Laporan Akhir Projek PenyelidikanJangka Pendek

Ergonomics Investigation on the Effect ofNoise on Human Performance

byMohzani Mokhtar

Dr. ShahrufKamaruddinDr. Zahid Akhtar Khan

DITEP"· .

[~~_.MAR 2007UNIT t:;11...,

Unlversltl SainI Milll iii

UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

PEJABAT PENGURUSAN & KREATIVITI PENYELIDIKANRESEARCH CREATIVITY AND MANAGEMENT OFFICE [RCMO]

LAPORAN AKHIR PROJEK PENYELlDIKAN JANGKA PENDEKFINAL REPORT OF SHORTTERMRESElfRCH PROJECTS

1). Nama Ketua Penyelidik :Name of Research Leader:

Ketua Penyelidik PTJResearch Leader School/Centre

En. Mohzani Mokhtar Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Mekanik

Nama Penyelidik Bersama(Jika berkaitan) :Name/s of Co-Researcher/s

(if applicable)

Penyelidik Bersama PTJCo-Researcher School/Centre

Dr. Shahrul Kamaruddin Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Mekanik

Department of Mechanical Engineering,Dr. Zahid Akhtar Khan Faculty of Engineering & Technology

Jamia Millia Islamia, Central University, India.

2) Tajuk Projek: ...... Ergonomics Investigation on the Effect of Noise on HumanPerformance

Title of Project:

3) Abstrakuntuk penyelidikan anda(Per1u disediakan di antara 100 - 200 perkataan d! dalam Bahasa Malaysia dan Bahasa Inggerls. Inikemudiannya akan dimiJatkan ke dalam Laporan Tahunan Sahagian Penyelidikan & Inovasi sebagai satu carauntuk menyampaikan dapatan projek tuan/puan kepada pihak Universiti & luar).

Abstract ofResearch .(Must be prepared in 100 - 200 words in Bahasa Malaysia as well as in English. This abstract will later beincluded in the Annual Report of the Research and Innovation Section as a means of presenting the projectfindings ofthe researcher/s to the university and the outside community)

Versi Bahasa MalaysiaProjek penyelidikan ini telah menumpukankepada kesan-kesan ~bunyi -bising di-dalam

-- ----------kawasanlncHfslfr-kepaCia peJ<erja indll~sfrr.Diji:mgkakan pekerja-pekerja yang bekerja didalam persekitaran yang bising mungkin akan menerima kesan daripada bunyi bisingseperti kesan fislologi, kesan psikologi, kesan hilang pendengaran, kesan kepadaperbualan dan gangguan tidur.

Objektif kajian penyelidikan adalah menentukan sama ada tahap-tahap kebisingan yangberbeza memberi kesan terhadap prestasi kerja manusia. Di samping itu, ianya juga dapatmenentukan pendedahan kebisingan yang bersesuaian dengan prestasi kerja manusia.

Bagi mencapai objektif tersebut, tiga industri berbeza yang telah dipilih untuk kajian ialahpengeluar produk berasaskan getah, syarikat hentakkan logam dan syarikat percetakanpenerbitan. Set-set soalselidik yang mengandungi 40 soalan yang meliputi pelbagai aspekkesan bunyi bising telah disediakan dan diedarkan kepada sejumlah 120 orang pekerja­pekerja di ketiga-tiga lokasi yang dinyatakan diatas. Maklumbalas daripada pekerja-pekerjatelah dikumpulkan dan dijadikan sebagai data asas analisis seterusnya.

Satu ujian statistik yang terkenal iaitu Ujian Chi-Square telah digunakan untuk menentukansignifikan kesan-kesan bunyi bising tersebut. Didapati pada tahap signifikan a =0.1, kesanfisiologi, kesan psikologi, kesan hilang pendengaran, kesan kepada perbualan dangangguan tidur adalah signifikan manakala jika diukur pada tahap signifikan a = 0.05,hanya kesan psikologi yang tidak signifikan manakala empat kesan lain adafah signifikan.

Kajian tambahan menggunakan rekabentuk faktorial pengukuran berulang satu faktor keatas kesan kebisingan terhadap prestasi manusia semasa kerja kemasukkan telahdilaksanakan pada empat tahap kebisingan yang berbeza. Berdasarkan analisa variasi(ANOVA), peningkatan kebisingan memberikan impak yang signifikan terhadap prestasimanusia,

Berdasakan kajian penyelidikan yang telah dijalankan, dapat disimpulkan bahawa kesankebisingan boleh menyebabkan masalah seperti masalah pendengaran, ganguankomunikasa dan tidur, prestasi manusia dan kelakuan sosial, kesihatan dan gangguandalam kehidupan seharian manusia. Strategi yang sewajarnya untuk pemantauan,pengawalan dan penilaian kebisingan perlu diperkenalkan bagi mengurangkan masalahkesan kebisingan.

Versi Bahasa InggerisThe research project has concentrated on the effects of noise on industrial worker in workplace compounds. The effect of noise at the work place had shown that people who workin noisy environments might have be affected by the noise like physiological effects,psychological effect, hearing loss effect, aUditory effects and sleep disturbances effects.

The objectives of the research are to determine whether different levels of noise effecthuman performance and to determine the effect of desirable noise exposure towardshuman performance.

To established the research work objective, three industries i.e. rubber productmanufacturing, metal stamping, publication and printing were selected for the study. Aquestionnaires consisting of 40 questions on different aspects of effects of noise wasprepared and served to a total of 120 workers of the above mentioned industries.Responses from the workers were collected which served as a preliminary data and it wascompared with the actual noise data collected with the noise level meter at the three

2

selected industries. A well known statistical test call Chi-Square test was used to determinesignificance of the effects of noise. It was found that at level of significance a =0.1,physiological effects, psychological effects, hearing loss effect, auditory effect and sleepdisturbances .effect were significant and at level of significant a =0.05, only psychologicaleffects was not significant but the rest were significant.

An additional study employing single factor repeated measure factorial design on the effectof noise on human performance in data entry task was conducted four different levels ofnoise. Based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicates that the increased of noise showssignificant impacts towards human performance.

6Cl$ed fl"OJ1J tbe rese<:irQh studY carried out, it wa$ conclu.de.d that the effect .Qf noi$e habeen found to cause problems to humans such as hearing impairment, interference withcommunication and sleep, human performance and social behaviour, health andannoyance in daily life. Further strategies for noise assessment and control should beintroduced to reduce ill effects of noise.

3

4) Sila sediakan Laporan teknikallengkap yang menerangkan keseluruhan projek ini.[Sila gunakan kertas berasingan]Kindly prepare a comprehensive technical report explaining the project(Prepare report separately as attachment)

Senaraikan Kata Kunci yang boleh menggambarkan penyefidikan anda :List a glosssary that explains or ref/ects your research:

(b) Senarai Kata Kunci yang digunakan di dalam abstrak:

Bahasa Malaysia . -------------~- Bahasa1nggerisErgonomik ErgonomicsKesan kebisingan Effects of noiseKesan psisiologi Physiological effectsKesan kehilangan pendengaran Hearing loss effectsKesan audiotori Auditory effectsKesan psikologi Psychological effectsGangguan tidur Sleep disturbance

5) Output Dan Faedah ProjekOutput and Benefits ofProject

(a) * Penerbitan (termasuk laporan/kertas seminar)Publications (including reports/seminar papers)(Sila nyatakan jenis, tajuk, pengarang, tahun terbitan dan di mana telah diterbifldibentangkan).(Kindly state each type, title, author/editor, publication year andjoumal/s containing pUblication)

TAJUK PENGARANG STATUS

A Study On The Mohzani Mokhtar, S. Kamaruddin1, Zahid Submited to

Effect of Noise on A. Khan2 and &Z. Mallick1 JurnalIndustrial Workers

lSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti SainsTeknologi A

In MalaysiaMalaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal,

UTM,Penang, MALAYSIA. (corrected

proof and to be2Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Jamia Millia published inIslamia, Central University, New Delhi 110025, INDIA 2007)

Development of Shaliza Azreen Mustafa, Mohzani Mokhtar, Accepted forFramework In Shahrul Kamaruddin, Khairanum Subari & theEnhanching Zafinda Othman. InternationalErgonomics AdvancedPractices For School of Mechanical Engineering, University Science Technology

of Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 NibongComputer User In Tebal, Penang, MALAYSIA. CongressMalaysian (ATCi 2005).Industries

Effect of Noise On Zahid A. Khan, Jamaluddin Abdullah and Accepted inHumans W.M. Wan Muhamad Journal ofPerformance In MechanicalData Entry Task School of Mechanical Engin~ering, University Science Engineering

of Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 NibongUiTM,2005.Tebal, Penang, MALAYSIA.

Effect of Noise On Razman Mustaffa, Zahid A. Khan, A. Accepted inHumans: A Review Suhail and K. Subari Journal Energy

andSchool of Mechanical Engineering, University Science Environmentof Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong

2005.Tebal, Penang, MALAYSIA.

4

(b) Faedah-Faedah Lain Seperti Perkembangan Produk, Prospek KomersialisasiDan Pendaftaran Paten atau impak kepada dasar dan masyakarat.Other benefits such as product development, product commercialisation/patentregistration or impact on source and society

Hasil keputusan kajian dapat dijadikan asas dan input bagi membantu pihakindustri menyedari keperluan menyediakan suasana kerja yang kondusif. Dari segiperubatan pula, pakar perubatan dapat mengaitkan tahap kesihatan dengan tahapkebisingan dalam mengenal pasti punca gangguan kesihatan pekerja industri.

. *_ SUa b-erikan.salinan .* Kindly provide copies

(c) Latihan Gunatenaga ManusiaTraining in Human Resources

i) Pelajar Siswazah : ..Postgraduate students:(perineikan nama, ijazah dan status)(Provide names, degrees and status)

Shaliza Azreen Mustafa (MSc. Manufacturing)

ii) Pelajar Prasiswazah : .Undergraduate students:(Nyatakan bilangan)(Provide number)

Nafirizuan Mat Yahya (S.Eng. Mekanik, 2004)

iii) Lain-Lain : ..Others:

TIADA

6. Peralatan Yang Telah Dibeli :Equipment that has been purchased:

TIADA

5

KOMEN JAWATANKUASA PENYELIDIKAN PUSAT PENGAJIANComments of the Research Committees of SchQols/Centres

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TANDATANGAN PENGERUSIAWATA KUASA PENYElIDIKAN PUSAT PENGAJIAN

Signature of Chairman[R search Committee of Schoof/Centre]

Upd81ed: 16MAC2006

5

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2005/3 BL 44524 22/03/05 304 221 21101 PMEKANIK 6035107 TIP 12/04 - G/J/PEN TIP 12104 - G/J/PEN 76.20

2005/3 BL 44525 22103/05 304 221 21101 PMEKANIK 6035107 TIP 1/05 - G/J/PEN TIP 1/05 - G/J/PEN 112.50

2005/3 BL 44525 22103/05 304 221 21104 PMEKANIK 6035107 TIP 1/05 - G/J/PEN TIP 1/05 - G/J/PEN 40.00

2005/3 BL 44525 22/03/05 304 221 21102 PMEKANIK 6035t'07 TIP 1/05 - G/J/PEN TIP 1/05 - G/J/PEN 220.00,

2006/10 BL 63917 11/10106 304 221 21104 PMEKANIK 6035107 TIP 8/06 - G/J/PEN i TIP 8/06 - G/J/PEN 190.40

2006/10 BL 63917 11/10/06 304 221 21199 PMEKANIK 6035107 TIP 8/06 - G/J/PEN TIP 8/06 - G/J/PEN 29.00

2006/10 BL 63918 11/10106 304 221 21104 PMEKANIK 6035107 TIP 9/06 - G/J/PEN TIP 9/06 - G/J/PEN 142.80

2006/10 BL 63918 11/10106 304 221 21199 PMEKANIK 6035107 TIP 9/06 - G/J/PEN TIP 9/06 - G/J/PEN 16.801,877.70

2004/10 JR 3609 20/10104 304 223 23101 PMEKANIK 6035107 W/PANJAR-DR ZAHID A.KHAN BR 01/2004 - 08/2004 175.20

2005/3 JR 4284 14/03/05 304 223 23101 PMEKANIK 6035107 W/PANJAR R&D DR ZAHID AKHTAR' BR 01/05 -07105 149.90

2006/8 BL 62309 28/08/06 304 223 23102 PMEKANIK 6035107 BIL 04-5995999/D92790-672-81 07 BIL 25 JULAI 2006 10.70335.80

2004/10 JR 3609 20/10104 304 227 27102 PMEKANIK 6035107 W/PANJAR-DR ZAHID A.KHAN BR 01/2004 - 08/2004 19.40

2005/3 JR 4284 14/03/05 304 227 27199 PMEKANIK 6035107 W/PANJAR R&D DR ZAHID AKHTAR BR 01/05 -07105 45.21

2006/2 BL 55580 18/02/06 304 227 27103 PMEKANIK 6035107 NO PO 114231 -ALPHA DATA COM INV 109890 500.00

2006/10 BL 63748 07/10106 304 227 27799 PMEKANIK 6035107 NO PO 114444 - DRIVE SOLUTION INV 1377109 5,398.505,963.11

200612 BL 55!:179 18/02106 304 228 28601 PMEKANIK 6035107 NO PO 114230 - ALPHA DATA COM INV 109889 1,990.00

2006/2 BL 55581 18/02/06 304 228 28601 PMEKANIK 6035107 NO PO 114232 - ALPHA DATA COM INV 109889 1,500.003,490.00

2005/9 BL 50387 14/09/05 304 229 29107 PMEKANIK 6035107 INT. CONF. ON ADVANCE MATERIAU EN MOHZANI MOKHTA 550.00

2005/10 BL 51544 14/10/05 304 229 29107 PMEKANIK 6035107 YURAN - ATCI2005 CIK SHALIZA AZREEN 300.00

2006/3 BL 56635 17/03/06 304 229 29115 PMEKANIK 6035107 NO PO 114283 - KUTKM INV KOO01406(POO08) 5,640.00

2006/3 BL 56734 21/03/06 304 229 29107 PMEKANIK 6035107 SEMINAR ON CHALLENGES FACED MOHZANI MOKHTAR 80.00

2006/8 BL 61926 17/08/06 304 229 29107 PMEKANIK 6035107 YURAN- INDUSTRIAL PROCESS OPTIM EN MOHZANI MOKHTA 450.00,

7,020.00

JUMLAH BESAR 18,686.61

2004/5 BL 34318 23/05/04 304 A11102 304 PMEKANIK 6035107 W/PANJAR-DR ZAHID AKHTAR KHAN, 2 ORG PENYELlDIK 200.00

2004/10 JR 3609 20/10/04 304 A11102 304 PMEKANIK 6035107 W/PANJAR-DR ZAHID A.KHAN BR 01/2004 - 08/2004 (194.60)

2004/10 BL 39636 24/10/04 304 A11102 304 PMEKANIK 6035107 WANG PANJAR - DR ZAHID A KHAN 23/10/04 194.60

2005/3 JR 4284 14/03/05 304 A11102 304 PMEKANIK 6035107 W/PANJAR R&D DR ZAHID AKHTAR BR 01/05 -07105 (195.11)

2005/3 BL 44222 15/03/05 304 A11102 304 PMEKANIK 6035107 W/PANJAR -DR ZAHID AKHTAR KHAN 15/03/05 195.11200.00

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SERI AMPANGANPENYATAKUMPULAN WANG

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ERGONOMIC INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECT OF NOISE ON HUMAN

Jumlah Sesar

:t~@~~i GAJI KAKITANGAN AWAM

21G~IE PERBELANJAAN PERJALANAN DAN SARA

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Peruntukan Perbelanjaansehingga

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2,631.60 0.00

3,700.00 1,877.70

200.00 335.80

8,000.00 5,963.11

215.00 3,490.00

4,000.00 7,020.00

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18,746.60 18,686.61

18,746.60 18,686.61

Tempoh Projek:01/04l2004 - 31/03/2006

Tanggungan perbeJanjaan Jumlah Jumlahsemasa Semasa Perbelanjaan

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0.00 0.00 0.00 5,963.11 2,036.89

0.00 0.00 0.00 3,490.00 (3,275.00)

0.00 0.00 0.00 7,020.00 (3,020.00)

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0.00 0.00 0.00 18,686.61 59.99

0.00 0.00 0.00 18,686.61 59.99

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Pene.bitUNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

www.penerbit.utm.my

Rujukan Kami (Our Ref.):Rujukan Than (Your Ref.):

~En. Mokhzani bin Mokhtar.~ Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Mekanikal

Kampus Kejuruteraan__ _-- .-.-OniversffrSainsMQlaysla14300 Nibong TebalSeberang Perai SelatanPulau Pinang

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RECEIVED26 MAR 2007·

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Yg. Bhg. Prof.'/Saudara,

Pembetulan Semula Artikel Jurnal TeknologiA Study on the Effects of Noise on Industrial Workers in Malaysia (JTAj2005j13).

Dengan hormatnya soya merujuk kepada perkara di atas.

2. Terlebih dahulu Pelletbit UTM mengucapkan terima kasih atas sokongan Yg. Bhg.Prof.,/Saudara menyumbang artikel bagi dimuatkan dalam JurnaJ Teknologi. Setelahartikel ini disemak dan dinilai semula, Ketua Editor berpendapat bahawa artikel ini perludibuat beberapa pembetulan (rujuk salinan Naskhah PembetuJan). Kerjasama Yg. Bhg.Prof.,/Saudara diminta membuat pembetulan sebagaimana yang diminta oleh penilai.

3. Kerjasama saudara diminta mengembalikan artikel yang felah diperbaikiberserta CD/DISKET PEMBETULAN kepada Peftetbit UTM pada/sebelum 14 Ogos 2006.

4. Keprihatinan saudara dalam hal ini diharap dapat membantu Peftetbit UTMmeningkatkan jagi kualiti penerbitan Jurnal Teknologi. Sokongan saudara soya dahuluidengan ucapan ferima kasih.

'U!~.

"BERKHIDMAT UNTUK NEGARA"

y~NOORITA BT. MD. SHAFEINnoorlta@utm.myPegawai PenerbitanPeftetbit UTMb/p: Naib Canselorif: 07 - 521 8135

s.k. Prof. Madya Dr. Hishamuddin bin JamaluddinKetua Editor JurnaJ Teknologi ASekolah Pengajian Siswazah

7..

A STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF NOISE ON INDUSTRIALWORKERS IN MALAYSIA

MORZANI MOKRTAR', ZAHID A. KRAN2, S. KAMARUDDIN3 & Z. MALLICK4

Abstract. This paper presents results of an ergonomic study pertaining to the effect of noise on industrialworkers in Malaysia. Three different industriemelected for the study were rubber product manufacturing,metal stamping, publication and printing. A qUQtionnaire consisting of 37 questions, covering all possiblereported effects of noise on huma~as prel'aredand served to a- total of-120workers-artlieaoove-­mentioned industries. Responses frorlrthe workers were collected for analysis. A Chi-Square test was used todetermine whether the effects of noise were statistically significant or not. It is found that at a level ofsignificance, a = 0.05, physiological, hearing loss, auditory, and sleep disturbances effects of noise are-statistically significant. However, psycfiologicaleffect of noise is found to be non-significant.

Keywords: Ergonomics, effects of noise, physiological effects, hearing loss effects, auditory effects,psychological effects

Abstrak. Kertas kerja ini mempersembahkan keputusan satu kajian ~nomik berkaitan kesan kebisinganterhadap pekerja industri di Malaysia. Tiga industri berbeza yang telah dipilih untuk kajian ialah pengeluarproduk berasaskan getah, syarikat hentakkan Logam dan syarikat percetakan penerbitan. Satu soal selidikyang mengandungi 37 soalan yang merangkumi semua aduan berkaitan kesan kebisingan terdahap manusiatelah disediakan dan diberikan kepada 120 pekerja industri yang dipilih. Maklumbalas daripada pekerjadikumpulkan sebagai data untuk analisa selanjutnya. Satu pengujian "Chi-Square" telah digunakan untukmenentukan sarna ada kesan kebisingan adalah signifikan atau tidak signifikan. Didapati bahawa pada tahapsignifikan, a = 0.05, fisiologi, kehilangan pendengaran, auditori dan gangguan tidur adalah kesankebisiangan yang secara satistiknya signifJkan. Bagaimanapun, kesan kebisingan terhadap psikologi telahditemui secara tidak signifikan.

Kata kunei: IijPnomik, kesan kebisingan, kesan psisiologi, kesan ke~langan pendengaran, kesan audiotori,kesan psikologi

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Sound can be measured objectively but noise is a subjective Phenomenon.~ridger "El]

defined noise as a sound or sounds at such amplitude as to cause annoyance or to interfere

with communication. Kroemer et al~2] mentioned that noise was psychological and

subjective feeling. Single, short tones of low intensity may be considered noise under

certain conditions, just as loud, lasting. complex sounds may be deemed nois.e under other# ....--

circumstances. Any sound which is annoying or level of sound exceeds 75 dBA may be

conceived as noise. The threshold for noise annoyance varies, depending on the conditions,

2

I, 3 & 4 School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal,Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, JamiaMillia Islamia, Central University, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.Corresponding author; Tel: 604-5937788, Fax: 604-5921025, E-mail: mohzani@eng.usm.my

NASKHAH PEMBETULAN\Irl-I

ATCi 2005.Conference on Computer Integrated Systems, Dec 6-8,Putrajaya, Malaysia

DEVELOPMENT OF A FRAMEWORK IN ENHANCINGERGONOMICS PRACTICES FOR COMPUTER USER IN

MALAYSIAN INDUSTRIES

Shaliza Azreen Mustafa, Mohzani Mokhtar, Shahrul Kamaruddin,Khairanum Subari, Zalinda OthmanSchool ofMechanical Engineering.

EngilleerlngCampus" Universiti Sains Malaysia.14300, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, MALAYSIA.

Abstract

Since computers are being introduced in Malaysia, its usage has been an importantcontribution to the development of the industrial sector. Even though computers orusually known as visual display terminals (VDT) have improved productivity andmade work easier for industrial workers, they have also caused adverse effects suchas musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). Therefore, in order to help in reduce MSDamong Malaysian industrial workers, the primary emphasis is to enhance employeesawareness and on improving the employee's knowledge of efficiently using VDTworkstation by applying ergonomics principles in ergonomics training program.Based on literature review focus on VDT training programs, it shows that each of thetraining programs had different contents. To achieve the purpose of this study, eachof the contents from the best practices of VDT training programs are combine todevelop a comprehensive framework of ergonomics VDT training program. Theframework was developed using Kawakita Jiro (KJ) method, which the principal toolis an affinity diagram. The KJ method was used because it is conceivable ineducation and training fields especially in prioritize the training items.

Computer or VDT Usage in Malaysian Industries

Computer or usually known as visual display terminals (VDT), herein after referred toas 'VDT', is a medium which the users and computer interact [1]. The usage ofVDTin Malaysian has been drastically increasing since 1996, which correlates to theestimated amount of 4 million personal computers being installed in 2003 [2]. Theincreased was partly due to the launched of a program called Vision 2020 by theMalaysian government. The vision will be achieved through the development of theinformation and communication technology (lCT) sector and the use of lCT toincrease global competitiveness [2]. Therefore, the VDT usage plays important rolesin Malaysian industry especially among office workers and operating VDT.

Along with the increased use ofVDT, there have been reports about the health effectslargely related to musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) such as visual discomfort andother stress related disorders [3, 4]. However, in the industrial sector, attention isgiven fully to end-customers, which decide whether the products or services meettheir needs. Although this is important for a company's achievement, there is notenough human factors attention given to the industrial workers. In this case, thecompany may be successful in marketing their products but unfortunately, theirworkers are working in a non conducive environment. Even though VDT has beenblamed for a wide range of industrial health problems but VDT users actually suffer

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StlIrlics 0111he e.fTe(/ (~rlloise Oil iJl/!llllll 11('rliJ/7l1i11~('1'illl'O!l'ilig l';lr;O/lS kl/lds 0/

lasks such as cogl/ilivr', 1I1/1I/.I';i"el/, tllIIl 1//t'/I1I11:1' IllII'I' h l 'I'III'OI/r/1I<'iI't!.Iilr Iflllg,

!1owel'el; Ihe (frecl rell/I/il/s hot" dusil'c III/d iltlu('sling. :\11 killd.~ I!( tnt/liS,,mggl!sling improl'cd. degmded, and UlIlIfTcc!{;d I'cr(iii'/lllll/('{', hmT r",{'/!reponed. The present ,wt/dy repor!s rhe <:ttc'ci (!( il1lermi!f<'nl I/oi.\(' /11; da/ilentry task {~r slum duratiol/. The stlldy \l'lIS (,{Jlldllcti'd 01 Fmr i""C'1s or lIoi~I'

intensitv, viz 70 dBA L , 80 dBA L , 90 dBA L ,.Ialld '00 dBA L , nil.' IIl'isl'.. t;'t( I't( "'/ n/

used was actually sharp sound beads at a ji'N/(Il'II(\' oj' (jO± .5 heads paminute. A total {~r10 young,male subjects particip<tf('d ill IfI{' wu/.... 7!/{' rCSl/III'

show an improvement ofpelforman<:e. especially,{/{ lIlodemtely higher /('Vl'I's

ofnoise intensity. Conjectured reasol/ for suc!z be~/{ll'iI)lIr {(lid slIggnr;{I!ls!ril'further research are given.

Keywords: Noise, data entry task. humoll Pl'I:f(lI'Jllfllll'l"

Introduction~

With the massive introduction of computers in varielics of work enviwlllllcnh.a huge number ofhumans arc using computers in almost all walb oflheir five'With the recent tedmological advances. varieties o{'complllers such as lksktl1p.laptop, note-book, palmtop, and wrist··top are availabll,c in the market. The numh..·,·of persons using compnters for various purposes has increased substantially inrecent ycim;, Th,: performance of humans work in/!. (lll t'lmlputl'rS llIay be affc,,·tl'dhy many environmcntal variablcs in which Ihey work. Among lllt:s..\ noisl' isconsidered to be an imporlanl and critical one III, lNoisc. as alll~llvirollIllL'1l1:l!

variable, occupies significant importance because of the facllhat it is increasingat an alanning rate due to increase in traffic (both road and air) density. increast'in industrial establishments. and other noise producing equipmentJinstnmwnts.In the past. studies have been conducted to examine effect of noise on humanperformance in varieties of tasks, Many resean;hers have rrpOl'!cd advw;(." effect

Energy lind Environment .Abdul Mubeen. M. Emran Khan and M. Muzaffarul Hasan (Editors)Copyright C 2004. Ana~ya Publishers, New Delhi. India

Effects of-Noise on Humans: A Review,. ,.'

--­~---------------------------Razman Mustaffa,_zahidA.Khan, A.SUlHiifiiidICsubariSchool of Mechanical Engineering. Engineering Campus. University Sains MalaysIaSeri Ampangan. 14300 Nibong Tebal. Pulau Pinang. Malaysia

ABSTRACT111is paper presenls a re\!iell' 011 the Ifjreets(!!' noise on \'llrious (Jspec:ts vj hum,m ,\ health and(/(;tivilies such as hearing loss. Ia.ik pel:formC/m:e. inler:/erence with c()mmunit.:a:ion. .\/eepdisturbance, social behavior, health and annoyance. It has been fiJUnd Ihal alihe.-ugh (J lot 0/researches have been conducted in the past and are still being carried OUI, lhe e;,{feclS ofnoise onhumans have not been fully under~/ood(1nd in many cases the results are inconclusive. Thisnecessilatesfurther investigalions on the eJJecI,~ (!!'noise on humans.

Keywords: Noise. Hearing Joss. Sleep disturbance. Interference with communication.. Effect on

health

I. INTRODUCfIONNoise is defined as the effectofthe~Jes~tation,{)fmoderately intepse QrJoud auditoeystimuli(Broadbent, 1979; Gulian. 1973; Jones et al.,:)981; Kryter.. 1970" 1994;,~Smith. 1989). Noise isalso commonly defined as, undesirable, ordul:wanted ,sound {C()l!~!l ,and'_W~instein. 1982).Therefore. sound is the 'result of p~surepianges in a medium;whitfi:k Usually air. aused byvibration or turbulence. The -amplitude~(4\l~llres~ure changes IS stated iit terms ofsound level.and the rapidity with which these changes occur is the sound's frequency. Another importantaspect is the duration of the sound, AAdthe·,way it is distribut~d~n -time. :J1teeftect of noise isdetenllined mainly by the duration and the level of the noise. but also influenced by the frequencyand intensity (Sutter, 1991).Noise has a significant impact arid indeed.- can impair .the quality of life. through redu~ in theability to hear important sounds. perfonnancc and to communicate with'illl human being.. In fact.according to the World Health Organization (WHO). noise is a health problem.'WHO·s definitionof health includes total physical and mental well-being, as well as the absence-of disease. Alongthese lines. a 197,1 WHO working group stated: "Noise must be recognized as a 'major threat tohuman well-being" (Suess, 1973).

2. EFFECTS OF NOISE ON HUMANSEffects of noise can not be ignored particularly in situations where it is increasing at a rapid ratedue to increase in traffic density. industries and people living habits. A review on the effects·ofnoise revealed by researches is being presented as folloM':

268

UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

PEJABAT PENGURUSAN & KREATIVITI PENYELIDIKANRESEARCH CREATlVITY AND MANAGEMENT OFFICE [RCMO]

DITFl" .-

~..~.MAR ~OG7UNII _

Universiti S<llnS Ni,,'U}

LAPORAN AKHIR PROJEK PENYELlDIKAN JANGKA PENDEKFINAL REPORT OF SHORT TERM RESEARCH PROJECTS

1). Nama Ketua Penyelidik:Name of Research Leader:

Ketua Penyelidik PTJResearch Leader School/Centre

En. Mohzani Mokhtar Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Mekanik

Nama Penyelidik Bersama(Jika berkaitan) :Name/s of Co-Researcher/s

(if applicable)

Penyelidik Bersama PTJCo-Researcher School/Centre

Dr. Shahrul Kamaruddin Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Mekanik

Department of Mechanical Engineering,Dr. Zahid Akhtar Khan Faculty of Engineering & Technology

Jamia Millia Islamia, Central University, India.

2) Tajuk Projek: ...... Ergonomics Investigation on the Effect of Noise on HumanPerformance

Title of Project:

3) Abstrak untuk penyelidikan anda(Perlu disediakan di antara 100 - 200 perkataan di dalam Bahasa Malaysia dan Bahasa Inggerls. Inikemudiannya akan dimuatkan ke dalam Laporan Tahunan Sahagian Penyelidikan & Inovasi sebagai satu carauntuk menyampaikan dapatan projek tuan/puan kepada pihak Universiti & luar).

Abstract ofResearch(Must be prepared in 100 - 200 words in Bahasa Malaysia as well as in English. This abstract will later beincluded in the Annual Report of the Research and Innovation Section as a means of presenting the projectfindings of the researcher/s to the university and the outside community)

Versi Bahasa MalaysiaProjek penyelidikan ini telah menumpukan. ke2Clda _Kesan..kesan-bunyi-bisin€)-€li- dalam- ---

---kawasan ihaUSlfr J<epada pekerja industri. Oijangkakan pekerja-pekerja yang bekerja didalam persekitaran yang bising mungkin akan menerima kesan daripada bunyi bisingseperti kesan fisiologi, kesan psikologi, kesan hilang pendengaran, kesan kepadaperbualan dan gangguan tidur.

Objektif kajian penyelidikan adalah menentukan sama ada tahap-tahap kebisingan yangberbeza memberi kesan terhadap prestasi kerja manusia. Oi samping itu, -ianya juga dapatmenentukan pendedahan kebisingan yang bersesuaian dengan prestasi kerja manusia.

Bagi mencapai objektif tersebut, tiga industri berbeza yang telah dipilih untuk kajian ialahpengeluar produk berasaskan getah, syarikat hentakkan logam dan syarikat percetakanpenerbitan. Set-set soalselidik yang mengandungi 40 soalan yang meliputi pelbagai aspekkesan bunyi bising telah disediakan dan diedarkan kepada sejumlah 120 orang pekerja­pekerja di ketiga-tiga lokasi yang dinyatakan diatas. Maklumbalas daripada pekerja-pekerjatelah dikumpulkan dan dijadikan sebagai data asas analisis seterusnya.

Satu ujian statistik yang terkenal iaitu Ujian Chi-Square telah digunakan untuk menentukansignifikan kesan-kesan bunyi bising tersebut. Oidapati pada tahap signifikan a =0.1, kesanfisiologi, kesan psikologi, kesan hilang pendengaran, kesan kepada perbualan dangangguan tidur adalah signifikan manakala jika diukur pada tahap signifikan a =0.05,hanya kesan psikologi yang tidak signifikan manakala empat kesan lain adalah signifikan.

Kajian tambahan menggunakan rekabentuk faktorial pengukuran berulang satu faktor keatas kesan kebislngan terhadap prestasi manusia semasa kerja kemasukkan telahdilaksanakan pada empat tahap kebisingan yang berbeza. Berdasarkan analisa variasi(ANOVA), peningkatan kebisingan memberikan impak yang signifikan terhadap prestasimanusia,

Berdasakan kajian penyelidikan yang telah dijalankan, dapat disimpulkan bahawa kesankebisingan boleh menyebabkan masalah seperti masalah pendengaran, ganguankomunikasa dan tidur, prestasi manusia dan kelakuan sosial, kesihatan dan gangguandalam kehidupan seharian manusia. Strategi yang sewajarnya untuk pemantauan,pengawalan dan penilaian kebisingan perlu diperkenalkan bagi mengurangkan masalahkesan kebisingan.

VersiBahasalnggensThe research project has concentrated on the effects of noise on industrial worker in workplace compounds. The effect of noise at the work place had shown that people who workin noisy environments might have be affected by the noise like physiological effects,psychological effect, hearing loss effect, auditory effects and sleep disturbances effects.

The objectives of the research are to determine Whether different levels of noise effecthuman performance and to determine the effect of desirable noise exposure towardshuman performance.

To established the research work objective, three industries I.e. rubber productmanufacturing, metal stamping, publication and printing were selected for the study. Aquestionnaires consisting of 40 questions on different aspects of effects of noise wasprepared and served to a total of 120 workers of the above mentioned industries.Responses from the workers were collected which served as a preliminary data and It wascompared with the actual noise data collected with the noise level meter at the three

2

selected industries. A well known statistical test call Chi-Square test was used to determinesignificance of the effects of noise. It was found that at level of significance a = 0.1,physiological effects, psychological effects, hearing loss effect, auditory effect and sleepdisturbances effect were significant and at level of significant a =0.05, only psychologicaleffects was not significant but the rest were significant.

An additional study employing single factor repeated measure factorial design on the effectof noise on human performance in data entry task was conducted four different levels ofnoise. Based on analysis of variance {ANOVA} indicates that the increased of noise showssignificant impacts towards human performance.

Based from the research study carried out, it was- concluded thaLthe effect of noise-ha-- _been found to cause problems to humans such as hearing impairment, interference withcommunication and sleep, human performance and social behaviour, health andannoyance in daily life. Further strategies for noise assessment and control should beintroduced to reduce ill effects of noise.

3

4) Sila sediakan Laporan teknikal lengkap yang menerangkan keseluruhan projek ini.[Sila gunakan kertas berasingan]Kindly prepare a comprehensive technical report explaining the project(Prepare report separately as attachment)

Senaraikan Kata Kunci yang boleh menggambarkan penyelidikan anda :List a glosssary that explains or reflects your research:

(b) Senarai Kata Kunci yang digunakan di dalam abstrak :

-Bahasa-Malaysia----------------Bahasa-!nmmrts-Ergonomik ErgonomicsKesan kebisingan Effects of noiseKesan psisiologi Physiological effectsKesan kehilangan pendengaran Hearing loss effectsKesan audiotori Auditory effectsKesan psikologi Psychological effectsGangguan tidur Sleep disturbance

5) Output Dan Faedah ProjekOutput and Benefits of Project

(a) * Penerbitan (termasuk laporan/kertas seminar)Publications (including reports/seminar papers)(Sila nyatakanjenis, tajuk, pengarang, tahun terbitan dan di mana telah diterbit/dibentangkan).(Kindly state each type, title, author/editor, publication year andjoumal/s containing publication)

TAJUK PENGARANG STATUS

A Study On The Mohzani Mokhtar, S. Kamaruddin1, Zahid Submited to

Effect of Noise on A. Khan2 and & Z. Mallick1 JurnalIndustrial Workers

1School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti SainsTeknologi A

In MalaysiaMalaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal,

UTM,

Penang, MALAYSIA. (corrected

2Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Jamia Milliaproof and to bepublished in

Islamia, Central University, New Delhi 110025, INDIA 2007)

Development of Shaliza Azreen Mustafa, Mohzani Mokhtar, Accepted forFramework In Shahrul Kamaruddin, Khalranum Subari & theEnhanching Zalinda Othman. InternationalErgonomics AdvancedPractices For School of Mechanical Engineering, University Science Technology

of Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 NibongComputer User In Tebal, Penang, MALAYSIA. CongressMalaysian (ATCi 2005).Industries

Effect of Noise On Zahid A. Khan, Jamaluddin Abdullah and Accepted inHumans W.M. Wan Muhamad Journal ofPerformance In MechanicalData Entry Task School of Mechanical Engineering, Unlversity Science Engineering

of Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 NibongTebal, Penang, MALAYSIA. UiTM,2005.

Effect of Noise On Razman Mustaffa, Zahid A. Khan, A. Accepted inHumans: A Review Suhail and K. Subari Journal Energy

andSchool of Mechanical Engineering, University Science Environmentof Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong

2005.Tebal, Penang, MALAYSIA.

4

(b) Faedah-Faedah Lain Seperti Perkembangan Produk, Prospek KomersialisasiDan Pendaftaran Paten atau impak kepada dasar dan masyakarat.Other benefits such as product development, product commercialisation/patentregistration or impact on source and society

HasH keputusan kajian dapat dijadikan asas dan input bagi membantu pihakindustri menyedari keperluan menyediakan suasana kerja yang kondusif. Dari segiperubatan pula, pakar perubatan dapat mengaitkan tahap kesihatan dengan tahapkebisingan dalam mengenal pasti punca gangguan kesihatan pekerja industri.

• Silaberikan-salinan* Kindly provide copies

(c) Latihan Gunatenaga ManusiaTraining in Human Resources

i) Pelajar Siswazah : ..Postgraduate students:(perincikan nama, ijazah dan status)(Provide names, degrees and status)

ShaJiza Azreen Mustafa (MSc. Manufacturing)

ii) Pelajar Prasiswazah : ..Undergraduate students:(Nyatakan bilangan)(Provide number)

Nafirizuan Mat Yahya (B.Eng. Mekanik, 2004)

iii) Lain-Lain: .Others:

TJADA

6. Peralatan Yang TeJah Dibeli :Equipment that has been purchased:

TJADA

5

KOMEN JAWATANKUASA PENYELIDIKAN PUSAT PENGAJIANComments of the Research Committees of Schools/Centres

...~ , ·····L:·t~····~·····································

·······~··~·H:.·~:···:····~·~··,············~ ,~ :.~ .

~~ ..1.L::=~.~ .~ ..n_~~~:::~~==:-----

TANDATANGAN PENGERUSIAWATA KUASA PENYELlDIKAN PUSAT PENGAJIAN

Signature of Chairman[R search Committee of School/Centre]

UpdO/ed: 1/lMAC2006

5

6

r/?{jq- ..l .TARIKH

Date

·_. J •

e erangan RUjU"-an 1 Amaun .._- -

,,;oflZf04 304 221 21102 PMEKANIK 6035107 NO BTP 44930 - SUITESTAY EXECUTIV INV049943 525.00

2004/12 BL 42045 28/12/04 304 221 21102 PMEKANIK 6035107 NO BTP 44931 - SUITESTAY EXECL!TIV INV049942 525.00

2005/3 BL 44524 22103/05 304 221 21101 PMEKANIK 6035107 TIP 12/04 - G/J/PEN I TIP 12104 - G/J/PEN 76.20

2005/3 BL 44525 22103/05 304 221 21101 PMEKANIK 6035107 TIP 1/05 - G/JIPEN\

TIP 1/05 - G/J/PEN 112.50

2005/3 BL 44525 22/03/05 304 221 21104 PMEKANIK 6035107 TIP 1/05 - G/J/PEN I TIP 1/05 - G/J/PEN 40.00

2005/3 BL 44525 22103/05 304 221 21102 PMEKANIK 6035i07 TIP 1/05 - G/J/PENII

TIP 1/05 - G/J/PEN 220.00

2006/10 BL 63917 11/10106 304 221 21104 PMEKANIK 6035107 TIP 8/06 - G/J/PEN TIP 8/06 - GlJ/PEN 190.40

2006/10 BL 63917 11/10106 304 221 21199 PMEKANIK 6035107 TIP 8/06 - G/J/PEN I.TIP 8/06 - G/J/PEN 29.00

2006/10 BL 63918 11110106 304 221 21104 PMEKANIK 6035107 TIP 9/06 - G/J/PEN TIP 9/06 - G/J/PEN 142.80,

2006/10 BL 63918 11/10106 304 221 21199 PMEKANIK 6035107 TIP 9/06 - G/J/PEN TIP 9/06 - G/J/PEN 16.801,877.70

2004/10 JR 3609 20/10104 304 223 23101 PMEKANIK 6035107 W/PANJAR-DR ZAHID A KHAN BR 01/2004 - 08/2004 175.20

2005/3 JR 4284 14/03/05 304 223 23101 PMEKANIK 6035107 W/PANJAR R&D DR ZAHID AKHTAR BR 01/05 -07/05 149.90

2006/8 BL 62309 28/08/06 304 223 23102 PMEKANIK 6035107 BIL 04-5995999/092790-672-8107 BIL 25 JULAI 2006 10.70335.80

2004/10 JR 3609 20/10104 304 227 27102 PMEKANIK 6035107 W/PANJAR-DR ZAHID AKHAN BR 01/2004 - 08/2004 19.40

2005/3 JR 4284 14/03/05 304 227 27199 PMEKANIK 6035107 W/PANJAR R&D DR ZAHID AKHTAR BR 01/05 -07105 45.21

2006/2 BL 55580 18/02106 304 227 27103 PMEKAN/K 6035107 NO PO 114231 - ALPHA DATA COM INV 109890 500.00

2006110 BL 63748 07110106 304 227 27799 PMEKANIK 6035107 NO PO 114444 - DRIVE SOLUTION INV 1377109 5,398.505,963.11

I

I

200612 BL 55579 18/02/06 304 228 28601 PMEKANIK 6035107 NO PO 114230 - ALPHA DATA COM fNV 109889 1,990.00

2006/2 BL 55521 18/02/06 304 228 28601 PMEKANIK 6035107 NO PO 114232 - ALPHA DATA COM INV 109889 1,500.003,490.00

2005/9 BL 50387 14/09/05 304 229 29107 PMEKANIK 6035107 INT. CONF. ON ADVANCE MATERIAL 2( EN MOHZANI MOKHTA 550.00

2005/10 BL 51544 14/10105 304 229 29107 PMEKAN/K 6035107 YURAN - ATC/2005 CIK SHALIZA AZREEN r 300.00

2006/3 BL 56635 17103/06 304 229 29115 PMEKANIK 6035107 NO PO 114283 - KUTKM INV KOO01406(POb08) 5,640.00

2006/3 BL 56734 21/03/06 304 229 29107 PMEKANIK 6035107 SEM/NAR ON CHALLENGES FACED MOHZANI MOKHTAR 80.00

2006/8 BL 61926 17/08/06 304 229 29107 PMEKANIK 6035107 YURAN- INDUSTRIAL PROCESS OPTIIV EN MOHZANI MOKHTA 450.00

I 7,020.00I

JUMLAH BESAR\

18,686.61II

I

2004/5 BL 34318 23/05/04 304 A11102 304 PMEKANIK 6035107 W/PANJAR-DR ZAHID AKHTAR KHAN 2 ORG PENYELlDlK 200.00

2004/10 JR 3609 20110104 304 A11102 304 PMEKANIK 6035107 W/PANJAR-DR ZAHID AKHAN BR 01/2004 - 08/2004 (194.60)

2004/10 BL 39636 24/10104 304 A11102 304 PMEKANIK 6035107 WANG PANJAR - DR ZAHID A KHAN 23/10/04 194.60

2005/3 JR 4284 14/03/05 304 A11102 304 PMEKANIK 6035107 W/PANJAR R&D DR ZAH/D AKHTAR BR 01/05 -07105 (195.11)

2005/3 BL 44222 15/03/05 304 A11102 304 PMEKANIK 6035107 W/PANJAR -DR ZAHID AKHTAR KHAN 15/03/05 195.11200.00

JumJah Sesar

;;it~~~~~ GAJI KAKITANGAN AWAM

:~!k~l!11PERBELANJAAN PERJALANAN DAN SARA

;[~f!.~.iPERHUBUNGAN DAN UTllITI

w!~Wi~.BEKALAN DAN ALAT PAKAI HABIS

;0;1:~lMr$ PENYELENGGARAAN & PEMBAIKAN KECfL

j!:?,&~~~i PERKHfDMATAN IKTISASr & HOSPITALlT(

;}~~~; HARTA-HARTA MODAL LAIN

304.PMEKANIK.6035107

DR. ZAHID AKHTAR KHAN

Baki PeruntukanSemasa

(a-(b+c+d)

JumlahperbelanjaanTerkumpul

(b+c+d)

0.00 0.00 2,631.60

0.00 1,877.70 1,822.30

0.00 335.80 (135.80)

0.00 5,963.11 2,036.89

0.00 3,490.00 (3,275.00)

0.00 7,020.00 (3,020.00)

0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 18,686.61 59.99

0.00 18,686.61 59.99

Tempo' ~"jek"'f04l2004- 3110312006

i,

iJumlah

Perbelanjaan2007

(c + d)

Tanggungan perbelanjaansemasa Semasa

2006 2007(c) (d)

--0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00--0.00 0.00

Peruntukan Perbelanjaansehingga

(a) 31/12/2006(b)

2,631.60 0.00

3,700.00 1,877.70

200.00 335.80

8,000.00 5,963.11

215.00 3,490.00

4,000.00 7,020.00

0.00 0.00

18,746.60 18,686.61

18,746.60 18,686.61

JABATAN BENDAHARIUNIT KUMPULAN WANG AMANAH

UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIAKAMPUSKEJURUTERAAN

SERI AMPANGANPENYATA KUMPULAN WANG

TEMPOH BERAKHIR 31/1212006

ERGONOMIC INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECT OF NOISE ON HUMAN

J/PENDEK

YQ!

JUMLAH GERAN :.

NOPROJEK:­

PANEL :-

PENAJA :-

Page 1 :

· ,

PenefbitUNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

www.penerbit.utm.my

QUALITY A.SYSTEM J&

ISOIED GUJE 62 : 1996SIRIM <r,; 02121999 C8 01

MS ISO 9001 : 2000 REG. NO. AR 3308

--------.-._~_.._----- --

UTM.01.06/18.10/17 Jld. 34 J Itj). )Rujukan Kami (Our Ref.):Rujukan Than (Your Ref.):

~En.Mokhzani bin Mokhtar,~ Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Mekanikal

Kampus KejuruteraaoUniversiti Sains Malaysia14300 Nibong rebelSeberang Perai SelatanPulau Pinang

\~ Julai 2006

Yg. Bhg. Prof.,/Saudara,

Pembetulan Semula Artikel JiJrnal TeknologiA Study on the Effects of Noise on Industrial Workers in Malaysia (JTA/2005/13).

Dengan hormatnya saya merujuk kepada perkara di atas.

2. Terlebih dahulu Penerbit UTM mengucapkan terima kasih atas sokongan Yg. Bhg.Prof.,/Saudara menyumbang artikel bagi dimuatkan dalam Jurna/ Tekno/ogi. Setelahartikel in; disemak dan dinilai semula, Ketua Editor berpendapat bahawa artikel ini perludibuat beberapa pembetulan (rujuk salinan Naskhah Pembetu/an). Kerjasama Yg. Bhg.Prof.,/Saudara diminta membuat pembetulan sebagaimana yang diminta oleh penilaL

3. Kerjasama saudara diminta mengembalikan artikel yang telah diperbaikiberserta CD/DISKET PEMBETUlAN kepada Penerbit UTM pada/sebelum 14 Ogos 2006.

4. Keprihatinan saudara dalam hal ini diharap dapat membantu Penerbit UTMmeningkatkan lagi kualiti penerbitan Jurnal Tekn%gi. Sokongan saudara saya dahuluidengan ucapan ferima kasih.

'UI~.

"BERKHIDMAT UNTUK NEGARA"

~NOORITA 8T. MD. SHAFEINnoorita@utm.myPegawai PenerbitanPenerbit UTMb/p: Naib Canselorit: 07 - 521 8135

s.k. Prof. Madya Dr. Hishamuddin bin JamaluddinKetua Editor Jurnal Teknologi ASekolah Pengajian Siswazah

A STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF NOISE ON INDUSTRIALWORKERS IN MALAYSIA

MOHZANI MOKHTAR1, ZAHID A. KHAN2

, S. KAMARUDDIN3 & Z. MALLICK4

7..

Abstract. This paper presents results of an ergonomic study pertaining to the effect of noise on industrialworkers in Malaysia. Three different industrie~elected for the study were rubber product manufacturing,metal stamping, publication and printing. A qUQtionnaire consisting of 37 questions, covering all possiblereported effects of noise o~huma~~p..!~p-:rr~d_and served to a- total of 120 worket!ractneaoove---

- -"mentionea industries.TiS-ponses frottrfue workers were collected for analysis. A Chi-Square test was used todetermine whether the effects of noise were statistically significant or not. It is found that at a level ofsignificance a = 0.05 h siological, hearing loss, auditory, and sleep disturbances effects of noise are-statistically significant. However, psyc 0 ogicaeffect ofnoise is found to be non-significant.

Keywords: Ergonomics, effects of noise, physiological effects, hearing loss effects, auditory effects,psychological effects

Abstrak. Kertas kerja ini mempersembahkan keputusan satu kajian ~nomik berkaitan kesan kebisinganterhadap pekerja industri di Malaysia. Tiga industri berbeza yang telah dipilih untuk kajian ialah pengeluarproduk berasaskan getah, syarikat hentakkan Logam dan syarikat percetakan penerbitan. Satu soal selidikyang mengandungi 37 soalan yang merangkumi semua aduan berkaitan kesan kebisingan terdahap manusiatelah disediakan dan diberikan kepada 120 pekerja industri yang dipilih. Maklumbalas daripada pekerjadikumpulkan sebagai data untuk analisa selanjutnya. Satu pengujian "Chi-Square" telah digunakan untukmenentukan sarna ada kesan kebisingan adalah signiftkan atau tidak signifikan. Didapati bahawa pada tahapsignifikan, a = 0.05, fisiologi, kehilangan pendengaran, auditori dan gangguan tidur adalah kesankebisiangan yang secara satistiknya signifikan. Bagaimanapun, kesan kebisingan terhadap psikologi telahditemui secara tidak signiftkan.

Kala. /cunei: ~)llomik, kesan kebisingan, kesan psisiologi, kesan kehilangan pendengaran, kesan audiotori,kesan psikologi

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Sound can be measured objectively but noise is a subjective Phenomenon.~ridger fl]

defined noise as a sound or sounds at such amplitude as to cause annoyance or to interfere

with communication. Kroemer et al~2] mentioned that noise was psychological and

subjective feeling. Single, short tones of low intensity may be considered noise under

certain conditions, just as" loud, lasting, complex sounds may be deemed nois.e under other

circumstances. Any sound which is annoying or level of sound exceeds 75 dBA may be

conceived as noise. The threshold for noise annoyance varies, depending on the conditions,-

1>r7/'trf /,...,r..

2

I, 3 & 4 School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal,Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, JamiaMillia Islamia, Central University, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.Corresponding author; Tel: 604-5937788, Fax: 604-5921025, E-mail: mohzani@eng.llsm.my

fASKHAH: PBMBETULAN

~/'

ATC; 2005.Conference on Computer Integrated Systems. Dec 6-8.Putrajaya. Malaysia

DEVELOPMENT OF A FRAMEWORK IN ENHANCINGERGONOMICS PRACTICES FOR COMPUTER USER IN

MALAYSIAN INDUSTRIES

Shaliza Azreen Mustafa, Mohzani Mokhtar, Shahrul Kamaruddin,Khairanum Subari, Zalinda OthmanSchool ofMe~bgnicalEngineering.

EngineerfngCampus, Universiti Sains Malaysia.14300, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, MALAYSIA.

Abstract

Since computers are being introduced in Malaysia, its usage has been an importantcontribution to the development of the industrial sector. Even though computers orusually known as visual display terminals (VDT) have improved productivity andmade work easier for industrial workers, they have also caused adverse effects suchas musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). Therefore, in order to help in reduce MSDamong Malaysian industrial workers, the primary emphasis is to enhance employeesawareness and on improving the employee's knowledge of efficiently using VDTworkstation by applying ergonomics principles in ergonomics training program.Based on literature review focus on VDT training programs, it shows that each ofthetraining programs had different contents. To achieve the pUtpOse of this study, eachof the contents from the best practices of VDT training programs are combine todevelop a comprehensive framework of ergonomics VDT training program. Theframework was developed using Kawakita Jiro (KJ) method, which the principal toolis an affmity diagram. The KJ method was used because it is conceivable ineducation and training fields especially in prioritize the training items.

Computer or VDT Usage in Malaysian Industries

Computer or usually known as visual display terminals (VDT), herein after referred toas 'VDT', is a medium which the users and computer interact [1]. The usage ofVDTin Malaysian has been drastically increasing since 1996, which correlates to theestimated amount of 4 million personal computers being installed in 2003 [2]. Theincreased was partly due to the launched of a program called Vision 2020 by theMalaysian government. The vision will be achieved through the development of theinformation and communication technology (leT) sector and the use of ICT toincrease global competitiveness [2]. Therefore, the VDT usage plays important rolesin Malaysian industry especially among office workers and operating VDT.

Along with the increased use of VDT, there have been reports about the health effectslargely related to musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) such as visual discomfort andother stress related disorders [3, 4]. However, in the industrial sector, attention isgiven fully to end-customers, which decide whether the products or services meettheir needs. Although this is important for a company's achievement, there is notenough human factors attention given to the industrial workers. In this case, thecompany may be successful in marketing their products but unfortunately, theirworkers are working in a non conducive environment. Even though VDT has beenblamed for a wide range of industrial health problems but VDT users actually suffer

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U/'Ii Vb'''-; 1-, .T""'-"0(0" i Mav~ , ~ l.c.l, ~ "'''' .ABSTRACT

I~S ve. ND. 1I \I0 (V"" e. No. 2..

J :'j("'.1';

:f:

\

Zahid A. Khan I]al1la[uddin Abduflat,W M. Him Muhal1lad

I

I,

IS' / • I t'r. r" . I" ' " I, tlI~ (('.I' 01/ t /(' l'..I(!1 ((~ 1I00.1'e Oil 111(111/11/ !1!'r/orJ//('fllf'l' (1I1'Oil'lIif: \·.:Ir/Ol/l.\' ,,1I1e soltasks such as cogllitil'/', (1//(//.1';;"«(/' 11/1//1111.11/01'.... 11)111.(' /1('11 ('Ondlll'tl'c/./ilt IOllg,I!owel'el; the l:tlh,t rel//a;IIS hOIl1 c/llsil'C alld ;lItl!fI'sling, ;\11 killds (,~r n'm!ls,

suggesting il11pl'Ol'ed. degraded. alld IIl1a{/i'CT('ft I'Cr/iii'l1ltll!CC, 111/\'/' hi'tllreported. The presel/t sllIdy 1'1'1'01'/,1' rhe l:f/l'C1 I!~' ;nTerll/;l/tllT no;.\(· on daweflt')' task (~r short dllralioll. 71,(, stl/I~\' I\'as cOlld~(('t('d a/ Fwr iel'els 01' 1I0i~('intensitv, viz 70 dBA L . 80 dBA L I 90 elBA L , ''{//u! 100 dB/i L . 71/(' f/{';SI'

~ t:'ll f't ,,'! I n/

used was actually sharp sound bC'ads at a jreqlrell(\, of (jO '± 5 !Jwds per

minute. A total 1110 young. male subjects participlt,led ill /he 1"llIdy, 71/l're,I'III/I'show an improvement (~fperjormance. especially ~If I/Ioderately higher I{'velsofnoise intensity. Conj(!ctured reasoll for stich !Jelr(/\·itillr (/Ild silggl'I'/;(I!lsjiir

further research are given. I

Keywords: Noise. data enfly task.humall pI'I}(m/l)rl/c(',

I

of Introduction

With the massive introduction of computers in varh!ltics of work environments,a huge number of humans are using computers in altllosi all walb ol'lheir Ij\'co.;

With the recent technological advances, varieties or ~olllputers such as dl~skhlp.

laptop, note-book, palmtop, and wrist-top are aVtlilable in the market. The numncI'

of persons using computers for various purposes ha~ increased substantially inrecenl yeilrs. The perfonnancc ofhulllans working (lll bmlptllCrS may hr al'l't'I.·lt'dhy many environmental variahles in which they w(~rk. Among tllt:s.... ll(liSt' isconsidered to be all im!'llI'lullt and criticul olle [II. Noise, as an C,IlVil'llllllll:lIta!variable, occupies significant importance because of(he fact that it is increasingat an alanning rate due to increase in tramc (both road and air) density, incrc:asl'in industlial establishments, and other noise ptoduci~g equipmentJillstnnncnts,In the past. studies have been conducted to examinc[cffect of noise on humanperformance in varieties of tasks. Many researchers havt' reported adverse' rfflTt

I

E.nergy lind Environment , .Abdul Mubeen, M. Emran Khan and M. -Muzaffarul Hasan (EdItors)Copyright C 2004, Ana~ya Publishers, New Delhi, India

Effects of-Noise o~ Humans: A Review- ------------------_.----=-------------

RazmanMustaff~,.zahidA.Khan"A:Sii~~~ Scno61orMech;tric~) Engineering, Engineering Campus, University Sains Malaysla

Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

ABSTRACTThis pUjJer prf.!,~ent.\· a review 0/1 the ejrect..,(!!'noisf.! on \'urious uspects u.! hum,m., ilea/In andtl(.;tivilies such as hearing loss, taik pel:{tmllance. interference with (:uwmunh';J:iof1. .,Jeepdisturbance, social behavior. health and annoyance, If htl,~ been fi.Jund that tlllhLugh a '''1 0/researches have been conducted in t~e past and are still being carried out, the effects ofnoi.se onhumans have not been fillly understoodpnd in many cases the results are inconciJlSive, Thisnecessitatesfurther investigations on the effects ofnoise on humans,

Keywords: Noise, Hearing Joss. Sleep disturbance. Interference with communication. Effect on

health

1.INTRODUCfIONNoise is defined as the effectofthe~resentation,-of moderately inte~e QrJoud auditory stimuJi(Broadbent, 1979; Gulian, 1973; Jones et al.,)981; Kryter"1970,,,1994;"Smith, 1989)_ Noise isalso commonly defined as, undesirable, ori·~.ulwanted .sound (Co'len~d-W~nstein. 1982).Therefore. sound is the -result ofp~epianges in a medium,whi6lfis' Usually air. caused byvibration or turbulence. The -amplitude~(~::pres~ure changes IS stated in tenns ofsound level.and the rapidity with which these changes occur is the sound's frequency. An-otherimportantaspe~t is the duration of the sound,)mdthe"w~y i,t is distribut~d ·,in -time. :rheefteet of noise isdetennined mainly by the duration and the level of the noise. but also influenced by the fi"equencyand intensity (Sutter, 1991).Noise has a significant impact arid indeed; can impair .the quality of life. through redu~ in theability to hear important sounds. performance and to communicate with'iill human beiflg, In fact..according to the World Health Organization (WHO), noise is a health problem,'WHO's definitionof health includes total physical and menIal well-being. as well as the absence-of disease, Alongthese lines. a 197,1 WHO working group stated: "Noise must be recognized as a"major threat tohuman well-being" (Suess, 1973).

2. EFFECTS OF NOISE ON HUMANSEffects of noise can not be ignored particularly in situations where iris increasin!!. at a rapid ratedue to increase in traffic density, industries and people Jiving habits. A review ~l the effects'ofnoise revealed by researches is being presented as foJlow:

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