Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Kota Samarahan

Fk

BORAN6 PENYERAHAN TESIS

Judul: STUDY ON RECYCLING PROGRAMS IN KUCHING

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2002 - 2006

Saya FARINA BINTI UNUS (HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan laporan projek ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Hakmilik kertas projek adalah di bawah nama penulis melainkan penulisan sebagai projek bersama dan dibiayai oleh UNIMAS, hakmiliknya adalah kepunyaan UNIMAS.

2. Naskhah salinan di dalam bentuk kertas atau mikro hanya boleh dibuat dengan kebenaran bertulis daripada

penulis. 3. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, UNIMAS dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk pengajian mereka. 4. Kertas projek hanya boleh diterbitkan dengan kebenaran penulis. Bayaran royalti adalah mengikut kadar

yang dipersetujui kelak. 5. * Saya membenarkan/tidak membenarkan Perpustakaan membuat salinan kertas projek ini sebagai bahan

pertukaran di antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 6. ** Sila tandakan ( )

SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).

ý TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/ badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).

ý TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh

(T NGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

Alamat tetap: 2258, Lorong C9,

Kampung Tunku, Petra Jaya, 93050 Kuching. EN. JETHRO HENRY ADAM

( Nama Penyelia)

I s ý'ý Tarikh: I -I 5 u-L-0D (ý Tarikh:

CATATAN * **

Potong yang tidak berkenaan. Jika Kertas Projek ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/

organisasi berkenaan dengan menyertakan sekali tempoh kertas projek. Ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.

PKS/2000

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The following Final Year Project Report:

Title : STUDY ON RECYCLING PROGRAMS IN KUCHING

Author's Name : FARINA BINTI UNUS

Matric No. : 8221

Has been read and approved by:

4 Mr. JMr. Jethro Henry Adam

oý

Date

Supervisor

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P. KHIDMATMAKLUMATAKADEMIK Pusat ? Chi(imat Maklumat AksciemtK UNIMAS UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

illlllli lillllll ililllll I III 1000165981

STUDY ON RECYCLING PROGRAMS IN KUCHING

FARINA BINTI UNUS

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

(Civil Engineering)

Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2006

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"Dedicated to my beloved family and friends... "

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious and Most Merciful

In the completion of this project, the author hereby would like to acknowledge

and express her deepest gratitude to Mr. Jethro Henry Adam, the supervisor for his

guidance, advices, encouragement and experience. Not forgetting also, thank you to Mr.

Lim Kaa Kwan and Mr. Jaris Ting Kaik Hang from Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan

(MBKS), Mr. Affendi Baki and Mr. Tan Lock Kia from Dewan Bandaraya Kuching

Utara (DBKU) for their support in making this final yaer project is working great.

Without their hardworking and point of idea this final year project will not be as good as

now. The author also likes to express her thanks to his family for all the support,

understanding and sacrifices. Last but not least, the author wishes her appreciation to all

her colleagues and the individuals for their shared concern, point of view and advises

with the author in making success of the project. Thank you all.

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Abstract

Nowadays, there is an increase of the generation of waste materials. This will

diminish the life of landfills area. Thus, one of the possible solutions for this matter is by

implementing recycling program which will eventually reduce the amount of waste

materials. This study focuses on the method recycling program available in Kuching area.

Through this method, the community will be able to recognize recyclable items. There

are two types of recycling programs could be identify from the Local Councils (MBKS

and DBKU) such as school recycling program and awareness program (exhibition,

campaign and talk) . Others recycling program that organize both of Local Councils are

`Buy Back' program and `Green Barter Trade'. Buy Back program is a recycling program

conducted by MBKS which use the concept coupon-based redemption system while

DBKU introduce the Green Barter Trade as a program where recyclable material can be

exchange with the recycled products. Besides that, MBKS and DBKU provide the

recycling program centre under their areas to collect the recyclable items such as papers,

plastic and aluminum can. All the data that has been collected from MBKS and DBKU

has been analyzed. The comparison of recycling program method used by both councils

in implementing their recycling program is recognized. Consequently, it can be

concluded that MBKS is the most effectiveness method of recycling program because

they are conducted that program actively based on their promoting recycling program.

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Abstrak

Semakin hari jumlah sampah yang dibuang semakin meningkat. Ini akan

mengakibatkan berlakunya kekurangan tempat pelupusan terutamanya bandaraya yang

semakin pesat membangun. Oleh yang demikian, program kitar semula adalah salah satu

cara yang telah dijalankan bagi membantu pengurangan sampah. Projek ini merupakan

kajian tentang kaedah program kitar semula yang dijalankan di sekitar Kuching. Melalui

kaedah ini, masyarakat dapat mengenal pasti bahan kitar semula yang dapat dikumpul.

Majlis Perbandaran Tempatan (MBKS dan DBKU) diberi tanggungjawab untuk

menjalankan aktiviti program kitar semula dan antara aktiviti-aktiviti yang telah

dijalankan adalah program kitar semula di sekolah dan program kesedaran di kalangan

masyarakat (pameran, kempen dan ceramah). Selain itu, program seperti `Buy Back'

centre yang dijalankan oleh MBKS merupakan program yang menggunakan konsep

kupon sebagai pertukaran keperluan rumah manakala DBKU pula memperkenalkan

program `Green Barter Trade' melalui kaedah pertukaran dengan barangan kitar semula

daripada jumlah bahan kitar semula. Di samping itu, MBKS dan DBKU telah

menyediakan kemudahan pusat kitar semula di kawasan masing-masing seperti kertas,

plastik dan tin aluminum sebagai tempat pengumpulan. Semua data yang diperolehi dari

MBKS dan DBKU telah dianalisis. Perbezaan kaedah program kitar semula yang

digunakan di antara kedua-dua Majlis Perbandaran Tempatan dapat di kenalpasti.

Kesimpulannya, kaedah program kitar semula yang dilakukan oleh MBKS paling efisien

kerana program ini bergiat dengan aktif dalam promosi berbanding DBKU.

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Pusat K hidruat Makluruat Ahademit UNIVERSI'I1 MALAYSIA SARAWAK.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

APPROVAL LETTER

APPROVAL SHEET

TITLE PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

LIST OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

ABBREVIATIONS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.0 General

1.1 Recycling Program

1.2 Objective

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Solid Waste

2.1 Solid Waste Sources

2.2 Solid Waste Management

2.3 Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)

2.3.0 Source Reduction

2.3.1 Recycling/Composting

2.3.2 Waste Transformation

2.3.3 Landfilling

2.4 Recycling Program

2.4.0 Recycling

2.4.1 Recyclable Waste Material

2.4.1.0 Plastics

2.4.1.1 Aluminum cans

2.4.1.2 Paper

2.4.1.3 Glass

2.4.1.4 Scrap metal

2.4.2 Recycling Process

2.4.2.0 Recycling (3Rs)

2.4.3 Advantages of Recycling Program

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CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction 23

3.1 Study field 24

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3.2 Data Collection 24

3.3 Procedure of Collecting Data 25

CHAPTER 4 : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.0 Introduction

4.1 Case Studies

4.2 Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan (MBKS)

4.2.1 Organization Chart

4.2.2 Recycling Program

4.2.2.1 Buy Back Program

4.2.2.1.1 Buy Back Recycling Centre

4.2.2.2 School Recycling Program

4.2.2.2.1 School Recycling Centre

4.2.2.3 Awareness Program

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28

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30

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35

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4.2.3 Others Recycling Program Centre 43

4.2.3.1 Recycling Centre

4.2.3.2 Recycling Depot

4.2.3.3 Petrol Kiosk Recycling Centre

4.2.4 Analysis

4.2.5 Recycling Processing

4.3 Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara (DBKU)

4.3.1 Organization Chart

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4.3.2 Recycling Program 54

4.3.2.1 Green Barter Trade Program 55

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4.3.2.1.1 Green Barter Trade Centre

4.3.2.2 School Recycling Program

4.3.2.2.1 School Recycling Centre

4.3.2.3 Awareness Program

4.3.2.4 Composting

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58

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60

4.3.3 Others Recycling Program Centre 62

4.3.3.1 Residential Centre

4.3.3.2 Commercial and Factory Recycle

Centre

4.3.3.3 Hotel and Resort Centre

4.3.3.4 Government and Corporate

Department

4.3.4 Recycling Processing

4.3.5 Analysis

4.4 Data Analysis

4.5 Discussion

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND

RECONINIENDATION

5.0 Conclusion

5.1 Recommendation

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REFERENCES 78

APPENDIX

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE

1.0 A hierarchy of Solid Waste Management. 3

2.0 Code designation used for various types of 13

plastics.

2.1 Show the distribution structure for recycleable. 20

2.2 Show three types of recycle bin (paper, bottle 20

and plastic/steel/ aluminum)

2.3 Show the logo of 3Rs 21

4.0 Map of Kuching District (the area encompassed by 27

solid waste baseline study)

4.1 Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan 28

4.2 Organization Chart for Public Health Division 29

4.3 Coupon are given for the recyclable items 31

4.4 Exchange of Household Items 33

4.5 Recycling Buy Back Centre 35

4.6 Types of recyclable items collected 37

4.7 Kindergarten recycling program talk 38

4.8 (a) A joint recycling project with 9 Chung Hua 39

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schools in South Kuching

(b) The certification of Malaysian Book Record 39

4.9 (a) the drawing competition 40

(b) Head of South Kuching municipal give support 40

on recycling drawing competition program

4.10 MBKS recycling campaign 41

4.11 Recycling Project at Kpg Tabuan/Lot 42

4.12 Recycling center in MBKS area 44

4.13 Bormill Estate 45

4.14 Segregation at Depot

(a) RORO Containers for storage/segregation 46

(b) Depot which need redevelopment & setting up 46

of recycling resource centre.

4.15 Collections at Buy Back Centre and Drop-off 47

Centre.

4.16 Recyclable Items at different location for the 48

December 2004

4.17 Recyclable Items

(a) 2004 49

(b) 2005 50

4.18 Depo Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara 52

4.19 Organisation Chart for Promotion & Recycling 53

Section (DBKU)

4.20 Green Barter Trades at the Depo DBKU 56

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4.21 (a) Primary School Talk

(b) Secondary School Talk.

4.22 School Recycling Centre

4.23 (a) An activity `new things from old'

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57

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(b) Exhibition & Promotion Recycling Program. 59

4.24 Promotions and Competition on Recyclable Items 60

4.25 Composting

(a) Green Waste collect from landscape trimming 60

(b) Dry Green Waste. 60

4.26 (a) Suggestion for DBKU composting site at 61

Demak Laut

(b) composting processing. 61

4.27 Composting Year 2002-2005 62

4.28 Residential Drop-off Centres 64

4.29 Commercial Recycle Centre 65

Recyclable Items with different collection centre 69

4.30 (Jan-July 2005).

4.31 Graph Total Recyclable Items for Year 2003- 70

2005.

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE

2.0 Classifications, identification codes and uses for 13

common plastics

2.1 Classification for common paper. 15

2.2 Scrap metal breakdown by common products and 17

materials

2.3 The Recyclables of Household Batteries. 32

4.1 Buy Back Recycling Campaign 2005 33

4.2 Point System for MBKS Recyclable Buy Back 34

Centre

4.3 Exchange Points to the house Hold Items. 37

4.4 Colour of bin with recyclable items 51

4.5 Contractor collect the recyclable items 55

4.5 Exchange recycling materials "Green Barter 67

Trade

4.6 List of the vendor 68

4.7 List each recyclable items and prices

4.8 Similarities and Differences of recycling 73

activities conducted by MBKS and DBKU

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ABBREVIATIONS

B/W

CPU

DBKU

HDPE

ISWM

kg

kmZ

Kpg

KPKT

LDPE

MBKS

MP

MSW

NREB

OCC

ONP

P. E. T. E

PP

PVC

RORO

SK

SMK

Black or White

Computer Processor Unit

Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara

- High-density polyethylene

Integrated solid waste management kilogram

kilometer

Kampung

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan

Low-density polyethylene4 Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan

Mixed Paper

Municipal Solid Waste

Natural Resources and Environmental Board

Old Corrugated Carton Box

Old Newspaper

Polyethylene terephtalate

Polyproplene5

Vinyl/polyvinyl chloride3

roll on roll off Sekolah Kebangsaan

Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 General

Malaysia is among the country that has a high rate of waste generation. Each

Malaysian throws away about 0.8 kg of waste daily. Our country generates more than

15,000 tonnes of waste every day. If we put them all together, we have enough waste

to fill up the KL Twin Towers in just 9.5 days. In fact, the amount of waste is

expected to increase by 2% every year, depending on our population, economic

activity and waste disposal methods (Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan

Tempatan (KPKT), 2005). All of this must be prevented before it became more aware

to society and environmental life.

Solid waste can be define as the discarded material from municipal, industrial

and agricultural activities(Kaseva M. E & Gupta S. K., 1996). It means waste that is

produce by human activities product. The waste we generate must go through a

disposal process and the usual method is via landfills and incinerators. It also includes

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composting as the smaller methods through disposal process. There are also illegal

ways of waste disposal such as illegal ways of waste disposal such as open burning

and some people dump their waste into rivers and prohibited areas. However,

majority of the waste goes to the open and sanitary landfills.

Open landfills are not equipped to protect the environment from pollution.

Sanitary landfills, on the other hand, have facilities to minimize pollution. One of

them is a treatment panel for leachate (liquid waste) to avoid it from contaminating

our water supply. They also have protective layers to prevent leachate from leaking

out of the site.

Solid waste management is a complex process because it involves many

technologies and disciplines. These include technologies associated with the control

of generation, handling, storage, collection, transfer, transportation, processing and

disposal of solid wastes. All of these processes must be carried out within existing

legal and guidelines to protect the public health and the environment and also

aesthetically and economically accepted able.

Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) can be defined as the selection and

application of suitable techniques, technologies and management programs to achieve

specific waste management objectives and goals (Tchobanoglous G., Theisen H. &

Vigil S. A., 1993). Figure 1.0 shows the solid waste management hierarchy such as

waste minimization, re-use, material recycling including composting, energy

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recovery, incineration (without energy recovery) and landfill. White P. R., Franke M.

& Hindle P. (1995)

Waste Minimisation

Re-Use

Materials Recycling including Composting

Energy Recovery

Incineration

(without energy recovery)

Landfill

Figure 1.0 A hierarchy of Solid Waste Management. Source: White P. R., Franke

M. &C Hindle P., (1995)

In Malaysia, we have about 230 landfills where 90% are open landfills and the

remaining 10% are sanitary landfills. About 80% of these landfills are about to expire

two years from now (KPKT, 2005). When this happens, where will our ever-

increasing waste go? Are we willing to let waste encroach our homes and affect our

quality of life?

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Consequently, the society is trying to find a better method of managing solid

waste material by reducing the amount of waste thrown to be disposal. Recycling

program is one of the best systems discovered by a group of environmentalist today

in managing solid waste disposal.

1.1 Recycling Program

In conjunction with limited resources and landfill, recycling is considered the

best way to minimize the clearing of landfill. Recycling means solid or scrap waste

that goes through manufacturing processes which transform them into another

product or the same product (KPKT, 2005). "Recycling means separating, collecting,

processing, marketing and ultimately using a material that was thrown away"(Duston

T. E , 1993). It means all the solid waste material had to go steps such as separating,

collecting, processing and marketing and ultimately before it can be reuse through

manufacturing processes. On the other hand, through this manufacturing process the

solid waste material will be transform into another new product or the same product.

For example, used paper can be processed into new paper or boxes. Like wise with

glass, plastic, aluminum and steel, cans and others.

Recycling programs offer to towns, hospital, businesses, office buildings,

schools and other institutions and any other producer of solid waste an opportunity to

reduce disposal costs and do something good for environment. This recycling

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program is an activity that involves the community. This program is to conserve

natural resources and protect the environment for example school recycling program

or awareness program.

1.2 Objective

The aim of this project is to study the recycling program available in Kuching.

From the study of recycling program, the best method to ensure the effectiveness is

identified. The objectives of this research are:

a) To compare the method use in recycling program conducted by local councils

in Kuching.

b) To identified which local council promote the most effective method in

recycling in Kuching.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Solid Waste

Solid waste is any solid material in the material flow pattern that is rejected by

society (Pfeffer, 1992). Just like a flowing stream of water, food, paper and plastics

waste as well as thousands of other items, are constantly on the move. A stream of

water ultimately flows into rivers, lakes and oceans. Solid waste ultimately flows on,

in or above the earth for disposal.

2.1 Solid Waste Sources

Solid waste sources divided into five categories such as domestic/residential

solid waste, commercial and institutional solid waste, municipal solid waste,

industrial solid waste and agricultural residues. Domestic/residential solid waste

would be category as the rejected solid material that originates from single and

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multifamily household units such as garbage, rubbish/trash, ashes and bulky waste.

For commercial and institutional solid waste, the refuse that originates from offices,

banks, retail stores, restaurants, schools, hospitals and others. There are two

additional categories that are associated with the commercial and institutional wastes

like construction and demolition waste and special wastes.

Meanwhile for municipal solid waste would be found from street refuse, dead

animals, abandoned vehicles, water and sewage plant residues, park and beach refuse

and landscape waste. This solid waste has as same as in domestic/residential solid

waste but different type of place. Industrial solid wastes have two general sources of

refuse generated at industrial sites, the commercial/institutional component and the

process solid waste. The refuse from the agricultural residues would be found at

confined animal feeding and crop residues.

2.2 Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management involves into many technologies associated with the

control of generation, handling, storage, collection, transfer, transportation,

processing and disposal of solid wastes. All this processes have their own operation.

The best principles of solid waste management manner as public health, economics,

engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental consideration and also

that responsive public attitudes.

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Solid waste management also includes all administrative, financial, legal,

planning and engineering functions involved in solutions to all problems of solid

wastes. The solutions may involve complex interdisciplinary relationships among

such fields as political science, city and regional planning, geography, economics,

public health, sociology, demography, communications and conservation, as well as

engineering and materials science (Tchobanoglous G., Theisen H. & Vigil S. A

1993).

2.3 Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)

Integrated solid waste management is managed through four ways which are

source reduction, recycling or composting, waste transformation and lanfilling.

According to Rainbow (1994), integrated waste management should be supported

through national and plans within which energy recycling should play a key role.

2.3.0 Source Reduction

Source reduction is the highest rank of the ISWM hierarchy where it involves

reducing the amount and/or toxicity of the wastes. It is the first in hierarchy because

the most effective way to reduce the quantity of waste, the cost associated with its

handling and its environmental impacts. Waste reduction may occur through the

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