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YEAR 2010 ENGINEERING COMPLEX ENERGY AUDIT

RESEARCH MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE (RMI)

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

40450 SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR

MALAYSIA

BY:

SHAH RIZAM MOHD SHAH BAKI

ZULKIFLI YAACOB

ZAINAZLAN MD ZAIN

ZULKIFLI ABD MAJID

NGAH RAMZI HAMZAH

DECEMBER 2010

i



Contents

1 .

Letter of Repo rt Sub mission iii

2. Letter of Offer (Research Grant) iv

3. Acknowledgements v

4 .

Enhanced Research Title and Objectives vi

5. Report 7

5.1 Proposed Executive Summary 7

5.2 Abstract of the Research 8

5.3 Introduction 9

5.4 Brief Literature Review 13

5.5 Methodology 21

5.6 Results and Discussion 26

5.7 Conclusion and Recomm endation 49

5.8 References/Bibliography 50

6 Research Outcomes 51

7 Appendix 52

ii



1. Letter of Report Submission

Tarikh : 16 NOV EMB ER 2011

No. Fail Projek : 600-IRD C/ST/D AN A 5/3Dst (1/2010)

Penolong N aib Canselor (Penyelidikan)

Institut Pengurusan Penyelidikan

Universiti Teknologi MAR A

40450 Shah Alam

Ybhg Prof,

LAPORAN AKHIR PENYELIDIKAN ENGINEERING COMPLEX ENERGY

AUDIT

Merujuk kepada perkara di atas, bersama-sama ini disertakan 2 (dua) naskah Laporan

Akhir Penyelidikan bertajuk Enginee ring Com plex Energy Aud it dan satu (1)

salinan

soft opy

dalam bentuk cakera padat (CD) oleh kumpulan penyelidikan dari

Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik untuk makluman pihak tuan.

Sekian, terima kasih.

Yang benar,

SHAH RIZAM BINTI MOHD. SHAH BAKI

Ketua,

Projek Penyelidikan.

iii



UNIVERSITI

TEKNOLOG

MARA

Surat Kami : 600-IRDC/ST/DANA 5 3 Dst (1/2010)

Tarikh : 11 Mac 2010

Prof.

Dr. Irv Shah Rizam Mohd Shah Baki

Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elekrik

Universiti Teknoiogi MARA

40450 SHAH ALAWl

PEMENANG

Anuoeroh Kual i t i

Peraana M en t e r i

2Q08

Prof/Prof. Madya/Dr,/Tuan/Puan

KELULUSAN PERMOHONAN DANA KECEMERLANGAN 01/2010

Energy Audit Study

of

Science

and

Technology Complex, UiTM Shah

Alam Seiangor

: 600-IRDC/ST/DANA 5/3/Dst (1/2010)

; KategoriA(2010)

: 01 Januari 2 01 0- 31 Disember 2 11 (24 buian)

: RM 33,000,00

:

Prof.

Dr.

Ir

Shah Rizam Mohd Shah Baki

Tajuk Projek

Kod Projek

Kategori Projek

Tempoh

Jumlah Peruntukan

Ketua Projek

Dengan hormatnya perkara d i atas adalah dirujuk,

Sukacita dimaklumkan pihak Universiti telah meiuluskan cadangan penyelidikan Prof/Prof.

Madya/Dr./Tuan/Puan untuk membiayai projek penyelidikan di bawah Dana Kecemerlangan UiTM.

Bagi pihak Universiti kami mengucapkan tahniah kepada Prof/Prof. Madya/Dr\/Tuan/Puan kerana

kejayaan ini dan seterusnya diharapkan berjaya menyiapkan projek ini dengan cemerlang.

Untuk tujuan mengemaskini, pihak Prof/Prof Madya/Dr./Tuan/Puan adalah

di

minta untuk

melengkapkan .semula kertas cadangan penyelidikan sekiranya perlu serta beserta bajet yang baru

seperti yang diluluskan. Sila lihat lampiran bagi tatacara tambahan untuk pengurusan projek,

Sekian,

harap maklum.

SELAMAT IWENJALANKAN PENYELIDIKAN DENGAN JAYANYA

benar

\L HAMZAH

INFOREC merangkap

Cetua Penyelidikan (Sains & Teknoiogi)

/tf?C

P e n o l o n g N a i b ' C a x i s e l o r ( P e n y e l i d i k a n )

: 6 0 3 - 5 5 4 4 2 0 9 4 / 2 0 9 5

B a h a g i a n P e n y e l i d i k a n : 6 0 3 -S 5 4 4 2 0 9 7 / 2 0 9 1 / 2 0 9 8 / 5 5 2 1

1462

B a h a g i a n P e r u n d i n g a n

:

6 03 - 5 54 4 2 1 0 0 / 2 7 5 3 / 2 0 9 2

B a h a g i a n I n o v a s i . -6 0 3 -5 5 44 27 5 0 /27 47

B a h a g i a n P e n e r b i t a n : 6 0 3 - 5 5 4 4 1 4 2 5 / 5 5 4 4 2 7 4 7

B a h a g i a n S o k o n g a n I C T : 6 0 3 - 5 5 4 4 3 0 9 7 / 2 1 0 4 / 5 5 2 1

1461

B a h a g i a n S a i n s : 6 0 3 -5 5 4 4 2 0 9 8 / 5 5 2 1 1463

P e j a b a t

Am :

6 03 - 55 4 4 2 0 9 3 / 2 1 0 1 / 2 0 5 7 / 2 5 5 9

P e n o l o n g P e n t a d b i r a n

:

6 0 3 -5 5 44 20 9 0

Fa x : 6 0 3 -SS44 20 9 6 /2 7 6 7

U n i t K e w a n g a n Z o n 17 : 6 0 3 -5 5 44 3 40 4

: 6 0 3 -5 5 21

1386

jm e n t I n s t i t u te (RM IJ Un iv e rs i t i Te k n o io g i M ARA, 40 4 5 0 Sh a h A la m , M a la y s ia

.

r m i u i t m e d u

. m y



3. Acknowledgements

This audit work could not have been successful without the assistance and

coorperation from the KET (Bahagian Khidmat Elektrikal dan Telekomunikasi) UiTM,

project sudents and inputs from the experts in this field. The A udit Team w ould like to

express its gratitude to all involved, directly and indirectly, in completeing this work.

Let s keep up the good w ork

v



4. Enhanced Research Title and Objectives

Original Title as Proposed:

ENERGY AUDIT STUDY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMPLEX

OF UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA SHAH ALAM SELANGOR

Improved/Enhanced Title:

YEAR 2010 ENGINEERING COMPLEX ENERGY AUDIT

Original Objectives as Proposed:

No Changes

Improved/Enhanced Objectives:

No Changes

VI



5. Report

5 .1 Proposed Execut ive Summary

The total overall monthly electrical consumption for UiTM Shah Alam have shown to

consume a tremendous amount of electrical energy which is about RM1.3 mill ion per

month may due to the lower power factor penalty and lower efficiency operation of the

various Mechaanida and Electrical services and improper control and management of

the services. Therefore, it is necessary for UiTM Development Office to seek means to

reduce the present monthly electricity consumptions and eliminate the operational

problems due to low power factor penalty charge by supply utility and lower efficiency

operation through new technologies and innovative approaches. An energy audit had

been carried out related to Power Quality issues (M&E operation and electrical

consumption related to efficiency, power factor and harmonics issues) in accordance

with the Energy Audit Guidelines and Standards. From the analysis made on the

electricity bills, the actual MD for TES has never achieved 75% of the Declared TNB

Maximum Demand to TNB of 3700 kW whereas the Average Actual MD Consumed (for

year 2007 to 2009) is only

1,842.794

kW. Since the M D of TES is less than 75% of the

Declared MD, TNB has imposed a penalty charge on the under-util ized Declared MD.

The average Connected Load Charge (CLC) is 891.397 kW and the penalty chargeable

per kW of CLC is RM8.50, resulting in a total monthly penalty charge amounting to

RM7,576.65. Serious discussion regarding this issue with TNB is required for the

possibility of reviewing the present D eclared MD. If this is possible, the penalty charge

imposed can be eliminated and a monthly saving of RM7,576.64 5 can be made. This is

a no-cost measure subjected to the TNB's approval.



5.2 Abstract of the Resea rch

This paper presents a study made on energy audit conducted at the Engineering

Complex, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Shah Alam Campus. The audit was m ade

by focusing on the major electrical energy consumption of the Ambient Lighting

requirements and Mechanical Ventilation and Air-conditioning (MVAC) building services.

This research work is funded by the Research Management Institute (RMI) UiTM with

reference number of 600-IRDC /ST/DANA 5/3Dst (1/201 0).

During the study conducted, a continuous data collection on both services was made

with the installation of related measuring devices to capture various parameters related

to the said services when in the actual operation mode s. This was to determine the

actual day-to-day performance based on the exiting operation efficiency at the specific

load factor of the systems. From the data collected, analysis was conducted based on

the references to relevant local and international standards, guidelines and Code of

Practices to benchmark its performance and operational efficiency.

From the findings gathered, suggestions, recommendations and remedial actions were

made to further improve the present performance, rescheduling and operational

efficiency of the said services in achieving the energy-efficiency requirements based on

the passive and active strategies that should to be implemented.



A formal presentation and deliberations to the Top UiTM Management will be made on

the findings and suggestions / recommendations / improvements to be made and

energy efficiency strategies will be highlighted for further enhanced the electrical energy

consumption in the future to achieve a more efficient utilization of energy consumption

for the complex. W ith the proper implementation made on the suggestions /

recommendations / improvements, we sincerely hope that the expected outcome in

much lower electrical energy consumption due to increased efficiency in the overall

electrical energy consumption due to better load planning strategy, operation, scheduled

maintenance and repair of the Mechanical and Electrical (M&E) services can be fulfilled.

In order to achieve the expected target, team work and cooperation between the various

team members and all the related parties have contributed towards the successful

completion of the related ene rgy audit activities.

Table 1 : List of Engineering Complex Energy Audit Team Members

Chairperson

Head of Electrical

System

Head of Air-Conditioning

System

Members

Research A ssistance

Bahagian Khidmat

Elektrikal &

Telekomunikasi (BKET):

Bahagian Operasi Sistem

Mekanikal (BOSIM)

Final Year Student (FYP)

: Datin Prof. Ir. Dr. Shah Rizam Binti Moh d. Shah Baki

Prof. Madya Ir. Zulkefli Bin Yaacob

Prof Madya Dr. Zainazlan Bin Md Zain

: Prof. Madya Zulkifli Bin Ab d. Majid

Prof. Madya Dr. Ngah Ramzi Bin Hamzah

Mohd Redzuan BinAbd Manap

Mohd Bukhari Bin Ab Aziz

: En. Razali Bin Abd Hadi

Pn. Siti Farah Binti Hashim

En . Samsudin Bin Harun

: En. Md.Noor Bin Muslam

Ahmad Fauzi Bin Sharif

Mohd Noor Firdaus Bin Che Mat

Dasuki Fahmi Bin Abdul Razak

Tengku Mohd Rusyailan Bin Tengku Abdullah

Following the setup of the team, a background study on the building systems and the

associated problems with the M&E services were conduc ted. Literature search on

energy audit procedures and strategies was also conducted in-line with accepted

standards, guidelines and recomm ended practices. The required measurem ents of the

electricity consumed are inevitable for the results to be analyzed. Counter-measures

can then be taken for the necessary improvemen ts and remedial actions. The actions

to be taken will be discussed in details in the M ethodology section.



5.3.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

From the background study conducted on both the M&E systems, the team members

were able to identify the current problems associated with the services. The prom inent

ones were selected and are listed as follows:

• Financial and techn ical issues related to the high mon thly electricity bills.

• Poor power factor, imbalanced three-phase loads, harmonics and power quality

issues that need to be addressed.

• Unsatisfactory current performance, operation and scheduling of the centralized

air-conditioning system.

• Methods to improve overall energy efficiency in the M&E services at the

Engineering Complex (formally known as the S&T Complex).

5.3.2 OBJECTIVES

From the above stated problem statements, the team has identified the following

objectives with a view of solving the prominent problems related to the electricity usage

and daily load pattern at the Engineering Complex.

• To optimize the present usage of electricity in-line with the continuously increasing

electricity demand with increasing number of new projects being implemented and

commissioned.

• To recomm end for the improvement in the overall operating power factor, load

balancing, harmonic and power quality issues so as to improve the overall

performance and efficiency of electrical consumption in the complex.

• To recomm end the possible energy efficiency improvem ents for the air-

conditioning system in attaining the required optimum occupants' thermal comfort

within the built environment.

• To identify any discrepancies in the present billing system by the Tenaga Nasional

Berhad (TN B) that will contribute an overall reduction in the m onthly electricity bill.

5.3.3 SCOPES OF WORK

Due to the huge involvement related to the amount of work involved in the study, the

team was further sub-divided into two different working groups based on the areas of

expertise, namely:

1 .

Electrical Supply System , and

2. Air-conditioning System .

The working group on the Electrical Supply System concentrates on two areas, namely

the Ambient Lighting System, Electrical Supply Distribution and Utilization. Each group

is assigned its respective scopes of work. The followings are the detailed scopes of

work of the two specific groups:



The scopes

of

work

for the

sub-group in-charge

of the

Lighting System cover

the

followings:

•

To

study lighting system operating schedu le,

•

To

conduct measurement

and

analysis

of the

design

of the

ambient lighting

luminaries, layout and optimum illumination level in Lux) and Power Density in

W/m2

)

based

on the MS

1525: 2007 standard,

and

•

To

collect data

on

electrical power parameters with

the use of

Power Quality

Recorder and to conduct an an alysis on the collected data.

The scopes of work for the Electrical Supply, Distribution and Utilization sub-group

cover the followings:

•

To

conduct power distribution profile monitoring and analysis,

• To conduct load balancing evaluation and end-load survey and analysis,

• To conduct harmonics and power quality analysis, and

• To study on the energy usage on the related services; i.e. Suitability of present

tariff, chosen Declared Maximum Demand (DMD), daily

and

weekly electrical

consumption patterns, load imbalance, power factor and other pertinent issues.

The scopes of work for the Air-Conditioning System cover the followings:

• To study the characteristics of current Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system,

• To study the current UiTM District Cooling Sy stem DCS) Design, operation and

scheduling

•

To

study the suitability

of

the presently practiced Ice Storage Strategy,

and

•

To

study the existing electrical supply control strategy, operation and schedu ling

The scopes

of

work

to be

covered by the team m embers are as follows :

1 . To identify the p roblems leading to the above issues,

2.

To

suggest and recommend solutions

to

m itigate/reduce

the

problems,

3. To suggest methods of improving the operational efficiency and cost saving

initiatives

due to low

power factor operation, penalty charge

by the

supply utility

and a high monthly electrical consumption due to low-efficiency operation caused

by higher operating losses and,

and

4 . To produce reports that include documentation of methodology, data, results,

interpretation

and

recommendations

for

energy audit

and

energy savings

strategies.

5.3.4 ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT

This report comprises 6 Chapters. Chapter 1 outlines the establishment of the audit team

and the scope of work to be done. The problem statements and objectives are also

mentioned. The site of work, its schematic and the components of the electrical supply

system, which is the main system that provide supplies to the air-conditioning system

and lighting system are mentioned in Chapter 2. Also the parameters to be monitored are

discussed.



The methodology taken by each sub-group is mentioned in Chapter 3 along with the

procedural actions. Chapter 4 discusses the details of the findings and analyses of each

sub-group, including the cost incurred, possible actions to be taken and in some cases,

probable savings. From the findings, conclusions are discussed in Chapter 5. Along the

audit, several other issues were discovered and they are discussed in Chapter 6.

5.4 Brief Literature Review

The research work focuses energy audit conducted on the Engineering Complex, UiTM

Shah Alam, which com prise of two (2) 20-storey tower blocks of Tl and T2 which are

interconnected to five (5) blocks of Bl , B2, B3, B4 and B5 . The electrical supply to

each tower is via a 1.5 M VA , 11 kV / 433 V step-dow n cast-resin energy-efficient

transformers. Similarly, electrical supply to each block is via a 2.5 MV A, 11 kV / 433 V

step-down energy-efficient cast-resin transformers. Each tower is equipped with a 500

kVA diesel-powered stand-by generator to back-up the essential electrical loads during

the occurrence of any power outages. Blocks 1 and 2 are each equipped with a 1875 kVA

diesel-powered stand-by generator. Likewise, Blocks 4 and 5 are each equipped with a

1750 kVA stand-by diesel-powered generator. The electrical schematic diagrams for

Blocks 1, 2 and 3 are shown in App endices 1 through 3 respectively. The E ngineering

Complex adopts Tariff CI for its electrical supply consumption and Tariff

C2

for the air-

conditioning system from the supply utility i.e TN B. Further details and breakdow ns of

the General Commercial Tariffs are as tabulated in Appendix 4.



5 .4 .1 LIGH TING SYSTEM

A literature review had been conducted on the standard practices of the lighting system

and the findings are tabulated as shown in Tables 2 and 3.

Table 2: Recommended Average lluminance Levels for Ambient Lighting (Extracted from MS

1525: 2007 - Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for Non-

Residential Buildings)

Task

Lighting for

Infrequently

Used Area

Lighting for

Working

Interiors

Localized

Lighting for

Exacting Task

Illuminance (Lux)

20

100

100

100

100

150

100

100

100

300

200

200

300 - 400

300 - 400

150

200

150-300

150

150

100

100

300 - 500

200 - 750

300

500

1000

2000

Example of Application

Minimum service Illuminance

Interior walkway and Car Park

Hotel Bedroom

Lift Interior

Corridor, Passageways, Staircase

Escalator, Travellator

Entrance and E xit

Staff Changing Room, Locker and Cleaner

Room, Cloak Room, Lavatories, Stores,

Entrance

Hall,

Lobbies, waiting Room

Inquiry Desk

Gate House

Infrequent Reading and Writing

General Offices, Shops and stores, reading

and writing.

Drawing Office

Restroom

Restaurant, canteen, Cafeteria

Kitchen

Lounge

Bathroom

Toilet

Bedroom

Classroom, Library

Shop / Supermarket / Department Store

Museum and Gallery

Proof Reading

Exacting Drawing

Detailed and Precise Work

Table 3: Unit Lighting Power Allowance (Extracted from MS 1 525: 2007- Code of Practice

on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Buildings).

Type of Usage

Restaurants

Offices

Classrooms/Lectures Theatres

Auditorium/Concert Hall

Hotel/Motel Guest Rooms

Lobbies/Atriums/Concourse

Supermarket/Department Stores

Stores/Warehouse/Stairs/Corridors/Lavatories

Car Parks

Maximum Lighting Power Density

(W/m

2

)

15

15

15

15

15

20

10

5



The data given in Tables 2 and 3 are utilized and used as a reference in the energy

audit conducted for electrical system lighting illumination requirements of this study.

5.4.2 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION

The main supply intake to UiTM Shah Alam M ain Campus is fed from 33 kV TNB M ain

Bulk Intake Substation at 33 kV located next to the UiTM H otel. The high voltage

supply at 33 kV is later stepped-down to 11 kV for internal reticulation within the UiTM

Shah Alam Main Campus with the use of underground cables to all related buildings and

Faculties. The 11 kV is then further stepped-down to 415 V by the 11 kV / 433 V step-

down transformers housed in the individual substation building before being connected

to the building's Main Switch Board (MSB) for utilization of respective electrical loads

within the building.

The electrical supply to each Tower Block Tl and T2 in the Engineering Complex is

through a 1.5 MV A, 11 kV/433 V step-down cast-resin transformer. Similarly, electrical

supply to each block is via a 2.5 MV A, 11 kV / 433 V step-down cast-resin transformers.

Each tower is equipped with a 500 kVA stand-by generator to back-up the essential

electrical loads during the occurrence of any power outages. Blocks Bl and B2 are each

equipped with a 1875 kVA diesel-pow ered stand-by generator. Likew ise, Block s B4 and

B5 are each equipped with a 1750 kVA diesel-powered stand-by generator. The

electrical schematic diagrams for Blocks Bl, B2 and B3 are as shown in Appendices 1

through 3 respectively. The Engineering Complex adopts Tariff CI on its electrical

supply consumption and Tariff C2 for air-conditioning system from T NB . Further

details and breakdowns of these General Commercial Tariffs are as tabulated in

Appendix 4.



5.4.3 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

This section describes the air-conditioning system of the Engineering Complex. It is

important to understand the working principles of the system and the variables that have

to be taken care of before the actual auditing work can be done. Detailed introduction

and the parameters are discussed in the following with standard practices and codes

mentioned. These serve guidance for practitioner of the audit works in assessing the

system.

5.4.4 Introduction to Thermal Energy Storage at Engineering Co mplex

The Engineering Complex was built a centralized chilled-water plant with Thermal

Energy Storage (TES) scheme in the year 2002 . The plant was commissioned in June

2002 with

a

capacity

of

3600 Refregerant-Tonne

RT)

installed chiller capacity

and

10,800 RTh Thermal Energy Storage ca pacity. In principle, the design of the TES

scheme

is

meant for shifting

the

peak electrical from

the

day

to

night.

The

TES

plant employs Dunhambush

Ice

Cell technology with

45

numbers

of Ice

cell

cylinders stored beneath the parking lot area. The plant was designed to have one unit

chiller 900RT

x 2

compressors

to

charge

the Ice

Cell cylinders during off-peak hours

between (10.00 p.m. to 8.00 a.m.) every day. This will give a low production cost

benefits

to

UiTM where

the

night tariff

is

much cheaper compared

to the

on-peak hours

and lower ambient temperature.

Not

only the charge

is

lower but the Maximum Demand

Charge can be avoided by almost 40% .

Figure 1 shows

a

schematic

of the

plant, wh ich c onsists

of

three closed pumping loops

namely primary, secondary and tertiary loops with the TES system in the upper stream.

The liquid flowing

in the

primary loop

is

ethylene glycol

and

chilled water flows

in the

secondary and tertiary loops. This design of multiple loops allows the system to operate

in all five operating mode s, nam ely

i.

ice

build

ii.

ice

build with cooling

iii.

cooling with ice

iv . cooling w ith ch iller

v. cooling with ice and chiller.



T o w e r

low rise

Tower 2 low rise

Podium

PHX

T o w e r 2 high rise

Block 4 , Block 5

S H X

S H X

W

To wer 1 high r ise

Block 1, Block 2, Block 3

Figure 1: Operation schematic diagram of the TES plan



A good operation and maintenance plan as well as plant management is the main

success in TES implem entation. Due to that, the recommended guideline for Air

Conditioning system has been introduced to provide thermal comfort with energy

efficiency at Engineering Complex.

a) Temp erature guideline for TES System

Figure 2 shows the temperature guideline for TES System. The abscissa indicates the

temperature in degree Celsius while the ordinates shows the components of the TES

System (refer to the legend in

the

figure).

10 11 12

U

24 25 26 27 28 29

A : Chiller Output

B :

System Supply (Out)

C : CHWS

D : CHWR

E : Supply Air (SA)

F :

Room Temp.

G: Return Air (RA)

| Good

J Fair (Acceptable)

I Poor

I Wasteful

Figure 2: Temperature Guideline for TES

b) Therma l Com fort/Health Indicator

Table 4 lists the thermal comfort levels for occupants in a room and the table is

constructed based on the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-

Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and Malaysian Standard (MS).

Table 4

Thermal Comfort/Health Indicator

Code

A

B

C

D

E

Relative Hum idity

(RH %)

50 ±1 0

< 7 0

< 7 5

< 8 0

Temperature (°C)

Vapour per kg dry air < 25

Humidity Ratio = < 12 g

24.5 ± 2.5

27.5

29.5

Not complied to D

Comment

Comply to ASHRAE and MS

Comply to MS

Not comply to MS but acceptable

Unacceptable

Extremely unacceptable



Note: The left-most column indicates the code employed corresponding to the relative humidity

and temperature of the room.

c Dehumidifier/Cooling performance of AHU and FCU

Table 5 lists the guideline (indicator) for the cooling and dehumidifying modes of the

Air-handling Unit (AHU) and Fan Coil Unit (FCU).

Table 5: Cooling and Dehumidifier Indicator

Condition

Very Good

Good

Satisfaction

Poor

Very Poor

Cooling

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

>12

> 8 a n d < 12

>4 and <

8

>2 and < 4

< 2

Dehumidifier

Humidity Ratio ( g/kg )

> 8

>4 and < 8

>1 and <

4

> 5 a n d < 1.0

<0 .5

Note: The

cooling mode

is

measured

in

terms

of

enthalpy while

the

dehumidifying

mode in humidity ratio.

5.4.5 U i T M District Cooling Design

District Cooling is the area or region which is assigned to have cooling facility and

services. The district cooling design is the allocation of the refrigeration tonnage of

chilled water produced

for

the district coo ling.

The plant

was

designed

to

supply chilled water

to AHU

between

6° to 6.6° C and

returned

at

1 2°

to

14.4°

C

daily.

Table 6: District cooling design

Chiller Installed Capacity

Thermal Storage Capacity

Building Cooling Load Requirement

Max. Cooling Demand

2

x

1800RT N ormal Mode

2 x 1 2 5 0 R T I c e M o d e

45

x

240RTh Ice Cell

Block 1 550RT

Block

2

580RT

Block

3

380RT

Block

4

850RT

Block 5 660RT

Tower 1 290RT

Tower 2 290RT

3600RT

5.4.6 Ice Storage Strategy

The plant utilizes partial storage operating strategy

in

which during discharge mode,

the

ice storage and

the

ice chiller running

day

mode w ork hand-in-hand

to

cover the building

load.

This strategy

is

quite critical, where controlling

the

contribution

of

chiller

and ice



storage are critical to the system econom y and comfort. Modulating valves are used to

manage the relative contributions of storage and chiller.

As the load and chiller contribution varies, the modulating valves will automatically allow

sufficient flow through the storage system to maintain 42°F of ethylene glycol to be

supplied to the primary HX. Heat transfer process take place between ethylene glycol

and chilled water, resulting to 44°F chilled water temperature which will be supplied to

the Air Handling Units (AHU) and Fan Coil Units (FCU) for the entire building.

5.4.7 Con trol Strategy

There is no specific control strategy in the plant. The ice cell contribution is controlled

by setting the m odulating valve to maintain the leaving temperature of 40 °F. Loads that

exceed the chiller contribution are met by the chiller. However, it is found out that this

control strategy utilizes about 70% of the total ice storage.



5.5 Methodology

The Electrical System group has devised a methodology in achieving the objectives of its

work and it is shown in the form of a flowchart as show n in Figure

below.

S t a r t

_

R e f e r e n c e D o c u m e n t S e a r c h

- L i t e r a t u r e R e v i e w S t u d y

- M S I E E 1 1 5 9 : 1 9 9 5

- M S 1 5 2 5 : 2 0 0 7

- M S 1 5 3 3 : 2 0 0 2

- B r i ti s h S t d R e c o m m e n d a t i o n G 5/5

S e t t i n g o u t o f R e s o u r c e s

- H u m a n R e s o u r c e s & S k i l le d L a b o u r

- R e l a t e d e q u i p m e n t f o r m o n i t o r i n g & d a t a

c o l l e c t i o n

S i t e V i s i t . D i s c u s s i o n o n M o n i t o r i n g / D a t a

C o l l e c t i o n

i

r

I n s t a l l a t io n o f E q u i p m e n t f o r m o n i t o r i n g & D a t a

C o l l e c t i o n

^

D o w n l o a d i n g o f d a t a f r o m e q u i p m e n t fo r a n a l y s i s

< r ^ ^ D a t a S t

f f i c ie n t ^ ~ >

A n a l y s i s o f d a t a , r e p o r t w r i t i n g & P o w e r P o i n t

p r e p a r a t i o n

I

P r e s e n t a t i o n o f F i n d i n g s

s u b m i s s i o n o f r e p o r t

t o T o p U i T M M a n a g e m e n t

Figure 2: A Flowchart of the Energy Audit Activity on electrical system of Engineering Complex,

UiTM Shah Alam



Prior to the commencement of the energy audit activities, previous historical electrical

data are vital as useful references and comparison made to the current similar data to

be collected through measurement and monitoring activities condu cted. These

historical data are available at the UiTM's Facilities Managem ent O ffice. Close rapport

and cooperation with the office ensures correct data can be obtained and accurately

interpreted and analyzed . Furthermore, the technical staffs of he said office are the

ones who are well-verse with the sites that will assist the team members in ensuring

correct measuremen ts can be mad e. These vital data are:

a) Site Plan and relevant M&E services drawings from the main electrical supply

intake to the connected loads for the related services.

b) Electrical energy consum ption is based on the supply utility monthly electricity data

for the previous months over 2 year's duration of 2009-2010.

c) Electrical equipment schedule, with the specific power rating, load factor, efficiency

and estimated operation hours for each building service.

d) Existing size of power factor correction banks and harmonics suppression reactors

if installed in the system .

e) The rating of all major energy consum ing equipment e.g lighting luminaries, electric

traction motors, air-conditioning system, lift system etc.

f) Detailed specifications of any control system or automation incorporated by the

relevant services.

An energy audit was planned and the schedule of the audit's activities is listed in Table

7 below.

Table 7: Energy Audit Activities Timeline

Activities

Literature Review and Background Study and

initial Documentation Works.

Field Data Collection / Measurement,

Monitoring, Research & Investigation on

Electrical Energy Usage based on Sampling

Data Made.

Process and Analyze Results from Collected

Data against Standards. Recommendations

and Relevant Guidelines.

Preparation of Draft Report for Submission to

UiTM Development Office.

Presentation of progress findings from

Energy Audit Conducted to UiTM

Development Office.

Submission of Finalized Report and

Recommendations to UiTM Development

Office.

Month

1-3

V

yf

4

Month

4-6

yf

V

V

Month

7-9

4

4

4

Month

10-12

V

4

4

4

The energy audit was carried out in accordance with the requirements of UiTM Shah

Alam and related energy audit guidelines and standards as mentioned above. A

comp lete energy audit for this work should comprise of the followings:



a) Investigation on the detailed electrical consum ption of the Engineering Complex,

especially regarding the high monthly electrical consumption and penalty charge

due to low power factor operation,

b) Investigation on Power Quality issues related to the M&E operations, i.e related to

load factor, operational efficiency, power factor a nd harmonics issues,

c) Identifying the causes leading to the issues as mentioned in a) and b) above,

d) Condu cting measurements and analyses on the measured and collected data.

e) Providing suggestions and recomm end solutions to reduce/eliminate the problems

raised. This include providing methods of improving operational efficiency and cost

saving initiatives, remedial actions, and

f) Producing reports which include proper documentation of methodology, data,

results, interpretation and recommendations related to the energy audit conducted

and energy savings strategies to be implemented.

The energy audit monitoring commenced on the 15

th

January 2010 and ended in end of

May 2010.

The Lighting and Power Quality investigation activities utilizes the use of the Fluke 1750

to collect data on the electrical monitoring work such as Power, Voltage, Current, power

factor, load imbalance etc. at the Main Switch Board (MSB) of the individual tower or

block. The quality of the power supply with regards to harmonic contents, Total

Harmonic Distortion (THD) for voltages and currents, voltage surges/sags etc.

Likewise, the illumination data on amb ient lighting p roduced from ambient indoor lighting

is obtained with the use of digital lux meter.

The Fluke 1750 was installed for a minimum duration of one week in order to obtain a

complete weekly pattern of the overall power consumption from the specific Main Switch

Board (MSB) of the chosen tower/block in the Engineering Com plex. The first

installation of units of Fluke 1750 was made on

28

th

February 2010 at Tower 2, Blocks

B4 and B5 . Table 8 shows the schedule for the installation of the Fluke 1 750 for data

collection purposes.

Table 8: Power Quality Recorder Installation Schedule

Installation

Date

28

th

February

2 0 1 0

9

th

March

2 0 1 0

16

th

March

2 0 1 0

5

th

April

2 0 1 0

12

th

April

2 0 1 0

Dismantling

Date

8

th

March

2010

16

th

March

2010

12

th

April

2 0 1 0

19

th

April

2010

Location

MSB Tower T2

MSB Block B4

MSB Block B5

MSB Block B4

MSB Block B5

Tower T1

MSB Block B1

MSB Block B2

MSB Block B3

Chiller Plant and

Chiller Pump Room

Comments

Due to inaccuracy of data

collected, duration of data

collection for Blocks B4 and B5

was extended for another week.

Data Successfully Collected

Fluke 1750 was sent to supplier

for Calibration purposes due to

inaccuracy in data collected.

Data Successfully Collected

Data Successfully Collected.



Sample photographs taken on the related activities conducted on the data monitoring

and collection conducted by the team members with the use of power quality recorder

were as show n in the Figures 3 through 5.

Figure 3: Fluke 1750 being used as for Power Quality Recorder for Data Collection.

Figure 4: Current Measurement through Installation of Meters at MSB Load Busbars.

Figure

5:

Measuring of Current at Current Transformer Side.

lp_shah rizam mohd shah baki 10_24

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