Fish Vaccination

Rohana Subasingherohana@futurefish.org

FMM/RAS/298: Strengthening capacities, policies and national action plans on prudent and responsible use of antimicrobials in fisheries Workshop 2

in cooperation with Malaysia Department of Fisheries and INFOFISH7-9 August 2017, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

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Capture production Aquaculture

World Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture (including plants) Production (mt)

94mt

106mt200mt in 2015!

Feeding the 9 Billion!

Forecast (Cai and Leung, 2017)

vFollowing its recent trend, world aquaculture would grow 4.5 percent per year from the mid 2010s to mid 2020s. However, to bridge the demand-supply gap, world aquaculture should grow at 9.9 percent per year until mid 2020s.

Can we achieve this?

Issues and Challenges

vReducing disease risksvDiagnostics, vaccines, high health seed and resistant strains

vEmerging diseases!

VACCINES

VACCINESvRecognised as an impotent tool for

prevention and control of bacterial fish disease

vFirst vaccines in early 1980svVibrio anguillarum - VibriosisvYersinia ruckeri - ERMvAeromonas salmonicida - Furunculosis

VACCINESvToday over 25 vaccines commercially availablev Monovalent vs. Multivalentv Salmonid heptavalent vaccines:

Listonella (Vibrio) anguillarum V. salmonicidaMoritella viscosa Aeromonas salmonicidaHitra disease Winter ulcer diseaseFurunculosis Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)

v 99% reduction in the use of antibiotics in salmonids!

VACCINES

VACCINESv Wide range of species:

v Atlantic salmonv Rainbow troutv sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)v sea bream (Sparus aurata)v tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus/mossambicus)v amberjack (Seriola dumerili)v yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata)v catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)v Vietnamese catfish (Pangasionodon hypophthalmus).

VACCINESv Types of vaccines

v Commercial vaccines from inactivated bacterial pathogens, fewer viral vaccines, none against parasites.

v Mainly formalin killed whole cell vaccinesv Live attenuated bacterial vaccines – Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium

columnarae, Channel catfish and one viral vaccine (KHV for Carp in Israel) v a DNA vaccine against infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) is licensed in

Canada for use in Atlantic salmonv one commercial subunit vaccine (peptide; VP2) used in Norway (against IPNV)v one recombinant vaccine against infectious salmon anaemia, ISA in Chile.

VACCINESv MERCK Animal Health

v NORVAX® Minova 6: Inactivated, multivalent vaccine against furunculosis, classical vibriosis, coldwater vibriosis, wound disease and infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) for intraperitoneal injection in Atlantic salmon.

v AQUAVAC® Strep Sa 2: Vaccine for the active immunization of susceptible fish species to reduce mortality and disease due to Streptococcosis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae.

v AQUAVAC® ERM (ORAL): Inactivated vaccine against Enteric Redmouth Disease caused by Yersinia ruckeri (Hagerman strain) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Available as an immersion vaccine as well as an oral administration vaccine.

v AQUAVAC® VIBRIO: Inactivated vaccine against vibriosis caused by Vibrio anguillarum serotype OI and O2∝ (V. ordalii) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax).

VACCINESv There a number of important considerations for the use of vaccines in

fishv fish speciesv status of the immune systemv production cycle and life historyv when the diseases occurv farming technology (handling, mechanisation etc.), v environment (e.g. temperature, salinity)v stress factorsv nutrition and cost benefits.

VACCINESvThere a number of important considerations for the use of

vaccines in fishvGuidelines on the use of fish vaccines are provided by Responsible Use of

Medicines in Agriculture Alliance (RUMA, 2006).vFish differ from mammals in that they lack bone marrow and

lymph nodesvThe major lymphoid tissues in teleost fish are the (head) kidney,

thymus, spleen and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, including the gills, skin and nostrils.

VACCINESvVaccine administration

vInjectionvImmersionvOral

vResearch on adjuvant efficacy

VACCINESvNon-fish vaccines

vCrustaceans (shrimp) are a very important species group in aquaculture with regard to value and volume.

vThere has been some research effort on the development of shrimp vaccines.

vThe mode of action of these is not fully known and it is thought that they could simply be stimulating the shrimp rather than vaccinating them as such

vDevelopment of SPF/SPR stocks are currently providing some hope against various viral pathogens but complete protection in open systems is currently not possible.

vHPND management

VACCINESv In summary

vVaccines reduce AMU!vHowever, in tropical aquaculture, it is unlikely that vaccines will

significantly be able to reduce AMU over the next two decades!vAn integrated approach is necessary.vImproved biosecurity, clean and healthy seed, good husbandry

management, better regulation of AMU, and improved AAH governance and responsible movement of live aquatics could reduce AMU in tropical aquaculture.

Thank You!