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TAJUK : APLIKASI TERAPI RASIONAL EMOTIF TINGKAHLAKU (REBT) DALAMMENANGANI KONSEP KENDIRI / SELF ESTEEM YANG RENDAH DI KALANGAN PELAJARSMK SERI BALIK PULAU, PULAU PINANG : SATU KAJIAN KES.

DRAF

Tujuan utama kajian ini ialah untuk mengenali dan mengenalpasti konsep kendiri yang positif dannegatif yang terdapat di kalangan pelajar-pelajar sekolah menengah. Selain itu, kajian ini lebihmenjurus kepada pengaplikasian teori Rasional Emotif Tingkahlaku bagi mengatasi danmengubah konsep kendiri negatif di kalangan pelajar-pelajar yang dikaji.

Sampel kajian terdiri daripada 100 orang pelajar tingkatan 2 dan 3 di SekolahMenengah Kebangsaan Seri Balik Pulau dalam daerah Barat Daya.

- melihat sejauh mana keberkesanan teori REBT dalam menangani konsep kendiri negatif- peranan konsep kendiri positif dalam membina kecemerlangan dalam bidang akademik dan kokurikulum-Self-esteem is a positive or negative orientation toward oneself. An overallevaluation of ones worth or value

- People who are motivated will have high esteem, and having it indicates positive self-regard, notegotism.- In general, the more positive your self-esteem, the more successful you will be at dealing withlife- Negative self-esteem is related to low self-confidence, insecurity, underachievement, anxiety,depression, acting out behaviour, sleep problem and being alone (Yarnell)- The development of selfesteem plays an important role in helping individuals to makeadjustment about their self-worth and competence

REBT

REBT stands for Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, a form of psychological counseling first developed by AlbertEllis in the late 1950's. Its foundations may be found in the writings of Stoics as Epicure and Epictetus. Around 500B.C., Epictetus stated that It's not what happens to us, but how we react to it that matters (Epictet, 2002). In otherwords, it is not an event that troubles us, but our perception and the interpretation we give to that particular event.The basic idea of this form of therapy is that we are the only ones responsible for the way we (decide to) feel, thussuggesting that we have, to a considerable degree, control over our thoughts (Ellis, 1979b).

In a very simple, yet effective model called the ABC, Ellis (1979a, 1985) outlined an application for histheory, so that anyone could use it to identify and control his/her thoughts and then change them, thus achievingmore adaptive and functional emotions, and behaviors. On the one hand, ABC stands for the first letters of thealphabet, thus proving its simplicity and clarity, and on the other hand, it is an abbreviation. "A" stands for theActivating Event (it refers to any real, external event, imaginative or internal event, or even an inference about anevent) (Dryden, 2002) that might occur and trigger an idea or a series of thoughts or beliefs. "B" stands for Beliefs,and it represents the evaluations and interpretations of the particular event. These beliefs may be Rational (SelfHelping) or Irrational (Self Defeating). They are considered to be rational when (i) they help us in achieving ourgoals, (ii) they can be verified in reality, and (iii) they are logical. By the same token, thoughts are considered to be

irrational when they don't meet these criteria. Last but not least, "C" stands for the consequences that might appeardue to the thoughts and beliefs that one has. These consequences are observable through the individual's emotionsor behaviors, and can be adaptive or maladaptive. An irrational thinking pattern, once stabilized may lead todifferent forms of severe intra- and inter-personal functioning (depression, anxiety, uncontrollable anger, conflict,etc.) (Martin & Dahlen, 2004).

The basic idea of the REBT theory is that by changing one's irrational beliefs into more flexible and rational ones,one may achieve a significant change in the emotional and behavioral consequences, by changing them into more

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adaptive ones (Davies, 2006). In a simple scheme, the ABC model can be presented as follows (see Figure 1). Fora more detailed description of the ABC model and the REBT, see Dryden and Giuseppe (1990).

Rational Emotive Behavior Education represents a psycho-educational preventive intervention program addressedto students. The program lies its' foundations in the ideas of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy.