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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Hopetoun_falls.jpg
Hopetoun Falls, Beech Forest, near Otway National Park, Victoria, Australia
MULTICULTURAL INFLUENCES IN HRD
(DCE5130)
Jabatan Pemajuan Profesional & Pendidikan Lanjutan
Fakulti Pengajian Pendidikan&
Timbalan Pengarah Pusat Pengembangan, Keusahawanan &
Pemajuan Profesional (APEEC)
Prof. Madya Dr. Hj. Azizan Asmuni
(SPECIALIZATION: Adult education and extension education)
Graduate Level:1) Principles of Adult Education2) Multicultural Influence in HRD3) Counseling in Multicultural
Context4) Distance Education Undergraduate Level:5) Andragogy6) Extension Administration7) Policy Development8) Japanese Language Level I – IV
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this course, the students are able to:• Identify and elaborate key elements of his/her own
culture and other cultures in Malaysia/own country
• Analyze and relate key elements of culture (cultural dimension) to the intracultural, intercultural, and crosscultural Malaysian workplace
• Discuss and provide solution to issues and challenges in working across cultures,
• This course emphasises the influence of multiculture on human resource development, the sensitivity of multiculture on labour force in Malaysia and at the international level, cross-cultural and intercultural management of international corporations).
SYNOPSIS:
4 PARTS
.
Part 3 Issues and challenges in working across cultures, namely:
- when Malaysians go abroad to work - when foreigners come to live and work in Malaysia.
Part 2 Relating at the intra cultural, intercultural, cross cultural Malaysian workplace
Part 1: Key elements of My Own Culture and other cultures in Malaysia
COURSE CONTENT
.
Part 1: Key elements of My Own Culture and other cultures in Malaysia
COURSE CONTENT
o An awareness and understanding of one's own set of values and cultural assumptions, symbols, rituals, and role models
o An understanding of values of people from different ethnic groups in the country (Malays, Chinese, Indians and Others).
o Cultural Similarities and Differences among Malaysians
.
Part 2 Relating at the intra cultural, intercultural, cross cultural Malaysian workplace
COURSE CONTENT
O Similarities and differences in values and underlying assumptions of people from different ethnic groups and how they are expressed through
managerial practices
O A working knowledge of the business approaches, protocol, etiquette and sensitivities as observed by each ethnic group at the workplace
O Acquire appropriate skills, strategies and techniques to interact with people from different ethnic groups and cultures for business and social purposes
O Forces of Change: Industrialization, Westernization, Modernization, Islamization, Vision 2020, Globalization and their impact in business
O Types of workplaces: Intracultural, intercultural and cross cultural
O Issues and challenges at the Malaysian workplace
.
COURSE CONTENT
o An awareness and understanding of values and underlying assumptions of people from different cultures in business settings (Americans, Japanese, Australians, Canadians, Germans, Swedes, etc)
o A knowledge of work practices as observed in different cultures: concept of time, completed staff work, ethics, work relationships, protocol, etiquette and sensitivities as observed by each culture
o Acquire appropriate skills, strategies and techniques to interact with the host culture for business and social purposes
o Issues and challenges of international management
o Managing cross cultural interactions in business settings
Part 3 Issues and challenges in working across cultures, namely:
- when Malaysians go abroad to work - when foreigners come to live and work in Malaysia.
EVALUATION OF MULTICULTURAL INFLUENCES IN HRD
(DCE5130)
» 1. Assignment 1 20%
» 2. Assignment 2 30%
» 3. Assignment 3 (Case Study)
» (Group)40%
» 3. Participation in Assignment 3
» (Individual Assessment) 10%
ASSIGMENT 1
• What is your understanding of your own value in your culture?
• Identify your core value (can be more than one values).
• Describe the value/s by using the key elements of culture (underlying assumption, value, symbol, ritual and hero). The assignment should be based on your own observation and experience. Some references may be useful.
• (At least 15 pages. 1.5 spacing)
ASSIGMENT 2
• How Malaysian manager manage the organization? (intracultural or intercultural organization?
• Select one or two cases/activities on how manager manage the organization from cultural perpective (in terms of leadership, communication, motivating, managing conflict etc.) The assignment can be either based on your own experience or others or a research article.
• (At least 15 pages. 1.5 spacing)
PROJECT PAPER/CASE STUDY
• How foreigners manage and need to know about managing in Malaysia (Cross-cultural Organization)?
• The students are expected to do a series of interview the foreigners (particular from western countries, Japan, Korea, Taiwan or Africa’s) who worked in Malaysian organizations (company, NGO, government).
• At least three foreigners of managerial level should be interviewed.
• Focus of the paper is how foreigners manage the organization from the cultural perspective, the issues and problems, their expectation, misunderstanding, etc.
• (At least 20 pages. 1.5 spacing)
PARTICIPATION IN ASSIGNMENT 3 (INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT)
• Each student will submit marks (full mark 10%) for each individual in his/her Group directly to lecturer by e-mail, sms, phone or by post after Final Exam. Your assessment will be based on his/her involvement in the Group for the completion of Assignment 3 in terms of interaction, contribution, responsibility and commitment.
REFERENCES MAIN:
• Asma Abdullah (1996). Going Glocal. Malaysian Institute of Management. Shah Alam. Malaysia (Asma Abdullah (2006). Ke arah glokal : dimensi budaya dalam pengurusan Malaysia. Penterjemah Zol Azlan Hamidin. Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur:)
• Asma Abdullah And Aric Low (2001). Understanding the Malaysian Workforce. Guidelines for Managers. Malaysian Institute of Management. Shah Alam. Malaysia.
• Asma Abdullah( 2001). Pengaruh Nilai Kebudayaan Melayu Dalam Pengurusan Di Malaysia. Ph.D Dissertation. Fakulti Sains Kemasyarakatan Dan Kemanusiaan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HD58.7 .A86 2001)
REFERENCES
• OTHERS1. Adler, N.J. and Gundersen, A. (2008). International Dimension of
Organizational Behavior. (Fifth Edition.). South-Western, Canada.
2. Asma Abdullah and Paul B. Pedersen (2003). Understanding Multicultural Malaysia : Delights, Puzzles & Irritations. Prentice Hall, Petaling Jaya. 2003
3. Hofstede, G.H. and Hoftede, G.J. (2005). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Revised and Expanded 2nd edition, UK: McGraw Hill.
4. Schein, E.H. (1997). Organizational Culture and Leadership, Jossey-Bass, UK
CULTURE-DEFINITION
CULTURE-definitions (Sociologists )
• as regularities based on interaction — norms for behavior, long standing and widely held values, beliefs and practices -as stable.
• Society -social relationships existing at a given point in time
• Boudon et. al 1989
• as including THINGS as well as the attitudes, values, and beliefs
• behavioral traits + all produced artifacts - tools, art, books and texts etc
• Not stable - constant process of change
• Malinowski (founders of Anthropology)
CULTURE-definitions (Anthropologists )
How do Cultures?I. Growth
technological growthpopulation growthevolution?Knowledge developmentInternal contradictions (feminism, civil rights movement)
II. Culture contact (change (cultural diffusion))diffusion - spread, trade, war Invasion succession
acculturationassimilation
III.Decay Cultural GenocideTransformation into something differentDecline and decadence
CULTURE-definitions (Anthropologists )
• cult (Latin)-tend, care for• Cultus -care cultivation• "An educated man is not always a cultured man,
although a cultured man is usually educated ... the cultured man is not merely the knowledgeable man, but the man who uses his knowledge humanely“(Ashley Montagu)
• a study of achievement and development or the higher aspects of civilization- arts, architecture, music, dance, literature, history, and philosophy etc.
CULTURE-definitions (Humanities )(CARE)
• "The total, generally organized way of life, including values, norms, institutions, and artifacts, that is passed on from generation to generation by learning alone."
• http://courses.ed.asu.edu/margolis/spf301.html
• Koentjaraningrat (1970) • Kebudayaan berasal daripada perkataan Sanskrit
'buddhayah' iaitu bentuk jamak dari 'buddhi' yang bererti 'budi' atau 'akal'. Kebudayaan dapat diertikan sebagai 'hal-hal yang bersangkutan dengan akal'.
• "keseluruhan dari kelakuan dan hasil kelakuan manusia yang teratur oleh tatakelakuan yang harus diperoleh dengan cara belajar."
• Edward B. Taylor ( 1871) "satu keseluruhan sistem yang kompleks yang mengandungi ilmu pengetahuan, kepercayaan, kesenian, kesusilaan, undang-undang ,adat resam dan kebolehan-kebolehan lain, serta kebiasaan yang diperoleh oleh manusia sebagai anggota masyarakatnya."
• Lucy Mair (1965) "milik bersama sesuatu masyarakat yang mempunyai tradisi yang sama."Horskovit "is a way of life atau satu cara hidup."
• Budaya itu adalah satu cara hidup yang merujuk kepada tamadun sesuatu masyarakat yang diwarisi dan bersifat dinamik. Di samping itu ada unsur-unsur menerima dan menolak yang dipraktikkan oleh sesuatu masyarakat dalam satu keseluruhan kehidupan yang meliputi ilmu pengetahuan, kepercayaan, kesenian, kesusilaan, adat resam, undang-undang, ekonomi, dan sistem simbol yang menjadi milik bersama.
SCHEIN’S definition of culture
• shared solutions to universal problems of external adaptation (how to survive) and internal integration (how to stay together) - which have evolved over time and are handed down from one generation to the next– Schein, 1985
• emic, universal problems where the solution is unique for a particular group , etic
• why do people behave as they do?• Basic assumption, WELTANSCHAUUNG
……. the collective programming of the body, mind and spirit which distinguishes members of one group (nation, ethnic group, company or category) of people from another. (born into, assimilation, acculturation, immersion)(Asmah, 1996)
DEFINING CULTURE
is learned behavior and is transmitted by education
KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
1. Symbols (Simbol) 2. Rituals (Upacara amal)3. Heroes (Peranan
Ketua/Wira)4. Values (Nilai)5. Underlying Assumptions
(Andaian Dasar)
ICEBERG
THE ICEBERG ANALOGY OF CULTURE
Puzzles and Irritations
Seen, Explicit
Unseen, Implicit
Values and Underlying Assumptions
Symbols, Rituals and heroes
Delights
The rootsAkar umbi
UnconsciousValues andUnderlying assumptions
ConsciousSymbols, rituals and role models
1. SYMBOLS
2. RITUALS
Lim Goh Tong
3. HEROES
KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
VALUESWhat we believe in..
shoulds, oughts, and musts inferred from our behaviours
PRACTICES Overt behaviors to demonstrate values
PRACTICESOvert behaviors to
demonstrate values
ROLE MODELS
RITUALSHow do we do things…meetings, celebrations
SYMBOLSWhat we can see and hear…language, objects, jargon, objects, ways of
dressing
Who are our heroes/heroines
UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONSways of perceiving, thinking and evaluating the world around us
4. VALUES
• Ex:
• Harmony, Family centeredness
• Respect for elders, Polite behavior
• Humility, Religious, Prosperity
• Hardwork, Shame, Wealth, Risk taking,
• Champion of causes, Teamwork
5. UNDERLYING ASSUMPTION
• We • Harmony • Relationship• Hierarchy• Shame • High context communication• Polychronic time orientation• Religious/Spritual
LINKING KEY ELEMENT OF CULTURE
SAFETY (VALUE)
WEALTH, philanthropy (VALUE)
Symbols Malay house, verandah. color green, salam, songkok, selendang, keris. Kiss hand of elders
Rituals Greetings, salutations, praying slaughtering/halal food, eating with fingers, Open House for Hari Raya, adat formalities protocol
Heroes Penghulus, Imam, village elders, Dr Mahathir Mohamed,
Values Harmony, Family centeredness, Respect for elders, Polite behavior, Humility, Modesty, Showing gratitude, Religious
Underlying assumptions:
Man’s relationship with Nature Eco-friendly, harmony with others
Man’s relationship with people Relationship orientation, Group oriented, Shame driven, Hierarchical
Man’s relationship with God Belief in both acquired and revealed knowledge
KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE: Malay
Symbols Fengshui, Red color, Dragon, Tiger, Lantern, Expensivecars
Rituals Tea ceremony, Lion dance, Cheng beng ceremony, Joystick praying, Reunion dinners
Heroes Confucius, scholars, Educators, Sun Tzu, businesspersons, Parents
Values Education, Prosperity, Harmony, Family centeredness, Respect for elders, Hardwork, Shame,
Wealth, Face saving, Food , Risk taking
Underlying assumptions:
Man’s relationship with Nature Harmony drivenMan’s relationship with people Relationship orientation, Man’s relationship with God Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism
KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE: Chinese
Symbols Banana leaf, coconut leaves, sarees, pottu, kolam
Rituals Offering garlands, chewing beetle leaves, bangle ceremony
Heroes Parents, film stars, spiritual figures, teachers, union leaders
Values God fearing, Spirituality, Harmony, Family centeredness, Respect for elders, Hardwork, Champion of causes
Underlying assumptions:
Man’s relationship with Nature Harmony driven
Man’s relationship with people Relationship orientation, Hierarchical
Man’s relationship with God Karma, Hinduism
KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE: Indians
Symbols Eagle - freedom, strength, individuality, Flag. Big Mac, Disney, Coke
Rituals Holidays. Independence Day, Thanks giving, Going to Churchon Sundays
Heroes Founding fathers, Martin Luther King, Athletes, Entertainers
Values Task orientation, Individualism, Punctuality, Money, Privacy,Competitiveness,
Underlying assumptions:
Man’s relationship with Nature Control, Mastery
Man’s relationship with people Individualism, Task driven, Monochronic time, Low context, Guilt, Equality
Man’s relationship with God Secular
KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE: Americans
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Low Context
Monochronic Time
Equality
Secular
Separated Self
Guilt
Control
Task Relationships
Harmony
Shame
Related Self
Religious
Hierarchy
Polychronic Time
High Context
Indians Chinese Malays
Anglos Malaysians
n: 1000
CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN UNDERSTANDING MALAYSIANS
@asma
Accommodation AcculturationAffirmative actionAssimilationAssumptionsAttribution theory
CollectivismColonizationConsensus Context: Low/ High ControlCorporateCross culturalCulture
Diversity
EgalitarianEmic-EticEthnocentricism
Face saving
Related self Relationship orientationRitualsRole models/heroes
SecularSensitivitySeparated selfShameSocializationSymbolic conformitySymbols
Task orientation
Uncertainty avoidanceUniversalism
Values
Westernization
GlobalizationGuilt Harmony HierarchyHomogeneityIndigenization IndividualismIndustrialization Ingroup-outgroupInterculturalInternalizationIntracultural
Locus of control: LocalizationModernityModernization Monochronic time Multicultural
ParticularismPolychronic time Power distance
Part 4
Key concepts and theories in the field of cross cultural/multicultural mgt.
Terima KasihTerima Kasih
Thank YouThank You
Xie XieXie Xie
NandreeNandreeShukran
mamnon
@asma
Tashakour (Mammnoun&
Merci )