fusion 2020 - myhci-ux · 2020. 10. 7. · fusion 2020: proceedings of 2nd national symposium on...

Fusion 2020: Proceedings of 2nd National Symposium on

Human-Computer Interaction 2020

8th October 2020

Virtual Symposium

Editors:

Chui Yin Wong

Siti Rohkmah Mohd Shukri

Meng Chun Lam

Azizi Ab Aziz

Muhammad Haziq Lim Abdullah

Wan Fatimah Wan Ahmad

Organised by

myHCI-UX & Kuala Lumpur ACM SIGCHI Chapter

Copyright ©2020. myHCI-UX

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eISBN: 978-967-18511-0-4

Published by:

myHCI-UX

C/O MYHCI-UX, UTM IBS,

Level 10, Menara Razak,

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,

Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra,

54100 Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia.

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Foreword from Fusion 2020 Conference Chair

On behalf of the Organizing and Program Committee, it is my great pleasure to

welcome you all to the National Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction

2020 (Fusion 2020) on 8th October 2020. The Fusion 2020 is organized by the

Association of Human-Computer Interaction Malaysia (myHCI-UX).

The conference particularly encourages the interaction of research students and

developing academics with the more established HCI interaction academic

community in an informal setting to present and to discuss new and current work. Their

contribution has helped to make the symposium as outstanding as it has been. The papers

contributed the most recent scientific knowledge known in the field of human-computer

interaction, user experiences and technologies in various user domains.

The technical program of the symposium consists of five tracks and one forum which involve an

industry from BETA Foundation with an academia. The tracks are 1) Agieng and Technology 2)

Children and Technology 3) AR and VR Immersive Technology 4) Mobile and Web Technology

and 5) HCI Methodology. The symposium received 24 papers from research students as well as

academia from Malaysia, out of which, 17 papers have been accepted (acceptance rate is 70%).

All papers have undergone a meticulous peer-review process based on their significance, novelty,

and technical quality. Every paper was reviewed by at least two independent experts, with many

experiencing even more reviews. The accepted papers will be proposed to be gathered and

published with e-ISBN from The National Library of Malaysia.

Due to the COVID19 outbreak, the organising committee has changed the mode from physical or

face-to-face presentation to virtual presentation. The actual plan was to be conducted in April 2020

but has been postponed to 8th October 2020. Despite the pandemic situation, we are blessed

because the committee has more time to prepare the symposium. In conjunction to the symposium,

we have also managed to create a pre-Fusion where we organised an online student poster

competition on the 6th October 2020. The competition was targeted to all bachelor and diploma

students from public and private institutions in Malaysia. We received 28 participants from the

pre-fusion 2020 symposium. The objective was to create awareness among undergraduate students

about the HCI area.

I would like to congratulate and thank the organising committee for their endless efforts, time and

commitment to make this event a success. I pray that all of you will gain experiences and

networking opportunities through this event. Interestingly, we only meet via online and never have

a face-to-face meeting throughout the Fusion2020 process. We come from local public and private

universities working hand-in-hand to make this happen. Thank you from the bottom of my heart.

I would like to thank BETA Foundation Sdn. Bhd for the collaboration as a speaker to share their

insights from the industry perspectives in the forum. Thank you to myHCI-UX Kuala Lumpur

committee for trusting me to chair this event this year. I am not perfect but with the trust, some

experiences and support from all of you, what more could I ask for. Thank you.

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Last, but certainly not least, my thanks go to all the authors who had submitted papers and all the

attendees. I hope that you found the program to have been encouraging and a source of brilliant

ideas for future research. I thank you for virtually attending the National Symposium of Human

Computer Interaction (FUSION2020). I extend my warmest congratulations and wish the

FUSION2020 to be a great success.

Azrina Kamaruddin, PhD | General Chair of FUSION 2020

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Foreword from the President of myHCI-UX

It is my pleasure to welcome you to the second proceeding of Fusion

Symposium, which this year, the conference takes place fully online due to the

pandemic that hit the world. And the theme this year reflects this perfectly,

“Inclusivity and Diversity: Digital Interaction towards Digital Society.”

When we had our first Fusion Symposium last year, we aimed for the

symposium series to provide a venue or platform to gather both researchers

and students, as well practitioners from industry, that aimed to learn from one another to improve

the ways we build usable and useful systems and provide digital services that enrich user

experiences of users. Building and providing these systems in the context of HCI can be

challenging at times, where it involves different set of users and roles. It even requires a new set

of processes, tools and methods to suit the context, especially coming from country such as ours,

Malaysia, who is rich in its culture and diversity.

As an ACM local chapter, our efforts in contributing, disseminating and working collaboratively

with many disciplines and entities are highly encouraged and supported by the ACM. I hope Fusion

Symposium 2020 this year marks another remarkable event organised by myHCI-UX.

Let’s make the difference towards Digital Society and be the one who change!

Masitah Ghazali, PhD

President of myHCI-UX

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Organisation

Fusion 2020 was organised by myHCI-UX and Kuala Lumpur ACM Chapter, and collaborated

with industrial partner, Beta Foundation. We thank the organizing committee and reviewers for

their contributions to make Fusion 2020 a success. Here are the organizing committee and list of

reviewers.

Organising Committee

Name Position Affiliation

Azrina Kamaruddin Chair Universiti Putra Malaysia

Masitah Ghazali Vice Chair Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Aida Zamnah Zainal Abidin Secretary Asia Pacific University of

Technology & Innovation

Noris Mohd Norowi Treasurer Universiti Putra Malaysia

Wong Chui Yin Publication Lead Multimedia University

Wan Fatimah Wan Ahmad Publication Member Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Azizi Ab Aziz Publication Member Universiti Utara Malaysia

Muhammad Haziq Lim

Abdullah

Publication Member Universiti Teknikal Malaysia

Melaka

Siti Rohkmah Mohd Shukri Publication Member Monash University Malaysia

Lam Meng Chun Publication Member Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Haslinda Rasip Promotion Lead Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Haliyana Khalid Promotion Member Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Nadia Abdul Wahab Promotion Member Universiti Teknologi MARA

Hanif Baharin Promotion Member Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Fariza Hanis Abdul Razak Promotion Member Universiti Teknologi MARA

Elin Eliana Abdul Rahim Registration Lead Universiti Teknologi MARA

Hazlifah Mohd Rusli Registration Member Universiti Teknologi MARA

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Nur Zuraifah Syazrah binti

Othman

Registration Member Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Murni Mahmud Special Task Universiti Islam Antarabangsa

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List of Reviewer

Name Affiliation

Aida Zamnah Zainal Abidin Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation

Aslina Baharum Universiti Malaysia Sabah

Azizi Ab Aziz Universiti Utara Malaysia

Azrina Kamaruddin Universiti Putra Malaysia

Azrul Hazri Jantan Universiti Putra Malaysia

Husniza Husni Universiti Utara Malaysia

Ellya Zulaikha Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Emma Nuraihan Mior Ibrahim Universiti Teknologi MARA

Hanif Baharin Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Hasimi Sallehuddin Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Hayder Ghanimi University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa

Juliana Aida Abu Bakar Universiti Utara Malaysia

Lam Meng Chun Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Madihah Sheikh Abdul Aziz International Islamic University Malaysia

Marina Ismail Universiti Teknologi MARA

Masitah Ghazali Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Mohammed Azlan Mohamed Iqba Universiti Tenaga Nasional

Muhammad Haziq Lim Abdullah Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

Naseer Sanni Ajoge Kaduna Polytechnic

Nassiriah Shaari Universiti Utara Malaysia

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Nazatul Aini Abd Majid Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Nazrita Ibrahim Universiti Tenaga Nasional

Noor Ain Rosli INTI International University & College

Norain Yusoff Multimedia University

Novia Admodisastro Universiti Putra Malaysia

Nurul Husna Mohd Saad Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation

Roesnita Ismail Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia

Rogayah Abdul Majid Universiti Teknologi MARA

Shamsul Arrieya Ariffin Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris

Siti Azreena Mubin Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation

Siti Rohkmah Mohd Shukri Monash University Malaysia

Tan Siok Yee Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Ulka Chandini Pendit Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

Wan Fatimah Wan Ahmad Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Wong Chui Yin Multimedia University

Zan Azma Nasruddin Universiti Teknologi MARA

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Table of Content Pages

Foreword from Fusion 2020 Conference Chair i

Foreword from the President of myHCI-UX iii

Organisation iv

List of Reviewer vi

Ageing and Technology

Designing Digital Interaction for Ageing People: Social and Health Mobile Application User

Interface for Ageing User………………………………………………………………………

1

Siti Azreena Mubin, Annie Toh Mei Yi, Aida Zamnah Zainal Abidin and Matthew Wee Ann

Poh

A Systematic Literature Review Survey of the Use of Mobile Game Applications in

Increasing Physical Activity Among Older Adults……………………………………………

7

Naincie Pindeh, Azrina Kamaruddin, Hasdina Lynn Hashim, Noris Mohd Norowi and

Rahmita Wirza OK Rahmat

Elderly Muslims Perceptions on Grateful and Calm Digital Images…………………………... 13

Raja Nurul Azhani binti Raja Mohd Nordin, Zan Azma binti Nasruddin and Nor Hayati

Abdul Hamid

Children and Technology

Tale-It: A Tangible Storytelling Authoring Toolkit for Malaysian Students………………….. 19

Chia Yi Quah and Kher Hui Ng

Tangible Edutainment Games for Kids using Play-Beyond the Screen Concept……………… 25

Mohd Khalid Mokhtar, Farhan Mohamed, Chan Vie Siang and Nurul Farhana Jumaat

Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality (Immersive) Technology

Human-Robot Interaction Design Requirements for Therapeutic Robots…………………….. 31

Azizi Ab Aziz, Wadhah AbdulHussain and Mohamad Farif Jemili

Welding Training Simulation: Combination of Virtual Reality and Multiple Marker Tracking 38

Muhammad Ismail bin Mat Isham, Farhan bin Mohamed, Habibah @ Norehan Hj Haron,

Chan Vei Siang and Mohd Khalid Mokhtar

Bridging the Gap in The Model of Spatial Presence for Image-Based Virtual Reality in Self-

Therapy………………………………………………………………………………...………..

44

Mohd Fairuz bin Zaiyadi, Ariffin bin Abdul Mutalib and Nadia Diyana binti Mohd

Muhaiyuddin

Smartphone-based Face-to-Face Collaborative Augmented Reality Architecture for Assembly

Training………………………………………………………………………………….……...

50

Nur Asylah Suwadi and Meng Chun Lam

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Mobile and Web Technology

Students and Teachers Perceptions towards Student-Generated Activities in Robotics

Technology Mobile Learning: A Conceptual Study……………………………………………

56

Afif Ali and Shamsul Arrieya Ariffin

Educators’ Requirements for Physics Experiment through Mobile Augmented Reality……… 61

Valarmathie Gopalan, Juliana Aida Abu Bakar and Abdul Nasir Zulkifli

Annoshare: Designing A Web-based Online Learning App with Group Learning Activities

(GLA)…………………………………………………………………………………………..

68

Teo Rhun Ming and Noris Mohd Norowi

Trends in Brain Computer Interfaces: Interaction and User Types……………………………. 75

Abubaker Gaber and Masitah Ghazali

Human-Computer Interaction Methodology

Usability of a Colour Selection Tool on Mobile Devices for Non-

Designers………………………………………………………………………………………..

81

Ashraf Qahman and Chui Yin Wong

Artist-Led Transdisciplinary Research as Opportunities for Design…………………………... 87

Hanif Baharin and Nasir Baharuddin

Construction of the Guidelines for Mobile Learning Design: Hybridizing Signaling Principle

and Nielsen's Design Guidelines……………………………………………………………….

92

Arifah Fasha Rosmani, Ariffin Abdul Mutalib and Siti Mahfuzah Sarif

Improving Visual Learning for Multicultural Visitors in Islamic Museum…………………… 100

Ahdab Hijazi and Hanif Baharin

Ageing and Technology | 1

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Designing Digital Interaction for

Ageing People:

Social and Health Mobile Application User

Interface for Ageing User

Siti Azreena Mubin, Annie Toh Mei Yi, Aida Zamnah Zainal Abidin and Matthew Wee Ann Poh

Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation (APU), Malaysia

{[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]}

ABSTRACT

Smartphones have impacted almost all walks of human life including business, education, health and social

life. In recent times, people use smartphones to make money, to teach, to check on their health conditions

and to communicate and connect with their friends and family. However, smart devices cannot work without

an interface. User interface allows the device to communicate and connect with the users. Hence, everyone

should be made accessible to the technologies including the ageing people. This concept paper aims to

focus on issues affecting mobile device usage among ageing people and several guidelines to design a

suitable user interface for them. It was conducted based on research papers published by professionals and

experts. Thus, a mobile application with several unique features designed specifically for the ageing users

will be developed and enhanced in terms of its usability and user interface.

KEYWORDS

User Interface, Mobile Application, Social Application, Ageing User, Design, Usability and User Experience

INTRODUCTION

Number of people who own a mobile phone has increased dramatically in the last 30 years (Timmis et al.,

2017). In 2017, the number of smartphone users in Asia Pacific is estimated to number over 1.25 billion.

By 2019, the smartphone penetration rate among mobile phone users will be over 50 percent to reach almost

1.5 billion in the region (Statista, 2019). In the current era, talking on the phone and texting while walking

is a normal phenomenon which can be seen anywhere. People are addicted and obsessed with their mobile

phones. As everything is online nowadays, mobile phones dominate people of all ages including children,

teenagers and ageing people. Smartphones have impacted almost all walks of human life including business,

education, health and social life (Sarwar & Soomro, 2013). In recent times, people use smartphones to make

money, to teach, to check on their health conditions and to communicate and connect with their friends and

family. Smartphones are now considered one of the necessities in our daily life. Many social and health

applications with pleasing interfaces are available on various kinds of online platforms such as App Store

and Play Store. Social media applications such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram and Skype are free to

download for everyone, which made everyone accessible through the Internet.

However, smart devices such as computers, smart phones and smart watches are unable to function

without an interface. Therefore, many interfaces in devices are now designed nicely for the users to interact

with. User interface allows the device to communicate and connect with the users. Thus, everyone should

be made accessible to new technologies including ageing people. This concept paper aims to focus on issues

affecting mobile device usage among ageing people. Additionally, several design guidelines will also be

discussed as to design a suitable user interface for the ageing people. It was conducted based on research

papers published by professionals and experts. Moreover, preliminary research will be held to identify the


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ageing users’ preferences and likings. Mobile applications with user-friendly interface and unique features

specifically for the usage of ageing people will be designed and developed for further research directions.

BACKGROUND

Smartphones were introduced during the middle to late 1990s (Marques, 2016). Usage of smartphones has

become a trend and necessity in today’s life. With the increase of ageing population, it is important to

provide them with facilities that are made accessible through technological innovations (Kalimullah &

Sushmitha, 2017). According to the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC),

senior smartphone users ranging from 60-64 years old increased from 1.9% - 2.8% in 2012-2014.

Smartphones allow us to communicate and share new things with our friends and family in our daily lives

by sending them pictures and this will eventually reduce stress (Wilaiwan & Siriwong, 2019). The increase

of senior smartphone users shows that they have an effort to use new technologies if they gain value from

it (Aslina et al., 2017). This also indicates that designing a suitable and user-friendly user interface for the

ageing people is important as everyone will age, and ageing users are increasing.

Ageing users may have problems with smartphones such as limited screen size, texts and small buttons

as senior users do not have the same finger dexterity, hearing sensitivity, and visual memory as younger

people (Wilaiwan & Siriwong, 2019). They also experience a decline in adaptability, which means that the

eye’s ability to adjust to different viewing distances and places with different lighting levels decreases

(Silva, Caravau, Reis, & Almeida, 2017). This also means that ageing people have difficulties in adjusting

to near vision because the lens rigidity increases. Inappropriate user interfaces lead to users easily leaving

the software already built (Dharmayanti, Bachtiar, & Wibawa, 2018)(Series & Science, 2018). An interface

with small fonts, unbalanced colors and ambiguous icons will make the ageing users feel uncomfortable

when using the mobile application (Dharmayanti et al., 2018). They are unable to take too much color in

one application, as it will confuse them. This will affect their user experience and might lead them to delete

the mobile application eventually.

Hence, several attempts were made by the professionals to solve the problem. Many experts have written

articles, conference papers and books regarding the guidelines to design an interface for the seniors. The

experts and professionals do agree that using big and appropriate fonts, labeling icons with text and using

less color schemes are important when designing the interface of an ageing people using mobile

applications. Due to their health problems, slower performance and learning ability, a good and suitable

user interface is needed for them. Provided guidelines enable developers to design a suitable mobile

application user interface for the ageing users (J. Johnson & Finn, 2017).

LITERATURE REVIEW

User Interface

User interface is the point of human-computer interaction and communication in a device (Sakdulyatham,

Preeyanont, Lipikorn, & Watakakosol, 2017). It is a platform designed by people that allows the interaction

between users and devices. User interface appears in various devices such as smartphones, computers and

smart watches. User interface differs for people in different stages of life. For example, user interfaces for

children should be colorful and fun so that they can grab their attention to learn new things. Children tend

to be attracted to the bright block of colors of the color wheel rather than pastels or muted blends (Pancare,

2017). They are more likely to get attracted by colors such as red, yellow, blue and so on compared to beige

and light grey. On the other hand, user interfaces for ageing users should be clear and understandable as

they are at risk of being excluded from the use of information technologies (Díaz-Bossini & Moreno, 2013).

Current availability smartphone user interfaces do not appear to be optimized for ageing users. Research’s

finding indicated that one of the main factors is appearance or user interface (Salman, Ahmad, & Sulaiman,

2018). The results show that ageing users have difficulty in recognizing the user interface element’s layout

such as color, size, label and position. The ageing users also struggle to identify unfamiliar user interface

element design. Based on the finding, it is suggested that the user interface elements should be more color


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visible and noticeable in size. The icons should be distinguishable and consistent across smartphone user

interface screens.

Factors Affecting Mobile Use among Ageing People

As people age, they experience a decline in a wide variety of abilities such as vision, hearing, mobility and

cognition that impact on various aspects of their everyday lives (Díaz-Bossini & Moreno, 2013). They often

need more help to carry out their daily activities as they become harder to read, hear and walk. Several

studies discussed that devices are not properly designed for the ageing users (Díaz-Bossini & Moreno,

2013). The trend is changing very quickly nowadays; more and more advanced technologies are used in

devices, which blocked the accessibility of ageing users to these new technologies.

Ageing people have lack of knowledge of new technologies because they are afraid to try new things,

making mistakes and have many concerns about whether the new technologies are safe and suitable to use

(University, 2018). They like to read newspapers rather than reading news online. Hence, a barrier is then

formed between new technologies and ageing people. Experts (Díaz-Bossini & Moreno, 2013; Timmis et

al., 2017; Wilaiwan & Siriwong, 2019) discussed that mobile phones offer great potential in improving life

quality in the areas of healthcare, independent living, reduced isolation, closer ties to family and friends,

simplified commerce, and more. This type of accessibility of technologies to ageing users allows them to

communicate with their friends and family, which are far away from them. They can communicate with

them through phone calls, messages and sending photos through an application such as WhatsApp.

However, only small percentages of them are using their phone to send pictures and utilize mobile

applications (Díaz-Bossini & Moreno, 2013; Timmis et al., 2017; Wilaiwan & Siriwong, 2019).

There are three main factors affecting computer and mobile use among ageing people, which are

educational level, daily activities and health problems. Education level means the level of education that

the ageing people received when they were young. The results show that the baby boomer generation born

during 1946 to1964 is the most educated generation in American history (Zhou, 2011). The higher the

education, the higher the chances for them to accept and adapt to new technologies. Next, daily activities

include instant messaging, making calls and playing games. Research indicated that 69.7 percent of social

accounts for the phone are used (Zhou, 2011). Moreover, health problems such as vision problems, loss of

hearing and cognition problems appear as people aged, which affect the mobile use among ageing users.

Smartphones increase the social inclusion of the ageing users, improving the quality of their lives and

making a more sustainable society by benefiting from the power of ageing users (M. Kobayashi et al.,

2011). M. Kobayashi et al. (2011) claim that there are some limiting factors that affect mobile use among

ageing users. It includes hard-to-see display, hard-to-press buttons and hard-to-learn procedures. To solve

these, professionals have invented a special mobile phone for older adults such as the Raku-Raku Phone

from the company NTT Docomo. However, limited features in the phone increases the digital divide

between the ageing users and younger generations. This is because the Raku-Raku Phone does not have

access to some more advanced features as it is designed specially for ageing users. Experiments and

observations were carried out in their research among 20 senior citizens participants (M. Kobayashi et al.,

2011).

Performance Differences between Older and Younger Users

Ageing users tend to have slower performance when using new technologies compared to the younger

generation (Johnson & Finn, 2017). They take longer to understand, learn new technologies and complete

tasks. This is because aging is associated with a decline in intellectual skills, which affects the absorption

of new knowledge and information (Zajicek, 2001). Hence, they have low performance in completing tasks

associated with memory. For example, they have difficulty in memorizing the icons and the features of a

specific device or application. On the other hand, it is much easier for the younger generation to learn and

adapt to new technologies due to their better memorization and comprehension skills compared to the

ageing users. Besides that, research shows that older people are less likely to recall and navigate a route

than younger people (Zajicek, 2001). They often make more errors and have trouble in hitting on screen

targets. This may be one of the reasons that they refuse to adapt to new technologies as they are afraid to


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make mistakes (University, 2018). Besides that, human’s vision gets worse as they age. Hence, they often

make mistakes when hitting on screen targets if the icon or the text is too small. Big buttons would be a

better choice when designing for the ageing users.

SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Professionals (Aslina et al., 2017) discussed several suitable guidelines and recommendations about

designing a mobile user interface in navigations, interactions and visual designs. Firstly, Panorama and

Pivot Controls should be avoided as experiments showed that they have difficulties when using these

features. Panorama and Pivot Controls are considered as new features and ageing users are not familiar with

those kinds of technologies. Besides that, keyboard usage should be minimized, because it was found to be

a very tedious and error prone task for this user group. Moreover, all icons or buttons should be labeled

with text so that ageing users can understand what those icons or buttons are for. Sometimes, teenagers also

have difficulties in understanding some complicated buttons. Icons can be used to represent visual and

spatial concepts (Rusu, Rusu, Roncagliolo, & González, 2015). However, it may not be user-friendly to

ageing users as they have lack of knowledge in the current trends. Hence, labeling icons with text is

important to avoid misunderstanding. Figure 1 illustrates how the proposed design will be implemented in

the mobile application.

Figure 1. Proposed design of big and clear fonts

Furthermore, big and clear fonts are important when designing user interfaces for ageing users. Besides

that, color usage should be limited, and navigational designs should be reduced as this is to make sure that

the ageing users can understand the application well without being confused and distracted by the

unnecessary features (Aslina et al., 2017). Aslina et al. (2017) claim that font size of 12pt is the major

choice of the respondents. However, according to Wade (2015), 14pt and above is easier to read. Still, the

font size will be varied when the font is changed. Figure 2 depicts a simple menu bar without confusing

features.

Figure 2. Proposed design of big and clear fonts

Ageing users preferred the small phone with the large button (Yusof, Romli, & Yusof, 2014). Yusof et

al. (2014) argued that small buttons cause them to press the wrong number while dialing numbers. It could

be dangerous when they are in an emergency as there will be chances that they dial the number wrongly.

Calendar, alarms, reminder alarms and emergency calls are non-essential functions but desirable. Reminder

alarms are used to organize a schedule and remind the ageing users for some appointments or tasks. Besides

that, too many complex features will make them feel difficult to learn and cause low responses and

performance rates. Hence, including simple features will be better when designing a user interface for the

ageing users.

FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS


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A mobile application with specific ageing users design user interface will be developed based on the design

guidelines discussed in the previous section. Before hands, a preliminary survey will be conducted on

mobile application usage among ageing users and their design preferences. Thus, in order to validate the

proposed design, an evaluation will be carried out through surveys among ageing users. On top of that,

there are now devices for ageing users that can be used to help them schedule their day, access information,

set alarms for the prescription refills, and contact emergency services using their voice or known as voice

recognition feature (Caranica, Cucu, Burileanu, Portet, & Vacher, 2017). Examples of popular voice

recognition software are Siri, Google Assistant, Cortana and Alexa. Ageing people may be in danger when

they are alone at home. For example, they might fall, forget and experience isolation. Due to these factors,

voice recognition features would be added in the future research work.

CONCLUSION

In this paper, user interface design for ageing users has been discussed in several aspects. Clear and simple

user interface should be designed for ageing users. Furthermore, ageing users are affected by a few factors

in using mobile applications such as educational level, daily activities and health problems. In addition,

ageing people take longer time to process information, to learn new technologies and to complete a task

due to the age factor, which affects the absorption of new knowledge and information. Huge and clear fonts,

easy navigations and large buttons are several solutions to be designed for ageing users. Thus, a mobile

application with ageing user preferences will be developed based on the proposed design guidelines.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to acknowledge Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation (APU) for the

conference funding. The authors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable

feedback and comments.

REFERENCES

Aslina, B., Nurul Hidayah, M., Aryanto, T., Rozita, H., Azali, S., & Rayner, A. (2017). Guidelines of User

Interface Design for Elderly Mobile Applications: A Preliminary Study. Asian Journal of

Information Technology, 16(1), 38-44.

Caranica, A., Cucu, H., Burileanu, C., Portet, F., & Vacher, M. (2017). Speech recognition results for voice-

controlled assistive applications. International Conference on Speech Technology and Human-

Computer Dialogue (SpeD), 1-8.

Dharmayanti, D., Bachtiar, A., & Wibawa, A. (2018). Analysis of User Interface and User Experience on

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Díaz-Bossini, J., & Moreno, L. (2013). Accessibility to mobile interfaces for older people. Procedia

computer science, 27, 57–66.

Johnson, J., & Finn, K. (2017). Designing user interfaces for an aging population: Towards universal

design: Morgan Kaufmann.

Kalimullah, K., & Sushmitha, D. (2017). Influence of design elements in mobile applications on user

experience of elderly people. Procedia computer science, 113, 352-359.

Kobayashi, M., Hiyama, A., Miura, T., Asakawa, C., Hirose, M., & Ifukube, T. (2011). Elderly user

evaluation of mobile touchscreen interactions. In IFIP conference on human-computer interaction,

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A Systematic Literature Review

Survey of the Use of Mobile Game

Applications in Increasing Physical

Activity among Older Adults Naincie Pindeh, Azrina Kamaruddin, Hasdina Lynn Hashim, Noris Mohd Norowi and Rahmita Wirza OK Rahmat

Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

{[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]}

ABSTRACT

Evidence from a variety of disciplines, including health, gerontology, and human-computer interaction, has

shown that physical activity (PA) reduces the risk of falls and other causes of disabilities and chronic health

conditions. The advancement of mobile technology has enabled health initiatives to be carried out, in

particular to increase PA. Older adults are a group of users who could benefit from these interventions

because they are more likely to have chronic health conditions. The objective of this article is to summarize

the literature survey on older adult’s use of mobile technology, specifically mobile games app to increase

PA and identify a research gap in this area. Literature survey was conducted using the systematic literature

review. The SLR method provides an in-depth LR gathering and critical analysis. As a result, this paper

reported and evaluated the survey of mobile games app and discussed the potential components in the

development of mobile-game app-based technology.

KEYWORDS

Older Adult; Mobile Games App; Physical Activity

INTRODUCTION

Digital and mobile technologies are a significant element of people's routine and are beneficial in their lives,

such as for communication and security. The use of ICTs and more recently, mobile gaming has been

witnessed in all ages and various sectors, including health and education (Alves, 2019; Prensky, 2012).

Many studies such as Alves (2019) and Prensky (2012) have addressed the potential harms or benefits from

playing mobile games. Games are associated with sedentarism. On the other hand, mobile games have been

explored in terms of cognitive and motor skills. From this, using the games in the recognized spaces has

been a new engagement strategy for various daily activities. In this survey paper, the authors will explore

and summarize the existing relevant research on older adults’ use of mobile games to increase PA.

BACKGROUND

Physical Activity and Older Adults

The term older adult is defined as persons aged 65 years old and above (Pérez-Mármol et al., 2016). Older

adults experience age-related changes in terms of physical and cognitive. Physical changes associated with

aging include decline in vision, hearing, and psychomotor coordination (Hawthorn, 2000). Cognitive

changes may include reduced concentration, memory loss, and spatial changes. In order to maintain

physical, mental and social health in older adults, the World Health Organization (WHO) underlines the

critical importance of physical activity (WHO, 2018). WHO identifies older adults as a population group

with fewer opportunities for access to safe, relevant and affordable programs and places to be physically


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active. Many older adults lead sedentary lifestyles, which reduces their life expectancy. Low levels of

physical activity (PA) and prolonged sedentary lifestyle (SL) are independently associated with a number

of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in older adults (Arenaza-Urquijo et al., 2017; Sardinha, Marques,

Martins, Palmeira, & Minderico, 2014). For example, lower levels of PA are associated with

musculoskeletal, respiratory, cardiac, circulatory, digestive and kidney/bladder/urinary conditions (Chad et

al., 2005). Old age is not a disease; however, the physical health of the elderly may be influenced by the

activities they do or do not engage in and may have a broader impact on society in terms of the demands

and costs of the health care system. Increasing functionality and PA among older adults can positively

influence overall physical health and prolonged independence, which can reduce both medical and care

services costs and requirements (Sardinha et al., 2014). A healthy and active lifestyle can significantly

improve the well-being and quality of life; however, older adults often struggle to stay motivated and

engaged with any form of exercise (Manaf, 2013).

Mobile Games and Older Adults

A mobile game is a video game that is played on a smartphone, a laptop, a PDA, a tablet, mobile media or

computer. The first known game on a mobile phone was the 1994 version of Tetris on the Hagenuk MT-

2000 device. Mobile games are usually downloaded from app stores, but in some cases, mobile operators

are also preloaded to handheld devices when purchased via infrared, Bluetooth, memory card, or side-

loaded handsets with a cable. The average time spent on mobile telephones went from 152 minutes in 2014

to 215 in 2018 and is expected to rise to 234 minutes in 2021 (Gough, 2019). The widespread use of

smartphones has created new possibilities for creating and commercializing mobile gaming devices. Sales

of more than 188 billion dollars are estimated to hit by 2020 (Statista, 2019). In 10 years’ time, mobile

games are therefore expected to be one of the world's leading platforms. The current slow game market

considers mobile games to be important. In 2019, an ESA (2019) gamer survey in the United States of

America found that 58 per cent female and 66 per cent male gamers were older than 50 years of age. It was

a surprise to find out that there are many older adults playing smartphone casual games. Mobile games are

increasingly popular with older adults over the age of 50 because of the perceived advantages to improve

their cognitive (Thompson, Barrett, Patterson, & Craig, 2012) and (Whitbourne, Ellenberg, & Akimoto,

2013), stress and improve mood (Russoniello, O’Brien, & Parks, 2009) as well as improve their

psychological functioning (Allaire et al., 2013). These benefits show that playing casual mobile games can

help achieve healthy aging. However, the success of a particular game depends very much on player

motivations and the playability of the game (Cota, Ishitani, & Vieira Jr, 2015). In game design, the game

designer must first understand the target audience motivational factors, which make them feel attracted and

want to continue to play the in game design, the game designer must first understand the motivational

factors of the target audience that make them feel attracted and want to continue playing the game. Good

components of a successful game are that it should be easy to play, fun, learnable and reliable game (Abdul

Razak, Sulo, & Wan Adnan, 2012). Therefore, this present literature survey reviews existing components

of mobile games that function as motivational factors for older adults to use the mobile games in increasing

PA.

METHOD

This review was based upon bibliographical searches of SCOPUS and Web of Science conducted with

relevant search terms. Young (2010) suggested that scientists use more databases to carry out their search

method to improve the probability of receiving relevant papers. Therefore, the review also conducted

manual searching efforts on several established sources such as ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis, Springer,

and Sage, considering that they are reliable databases containing journals related to the recent study. The

string search keywords used was ("mobile device” OR “mobile app*” OR “mobile game*” OR “smartphone

game*” OR "mobile app game*" OR "mobile application game*" AND older OR “older adult*" OR “aging

person" OR elderly OR "senior citizen* OR retiree" AND "physical activity"). The following inclusion

criteria were used to identify the articles: (a) research papers that were searched with key words listed, (b)


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mobile game articles that examined the primary outcome of increased physical activity and (c) interventions

study of older adults. Articles were excluded on the basis of the following exclusion criteria: (a) articles

which focus mainly on non-mobile games, (b) interventions of personal habits other than physical health

and fitness, (c) and PA outcomes as non-primary outcomes. 484 articles were obtained from databases in

the initial search. During the first screening process, duplicate papers were excluded. 297 documents were

omitted during the first process, 187 were reviewed by writers on the basis of multiple inclusion and

exclusion criteria. Publications, reviews, meta-analysis, meta-synthesis, book series, book chapters and

reading processes are ruled out in the current review. The report includes a systematic review. Furthermore,

the review focused exclusively on articles that have been published in English. Nine studies finally met and

were included in this review all inclusion and exclusion criteria.

RESULTS

A number of search engines were reviewed for this literature review survey so that 475 publications

unrelated to this review were not included. Most of the excluded papers refer to various health conditions,

including medical and psychiatric disorders. Many of the articles also related to the assessment of

applications or technological aspects of application development. Research in younger populations was

omitted because the research concentrated on studies concerned with older adults aged 50 years or over.

The search analyses of the use of the mobile games app by older adults are summarized in table 1.

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

The present review provides an overview of the current use of mobile game applications that aim to increase

PA among older adults in their daily life. Nine studies were included, and the studies share the same

objective which is to increase, improve, and promote PA among older adults. The key components

commonly used to increase the motivation of the user to engage with the game are highlighted in our review.

The current review survey shows various key components implemented in mobile games (see Table 1).

However, these components are not sufficient to encourage older adults in enhancing their physical activity

because older adults are usually reluctant to perform traditional exercises due to various reasons like lack

of interest, boredom, negative self-worth, and lack of motivation (Pappous et al., 2006; Wankel, 1988; Yein

& Pal, 2017). Minimal research has focused on the design model for mobile games that can increase

physical activity among older adults. These nine papers have provided an interesting area of research in this

field and provide an insight into what has already been done with mobile games, particularly for older adults

and PA promotion. This study notes that there are still lack studies on mobile game increasing PA among

older adults. There are also few reports defining suitable components for designing mobile games for older

adults. However, to our knowledge, there are still no concrete guidelines on game-based mobile technology

components to increase PA among older adults. Most systems are assessed as a whole and various

application components are then confused. Systematic assessment of the effectiveness and added value of

mobile game components for better understanding their motivational contributions should be an essential

area of research. Most of the assessments of the study examined remain in its infancy. It is therefore hard

to tell if such technology-based mobile games will help promote and increase PA. More research is needed

on the impact on game-based mobile technology applications. While mobile games provide exertion and

encourage older adults to exercise, they can over-exert people because they lack clear details about the level

of exercise of the player. Personalization component is important to solve this as tailoring the experience

and game play of mobile games will lead to healthier sessions, safer sessions, improved participation and

engagement and directed progress towards specific objectives. In addition, personalization in the game

could make a substantial difference in the motivation of older adults to play and practice.


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Table 1: Research studies on Older Adult use of Mobile Games App to increase PA

Author, Year Project Participant Technology Used

(Concept)

Key Components in the Game

Kerwin,

Nunes, and

Silva (2012)

Dance! Don’t

Fall

Healthy

Older Adult

Mobile Device (Mobile

App)

Dance step exercise

Google TV

Birn,

Holzmann,

and Stech

(2014)

MobileQuiz Healthy

Older Adults

Mobile Device

(Exergame with GPS)

Senior-friendly

Physical fitness

Mental fitness (Quiz)

Personalized game

Takahashi,

Kawasaki,

Maeda, and

Nakamura

(2016)

San-Poki Healthy

Older Adults


App)

Walking interventions

Collect stamps game concept

Group walking program

Paul et al.

(2017)

Jawbone Up Overweight

older adults

Mobile and Wearable

Technology

Daily and weekly goals

Monitors idle alert

Counseling

Walk fitness

Machado,

Ferreira, and

Ishitani (2018)

Labuta Batuta Healthy

older adults


App)

Avatar appearance

Simple mini games

Physical activity

Matz-Costa,

Lubben,

Lachman, Lee,

and Choi

(2018)

Engaged4Life Healthy

Inactive

older Adults

Mobile Device Technology-assisted self-monitoring

Psychoeducation + goal-setting

Daily step count

Daily tablet-based survey

Boj, Díaz,

Portalés, and

Casas (2018)

HybridPLAY

Technology

Healthy

Older Adults

Mobile Device (Mini

Video Game and sensing

device)

Collaborative environment

Multiplayer

Outdoor exercises

Mini games

Shake,

Crandall,

Mathews,

Falls, and

Dispennette

(2018)

Bingocize Healthy

Older adults

Mobile Device (Game-

Centered Mobile App)

Social groups

Health education

Exercises

Bingo game

Santos et al.

(2019)

Shinpo Healthy

Older Adults

Mobile Device (Game-

Centered Mobile App)

Location-based game

Social interaction

CONCLUSION

The current survey of the literature review provides an overview of a new research area which is, old adults

use mobile technology specifically in mobile games to increase PA. The reviewed studies show that the key

components for mobile game development are based on a limited theoretical foundation. There are still no

significant evaluations of mobile technology to increase PA in older adults and more efficiency studies are

required to determine the effect of mobile games applications on day-to-day PA in older adults. Further

analysis of older adults should be done to allow further feedback criteria for designing exercise-based

mobile games by means of their motivational factors and combined knowledge of play and exercise.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


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We would like to give our gratitude and thankful to Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (KPM) for the funding

under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme UPM/800-3/1/FRGS/08-01-18-2018FR.

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Alves, L. R. G. (2019). Digital Games: Learning Spaces for Executive Functions Stimulation. In Handbook

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Birn, T., Holzmann, C., & Stech, W. (2014). MobileQuiz: A serious game for enhancing the physical and

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Boj, C., Díaz, D. J., Portalés, C., & Casas, S. (2018). Video games and outdoor physical activity for the

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Cota, T. T., Ishitani, L., & Vieira Jr, N. (2015). Mobile game design for the elderly: A study with focus on

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Machado, M. d. C., Ferreira, R. L. R., & Ishitani, L. (2018). Heuristics and Recommendations for the Design

of Mobile Serious Games for Older Adults. International Journal of Computer Games Technology,

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Manaf, H. (2013). Barriers to participation in physical activity and exercise among middle-aged and elderly

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Matz-Costa, C., Lubben, J., Lachman, M. E., Lee, H., & Choi, Y. J. (2018). A Pilot Randomized Trial of

an Intervention to Enhance the Health-Promoting Effects of Older Adults’ Activity Portfolios: The

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Elderly Muslims Perceptions on

Grateful and Calm Digital Images Raja Nurul Azhani binti Raja Mohd Nordin, Zan Azma binti Nasruddin and Nor Hayati Abdul Hamid

Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia {[email protected]}

ABSTRACT

This study is to identify digital images based on theme gratefulness and calmness and also to evaluate

elderly muslims perceptions on the images. There is a lack of findings from the past about it. The methods

used are personas and interviews. The findings indicated most of the personas select nature and text images

for theme grateful, whereas nature and building images for theme calmness. These types of images give

them spiritual emotional impacts which suit what they need at this age. Significant of the study, a muslim

designer should be alert to propose a meaningful and a quality image for the target users. For the future

work, big sample size, different groups of personas and different themes such as happiness and sadness

should be considered in order to analyze the various patterns of perceptions towards the digital images.

KEYWORDS

Elderly Muslim, Emotion Perception, Digital Images, Spiritual Images, Grateful Theme, Calm Theme.

INTRODUCTION

In the rapid development of digital image technology and wide-spread popularity of social networks, people

have become used to sharing their lives and expressing their opinions using images, videos and text. The

explosively growing volume of online social data have greatly motivated and promoted the study on large-

scale multimedia analysis (J.-c. Na, John, Furuta, & Karadkar, 2005).

Huge collection of digital images are available since the development of the internet and availability of

digital devices such as scanner, digital camera, and phone camera growing exponentially (Karim & Hazmi,

2005). The elderly muslims in Malaysia also part of communities that use the technology. Most of them

own smartphones and personal computers.

Emotions for the elderly muslims are various, such as happiness, sadness, gratefulness, calmness and

others. They are increasingly using secondary control strategies, such as emotion regulation, aimed at

changing the self in order to adjust to a given situation, rather than using primary control strategies that

change the situation itself.

Study that has been conducted discovered that they are heavily depending on spiritual activities to

dedicate last years of life to Allah and in order to bring a peace of mind. It is related to the

Gerotranscendence (GT) Theory by (Tornstam, 1997) which states that ageing is characterized by a shift

from a materialistic and rational view of the world to a more infinite and ultimate one, and automatically

will increase in life satisfactions. Based on Tornstam, each individual moving into living the old age will

experience this type of changes or development, including a redefinition of self, relationship with others,

and searching for the meaning of life. Besides that, the elderly muslims will often have a feeling of cosmic

communion with Allah and redefinition of space, time, life and death

This study is focusing on theme gratefulness and calmness because these themes are closely related to

elderly muslims. These themes are achieved through ecstatic communion with Allah and realize that Allah

is formless, omnipresent, omniscient, far above all bodily changes (Yogananda Paramhansa, 2010). Past

research explored on the principles of art based emotion features in order to classify and score image

emotions for understanding the relationship between them, however, there is still lack of past research that

focuses on the elderly muslims perceptions on digital images based on these themes.


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LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Elderly People

Based on the current trend as stated by the Department of Statistics, Malaysian population is expected to

reach 35 million by 2020, with 3.4 million being senior citizens. Malaysia’s population continues to reach

the status of an ageing nation by 2030, at that point people who aged 60 and above make up 15 percent of

the population. Thus, this is important to consider about the need for senior citizens using the technology.

B. Elderly Perception

Perception is the procedure where the mind experiences to comprehend the jolts. Perception is not just the

brain’s response to stimuli, but it is also an interpretation based on memories and various cultural cues; it

relies on signs to indicate certain meanings.

The perceptions are both reflected and influence the thoughts, feelings, and actions. The term that

commonly used interchangeably with term perceptions would be ageism, attitudes, beliefs, discrimination,

prejudice, and stereotypes (Lyons, 2009).

C. Elderly Emotions

Theories of emotional–motivational life-span development propose normative shifts in emotional goals and

strategies across adulthood. Life-span theory of control holds that individuals’ capacity to control their

environment and achieve their developmental goals declines in elderly phase.

Gratitude is a feeling that occurs in interpersonal exchanges. Researchers are beginning to unravel the

biological and developmental underpinnings of gratitude, and they are finding reason to believe it may be

easier to feel grateful as they grow older (Leung Wency, 2015).

As one progresses spiritually, they increasingly harmonize with the experience of gratitude in Islam, and

as one draws nearer to the Divine Presence, he or she more and more realizes that real joy and happiness

are had through expressing gratitude in Islam.

Calmness is more dynamic and more powerful than peace. Calmness gives the devotee power to

overcome all obstacles in life. Even in human affairs, the person who can remain calm under all

circumstances is invincible. The soul, made in the image of the Spirit, is ever calm and eternal. (Yogananda

Paramhansa, 2010). One gets to a certain age in his life, there is a tendency to lie low and finally embrace

that inner peace that has so much eluded one’s grasp through the years (“The Elderly Can Have FUN Too!

| Parentis Health,” 2016).

Four factors that influence users’ emotion perceptions which are visual content, social context, temporal

evaluation and location influence (DeCoster & Dickerson, 2014).

The visual content of an image can directly influence the emotion perception of viewers. Social context

is one viewer’s emotion may be easily and largely affected by the social environment that he lives in.

Temporal evolution gives additional information with respect to emotion prediction. Location influence is

where and when a picture is taken is another factor which may contribute to emotional variation.

D. Psychology of Images

Photography can function as dialogue in a visual language, serving as an alternative form of

communication, which can lower anxiety surrounding verbal communication by using an enjoyable format

for the user.

Images have long been found to be an emotionally powerful means of expressing human experiences

(DeCoster & Dickerson, 2014). In addition, images offer up the possibilities of a slippery surface of

meanings and potential narratives for the viewer, which are the rich veins that phototherapy explores (R.

Martin, 2009). Through the process of art making and creative expression, counsellors can assist in the

reduction of a variety of distressing psychological symptoms (Ginicola, Smith, & Trzaska, 2012).

The process of expression through art media and the products created in an art therapy session engage

and are perceived predominantly through the tactile-haptic and visual sensory and perceptual channels, and


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then are processed for their effect, associations, and meaning through cognitive and verbal channels

(Lusebrink, 2004). The image could be a nonthreatening methodology that may permit the users to convey

that meaning, struggle, and emotions that cannot simply be spoken (Ginicola et al., 2012). Along with

providing a helpful avenue to converse a difficulty and express emotions in an artistic and abstract way, a

picture might offer the simplest way to figure around defence mechanisms (Ginicola et al., 2012). The

image itself can capture the user’s inner world perceptions, and contextual experiences. It is more accurate

and reliable to obtain the meaning as identified by the user to understand the image’s construction, thoughts,

feelings and behavioural significance (Stevens & Spears, 2009).

These actions contain completely different motor, sensory system, visual, emotion, and cognitive aspects

of processing data with the activation of the corresponding neurophysiologic processes and brain structures

(Lusebrink, 2004). It is obviously that art products such as images have helped improve understanding and

perception (Stevens & Spears, 2009) because of the ability to provoke memories and feelings, both positive

and negative (Kopytin, 2004).

E. Persona Method

A persona is a way to model, summarize and communicate research about people who have been observed

or researched in some way. Each persona represents a significant portion of people in the real world

and enables them to focus on a manageable and memorable cast of characters, instead of focusing on

thousands of individuals. Personas aid researchers to create different designs for different kinds of people

and to design for a specific somebody, rather than a generic everybody.

The personas are concrete embodiments of the needs and goals that the team designs for and they are

easier to talk about, remember and get a shared view of than a list of features and an abstract description of

“the user”.

METHODOLOGY

This research explored elderly muslims’ perceptions on digital images. The methods used are personas and

interviews.

A. Participants

An interview was conducted with five personas ages ranging from 60 to 69 years old which are in the Baby

Boomers Generation (M. A. Ahmad & Tarmudi, 2012). There were three males and two female personas

that participated in the interview. The personas are selected based on their name, age, gender, professions

and technology acceptance as shown in Table 1. Basically the personas are familiar with digital images and

also the gadget users. This is to ensure that the personas can easily understand the purpose of this study.

The interview session was conducted at a neighbourhood in Kampung Bonggol Pasir, Taiping Perak. The

interview session was conducted within 30 minutes as suggested by (Zainal, Razak, & Ahmad, 2013).

B. Digital Images

Observation on general selection on 48 images digital images with theme gratefulness and calmness were

performed by searching through web portal Google images. The images are taken from the top images

suggested by Google Image. The images also are filtered based on the suitability of muslims preferences.

Resulting images from the search were further sorted by popularity and the top 24 images were chosen

and incorporated with the interview questions. The images are classified into several elements which are

Nature, Nature and text, Text, People, Text and People, Illustration, Building, Image, and Image and Text.

C. Elderly Muslims Perceptions

For the interview session is conducted within 30 minutes and the questions are divided into three parts

including;

● Questions on socio demographic data and background


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● A display of 24 images for each theme (grateful and calmness) where a respondent needs to score each image using likert scale from one to five, in term of the one with most emotion impact and

appropriate to the themes

● Questions on elderly muslims preference in term of image type, colors and elements

The selected images were categorized into grateful images (A11, A20) and calm images (B3, B6, B20,

B23).

A11 A20

For grateful images, the images labelled A11 and A20 were the images that collected the highest rate

with the average 4.6 for both of the images. The image is rated using likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree)

to 5 strongly agree. These images are successful in portraying gratitude.

B3 B6 B20 B23

The average number for the calmness images that has been rated by the user would be 4.8. Most of the

users selected and rate the images the highest because the user can feel the calmness when they look at the

images in B3, B6, B20 and B23. Based on the interview session, the elderly muslims perceptions on digital

images have been tabulated in Table 1.

Table 1. Elderly Muslims Preferences in Digital Images

Perceptions Theme/Image No

Persona 1:

Noor Affandi bin Ariffin, male, 68

years old, pensioner from

government, technology savvy.

Social Context

“The text and image touch the heart to feel

calm and grateful”

Location Influence

“As for those who experienced going to Mecca

especially would feel very close to the heart

and bring the calmness”

Image and Text.

A11 and A20

Building

B3, B23

Persona 2:

Zamilah binti Ismail, female, 69 years

old, pensioner from government,

technology savvy.

Visual Content and Temporal evolution

“Image and text give direct messages to feel

calm and grateful”

Image and text

A11 and A20


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Persona 3:

Muhammad bin Musa, male, 64 years

old, Teacher pensionaer (Bahasa

Melayu), and technology savvy.

Visual Content

“Nature is some kind of gift from Allah to

increase the feelings of gratefulness and the

calmness.”

Location Influence

“Mosque and Mecca are places that portray

calmness”.

Nature

B6, B20

Building

B3,B23

Persona 4:

Yahya bin Ahmad, male, 60 years

old, general manager, technology

savvy.

Visual Content and Temporal evolution

“The image portrays meaningful feelings for

grateful and calmness”

Image and text

A20

Persona 5:

Puteh Aminah binti Mahmud, female,

60 years old, quality control assistant,

technology savvy.

Visual Content

“words represent its meaning for grateful”

Social Context

“By looking at His Creation is one of the ways

to feel calm and grateful and definitely

strongly believe how powerful Allah is.”

Image and text

A20

Building

B6,B20

DISCUSSION

The key understanding of perceptions from elderly muslims that grateful and calm digital images have

given them a strong connection to their spiritual beliefs. As a result, this study could guide muslims

designers to understand what are the images that the elderly muslims most prefered so that the designer

could in the future provide them with more lively, meaningful and creative digital images.

FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTION

Some recommendations on the future works include to investigate and to understand the findings patterns

of digital images towards different types of personas, different types of themes such as anger, sadness and

happiness and different types of perceptions such as on auditory.

REFERENCES

Ahmad, M. A., & Tarmudi, S. M. (2012). Generational differences in satisfaction with e-learning among

higher learning institution staff. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 67, 304-311.

DeCoster, V. A., & Dickerson, J. (2014). The therapeutic use of photography in clinical social work:

Evidence-based best practices. Social Work in Mental Health, 12(1), 1-19.

Ginicola, M. M., Smith, C., & Trzaska, J. (2012). Counseling through images: Using photography to guide

the counseling process and achieve treatment goals. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 7(4),

310-329.

Karim, N. S. A., & Hazmi, N. R. (2005). Assessing Islamic information quality on the Internet: A case of

information about hadith. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, 10(2), 51-66.

Kopytin, A. (2004). Photography and art therapy: An easy partnership. International Journal of Art

Therapy, 9(2), 49-58.

Leung, W. The science of gratitude: As we age, our brains get better at feeling thankful - The Globe and

Mail. The Globe and Mail, 2015. Retrieved from: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-

and-fitness/health/gratitude-levels-increase-with-age-research-shows/article26751433/


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Lusebrink, V. B. (2004). Art therapy and the brain: An attempt to understand the underlying processes of

art expression in therapy. Art Therapy, 21(3), 125-135.

Lyons, I. (2009). Public perceptions of older people and ageing. Dublin: National Centre for the Protection

of Older People (NCPOP), 14.

Martin, R. (2009). Inhabiting the image: photography, therapy and re-enactment phototherapy. European

Journal of Psychotherapy and Counselling, 11(1), 35-49.

Na, J.-c., John, J. J., Furuta, R., & Karadkar, U. P. (2005). Exploring user perceptions of digital image

similarity. Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL'05),

89-90.

Paramhansa, Y. (2010). How to Have Courage, Calmness, and Confidence - The Essence of Clarity.

Retrieved from: https://www.ananda.org/clarity/2010/03/yogananda-meditation-yoga-god/

Stevens, R., & Spears, E. H. (2009). Incorporating photography as a therapeutic tool in counseling. Journal

of Creativity in Mental Health, 4(1), 3-16.

The Elderly Can Have FUN Too! | Parentis Health, 2016. Retrieved from: http://parentishealth.com/the-

elderly-can-have-fun-too/

Tornstam, L. (1997)., Journal of Aging Studies, 2(11), 143–154. Retrieved from

http://www.soc.uu.se/research/gerontology/gero3.html

Zainal, A., Razak, F. H. A., & Ahmad, N. A. (2013) Older people and the use of mobile phones: an interview

study. In, 2013 International Conference on Advanced Computer Science Applications and

Technologies (pp. 390-395): IEEE.

Children and Technology | 19

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Tale-It:

A Tangible Storytelling Authoring Toolkit for

Malaysian Students

Chia Yi Quah and Kher Hui Ng

University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus

{[email protected], [email protected]}

ABSTRACT

This paper describes an exploration into the design of a tangible storytelling authoring tool to support the

creation of tangible stories. Literature suggests the potential of adopting interactive storytelling in the

classroom to engage both educators and students. The benefits include significant increase in students’

vocabulary acquisition and an improvement in their communication skills. Yet, how interactive storytelling

can be adopted in the everyday teaching and learning context in Malaysian primary schools is still

relatively unexplored. Thus, the paper presents Tale-It, a tangible storytelling authoring toolkit that

supports physical and digital interactions to achieve a high level of engagement and interaction when

students play an active role in these activities. An explorative study was conducted with 25 Malaysian

school teachers to provide ideas of how this digital storytelling and Tale-It can be incorporated in

education, mainly primary students in Malaysia. Here, the paper describes the emerging challenges and

potential for the storytelling toolkit.

KEYWORDS

Storytelling, Tangible User Interface, Literacy, STREAM Education, Maker Pedagogy, Constructivism, Authoring Tool, Primary

School

INTRODUCTION

Narratives are vital in one’s literacy development. Storytelling has been shown to foster the development

of children’s reading, listening, vocabulary, writing skills and other language abilities. (Baker & Greene,

1977). Besides recapturing facts and contents (George & Schaer, 1986), storytelling is able to sustain

children’s attention, improve listening skills and comprehension besides recapturing facts and contents.

Storytelling gives children the opportunity to express themselves through artistic expression, thus fostering

creativity. Furthermore, storytelling is becoming recognised as an important method for encouraging

students to become interested in Science, Technology, Reading, Engineering, Arts and Maths (STREAM)

at a young age and to continue to study STREAM subjects (Tomalin, 2017).

The project seeks to explore the very practical technical and pedagogical issues involved in putting the

Tale-It storytelling authoring platform into the hands of teaching professionals in STREAM disciplines.

This is a necessary first step to realise a new form of everyday embedded part of STREAM curriculum. In

considering how interactive storytelling can be incorporated into Malaysian education, the project

investigates the usability of the toolkit to comprise a usable and re-usable interface by teachers and the

perception of teachers, taking into consideration the reality of using the toolkit in the school context.

Through Tale-It, the concept of tangible storytelling as well as inquiry-based STREAM teaching techniques

are presented to the teachers to revise and enhance their teaching skills and practices. Tale-It is an advanced

storytelling platform enriched with innovative interfaces (e.g. smart objects and augmented objects) to

support students’ creations, where digital images, videos, sound and text and augmented physical models,

objects and landscapes, theatre plays are integrated in storylines. Tale-It aims to facilitate both learning

(students create and learn through digital storytelling) and teaching (educators create lessons through

system and present). The paper begins by reviewing related work to provide necessary background and

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describing the toolkit design, study participants and findings. Then, the paper discusses design implications

and reflects on the challenges and potential of the toolkit before concluding.

BACKGROUND

The art of sharing of a narrative, also known

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