarm

0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1

1 0 0 1

1 1 1 1

AlatpemadamapiFire extinguisher

Penggerakebakaran

Fire alam

Pengesanasap

Smoke detector

Pengesanhaba

Heat detector

Aplikasi Get Logik dalam Sistem KawalanApplications of Logic Gates in Control Systems




UN

IT 4

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IT 4

InputInput

OutputOutput

SuisSwitch

Pengesan suhu

Temperature detector

Pengesan cahaya

Light detector

HabaHeater

0 0 0 1

1 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

1 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

1 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

1 1 1 1

4 Pemanasautomatik/Automatic heater

PengesansuhuTemperature

detector

Pengesancahaya

Light detector

Switch/Suis

HabaHeater

InputInput

OutputOutput

SuisSwitch

Pengesan cahayaLight sensor

Lampu jalanStreet light

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 1

1 1 1

5 SistemkawalanuntuklampujalanControl system for street lights

SuisSwitch

LampujalanStreet light

Pengesancahaya

Light detector




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IT 4

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IT 4

(a) (i) get ATAU / OR gate (ii) output C

Input Output

X Y Z

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

(b) (i)

(ii) Z = X + Y

(b) GetlogikLdisambungdengangetlogikMdanNsepertiditunjukkandalamrajahdibawah. Logic gate L is connected to logic gates M and N as shown in the diagram below.

L

N

M

Z

X

Y

(i) Lengkapkanjadualkebenarandibawah. Complete the truth table below.


X Y Z

0 0

0 1

1 0

1 1

(ii) NyatakanalgebraBooleanyangmengaitkanX,YdanZ. State the Boolean algebraic to relate X, Y and Z.


1 (a) Rajahmenunjukkangetlogik,L,denganisyaratdalamAdanB.The diagram shows a logic gate, L, with input signals A and B.

CAB

L

IsyaratinputAInput signal A

IsyaratinputBInput signal B

(i) NamakangetlogikL. Name the logic gate L. (ii) LukisisyaratoutputCdalamgrafdibawah. Draw the output signal C in the graph below.

0011

0111

N

M

Z

X

Y0101

1110

0011

0101 0110L

0011

0101

Latihan / Exercise

KBAT




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IT 4

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IT 4

2 Rajahmenunjukkanlitaryangdigunakansebagaisistemkeselamatandidalamrumah.The diagram shows a circuit being used as a safety system in a house.

L

M

R

S PintupagarGate

PintuDoor

A

B

SuisutamaMain switch

SuistersembunyiHidden switch

(a) NamakangetlogikR. Name logic gate R. (b) Denganmenggunakanduasuis,duaselkeringdansebijimentol,lukissebuahlitaryangsamadengan

getlogikS. Using two switches, two dry cells and a bulb, draw a circuit that is equivalent to logic gate S. (c) Jadualkebenaranmewakiliget-getlogikberdasarkanrajahdiatas. The following truth table represents the logic gates in the diagram above.


A B L M

0 0

0 1

1 0

1 1

(i) Lengkapkanjadualkebenarandiatas. Complete the truth table above. (ii) NyatakanalgebraBooleanuntukmenghubungkaitL,AdanB. State the Boolean algebra to relate L, A and B. (iii) Apakahyangberlakukepadapintudanpintupagarapabilasuisutamaditutup? What happens to the door and the gate when the main switch is closed?


(a) get DAN / AND gate

(b)

(c) (i)

(ii) A . (A + B)

(iii) Kedua-dua pintu dan pagar terbuka. Both the door and the gate are open.

A B L M

0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1

1 0 1 1

1 1 1 1

KBAT




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IT 4

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IT 4

1 Antara komponen elektronik berikut, yangmanakah boleh menyimpan cas dan sebagaiperata arus dalam litar rektifikasi? /Which of the following electronic components can store charge and also smoothen the output current of a rectification circuit?A Perintang/ResistorB Diod/DiodeC Kapasitor/CapacitorD Termistor/Thermistor

2 Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan surihan osiloskop yangdihasilkanolehinput2Vpadafrekuensi50Hz.Diagram 1.1 shows the oscilloscope trace produced by an input of 2 V at a frequency of 50 Hz.

Rajah 1.1 / Diagram 1.1

Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan surihan dari input barupadaosiloskopyangsama.Diagram 1.2 shows the trace from a new input on the same oscilloscope.


Berapakannilaiinputyangbaru?What is the value of the new input ?A 1Vpada50Hz/1 V at 50 HzB 2Vpada50Hz/2 V at 50 HzC 2Vpada100Hz/2 V at 100 HzD 4Vpada50Hz/4 V at 50 Hz

3 KelajuanelektronyangdibebaskandarisenapangelektronO.S.K.bergantungpadaThe speed of the electrons that emerges from the electron gun of a C.R.O. depends onA jarakantarakatoddengangrid. the distance between the cathode and the grid.B bezakeupayaanantarakatoddengananod. the potential difference between the cathode and the

accelerating anode.C jarakantaraskrindengananodpemecut. the distance of the screen from the accelerating anode.D bezakeupayaanantaraplat-platY. the potential difference between the Y-plates.

4 Rajah4menunjukkan litarsatudioddanresistordisambungkepadasebuahtiubsinarkatod(CRO).Suis dasarmasa dihidupkan. /Diagram 3.1 shows a diode and a resistor are connected to a cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO). The time base is switched on.

Bekalanutamaa.t.a.c., mains supply

ResistorResistor

DiodDiode

c.r.o

Rajah 4 / Diagram 4

Antara berikut, yang manakah menunjukkansurihanyangdihasilkanpadaskrintiubsinarkatod(CRO)?Which trace would appear on the screen of the cathode-ray oscilloscope?

A C

B D

5 Rajah5menunjukkanduadiodyangdisambungkanselaridalamsuatulitar.Diagram 5 shows two diodes which are connected in parallel in a circuit.

S

P

R

Q

Rajah 5 / Diagram 5

ApabilasuisSditutup,mentolyangmanakahakanmenyala?When switch S is closed, which bulb/bulbs will light up?A Psahaja/P onlyB PdanQsahaja/P and Q onlyC PdanRsahaja/P and R onlyD P,QdanR/P, Q and R

atihan Pengukuhan / Enrichment ExerciseL




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IT 4

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IT 4

6 Rajah6menunjukkanprosespancarantermion. Diagram 6 shows the process of thermionic emission.

LogamMMetal M

Y Y Y

X

Y

Rajah 6 / Diagram 6

Antaraberikut,yangmanakahbetultentangXdanY?Which of the following is correct about X and Y?

X Y

ACahayadikenakan

Light is appliedElektronElectron

BCahayadikenakan

Light is appliedIonpositifPositive ion

CHabadikenakan

Heat is appliedElektronElectron

DHabadikenakan

Heat is appliedIonpositifPositive ion

7 Rajah 7 menunjukkan litar menyalakan diodpemancarcahaya(LED)padawaktusiang.Diagram 7 shows the circuit light up the light-emitting diode (LED) during daylight.

LED

BateriBattery

Transistornpnnpn transistor

PerintangR2

Resistor R2

X

Y

Rajah 7 / Diagram 7

Antara berikut, yang manakah betul tentangkomponen-komponen X dan Y? / Which of the following is correct about components X and Y?

Komponen XComponent X

Komponen YComponent Y

ATermistorThermistor

PerintangResistor

BPerintangR

Resistor RTermistorThermistor

CPerintangPekaCahaya/Light-

Dependent Resistor

PerintangResistor

DPerintang

Resistor

PerintangPekaCahaya/Light-

Dependent Resistor

8 Rajah 8 menunjukkan satu kombinasi dua getlogik.Diagram 8 shows a combination of two logic gates.

PX

Q

Rajah 8 / Diagram 8

Jadualkebenaranmanakahyangbetul?Which truth table is correct?

A P Q X

0011

0101

0110

B P Q X

0011

0101

1011

C P Q X

0011

0101

1101

D P Q X

0011

0101

1010

9 Rajah 9menunjukkan struktur sebuah osiloskopsinarkatod.Diagram 9 shows the structure of a cathode ray oscilloscope.

DCBA Alur elektronElectron beam

Rajah 9 / Diagram 9

AntarakomponenA,B,CdanD,yangmanakahmenyebabkan pemesongan sinar katod secaramenegak?Which component, A, B, C or D, causes the cathode rays to be deflected vertically?




UN

IT 4

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IT 4

X

1 Rajah1.1danRajah1.2menunjukkanduadiodAdanB,duamentolPdanQdisambungkepadasatuselkeringdenganduasusunanyangberbeza.Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 shows two diodes A and B, two bulbs P and Q are connected to a dry cell with two different arrangements.

A P

B Q

SuisSwitch


A P

B Q

SuisSwitch


(a) BerdasarkanRajah1.1danRajah1.2, Based on Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2,

(i) bandingkansambungandiod-diodkepadaterminalselkering. Compare the connection of diodes to the terminal of the dry cell.

Rajah 1.1 – anod pada diod disambungkan ke terminal positif sel kering.

Rajah 1.2 – anod pada diod disambungkan ke terminal negatif sel kering.

Diagram 1.1 – anode of the diode is connected to positive terminal of dry cell.

Diagram 1.2 – anode of diode is connected to the negative terminal of dry cell.

(ii) bandingkannyalaanmentol-mentolitu. compare the lighting of the bulbs.

Mentol dalam Rajah 1.1 menyala, mentol dalam Rajah 1.2 tidak menyala

Bulb in Diagram 1.1 lights up, bulb in Diagram 1.2 does not light up.

10 Rajah 10menunjukkan satu kombinasi bagi tigaget logik. Isyarat X dan isyarat Y dibekalkankepadainput.Diagram 10 shows a combination of three logic gates. Signal X and signal Y are supplied to the input.

OutputOutput

InputInput

X

Y

X

Y

Rajah 10 / Diagram 10

Isyaratoutputmanakahyangbetul?Which output signal is correct?

A

B

C

D

oalan Struktur / Structure QuestionsS




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IT 4

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IT 4

(iii) hubungkaitkanantarasambungandiod-diodkepadaterminalselkeringdengannyalaanmentol. relate the connection of diodes to the terminal of the dry cell with the lighting of the bulbs.

Mentol tidak menyala apabila terminal positif diod disambung kepada terminal negatif bateri // pincang

songsang. Mentol menyala apabila terminal positif diod disambung kepada terminal positif bateri //

pincang depan.

The bulb does not light up when the positive diode is connected to negative terminal of battery // reversed biased.

The bulb light up when the positive diode is connected to positive terminal of battery// forward biased.

(b) (i) Lukiskan susunan radas empat diod dan bekalan kuasa yang sesuai di dalam ruangan yangdisediakandalamRajah1.3untukmenghasilkanlitarrektifikasigelombangpenuh.

Draw the arrangement of four diodes and suitable power supply in the space given in Diagram 1.3 that can be used to produce full wave rectifier circuit.

R V8

C

KeOSKTo CROa.c.

D4 D

1

D2D

3


(ii) Lukiskanbentukrektifikasigelombangpenuh. Draw the wave form of full wave rectification.

(iii) Namakan satu komponen elektronik yang boleh digunakan untuk melicinkan arus elektrik yangterhasil.

Name an electronic component that can be used to smoothen the current produced.

Kapasitor

Capacitor




UN

IT 4

UN

IT 4

2 Rajah2menunjukkanlitaryangmengandungitransistor-npnyangbertindaksebagaisuisautomatik.Diagram 2 shows a circuit with a npn transistor which acts as an automatic switch.

LED

R2

LDR

R1

Rajah 2 / Diagram 2

TransistoritumenyebabkanLEDmenyalaapabilakeadaangelap.Tuanrumahinginsebuahpenghawadinginberlabel240V,1000W,dalambiliknyadihidupkansecaraautomatikapabilabilikitupanas.Lukislitaryangdiubahsuaiuntukmenunjukkanbagaimanapenghawadinginbolehdihidupkansecaraautomatikapabilabilikitupanas.The transistor causes the LED to light up when it is dark. The house owner wants an air-conditioner labelled 240 V, 1000 W, in a room to be automatically switched on when the room is hot. Draw a modified circuit to show how the air-conditioner can be automatically switched on when the room is hot.

R2

GegantiRelay

BateriBattery

PenghawadinginAir-conditioner

TermistorThermistor

Perintang,R1

Resistor, R1

240V


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