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NUTRISI
&
PENGELUARAN
MAKANAN
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Objektif Pembelajaran
2.1 Menilai kepentingan mengambil makananbernutrisi dan mengamalkan tabiatpemakanan yang sihat.
2.2 Menganalisis keperluan nutrien olehtumbuhan.
2.3 Menganalisis kitar nitrogen dankepentingannya.
2.4 Menghargai kepentingan amalanpengambilan nutrisi yang baik.
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Apa yang andafaham tentangnutrisi?
Nutrisi = Zat-zat yang terkandung dalam makanan(bahan-bahan organik) yang diperlukan
oleh tubuh untukpembentukan tenagabagi melakukan aktiviti seharian dankekal sihat.
Nutrisi penting sebagai proses pengambilan zat-zat makanan yang sihat bagi tubuh yang manatubuh memerlukan beberapa jenis makanan setiaphari.
Antara jenis nutrisi yang diperlukan adalahkarbohidrat, lemak, protein, vitamin, garammineral, air dan sebagainya.
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Jumlah tenaga dalam makanan diukur dalam nilaikalori.Nilai kalori bagi suatu makanan merupakanjumlah tenaga yang dibebaskan apabila 1gmakanan dioksidakan dengan lengkap.
Nilai Kalori Makanan
1 kalori (cal) = 4.2 Joule (J)1 kilokalori (kcal) = 4.2 kilojoule (kJ)
Nilai kalori (kJ) = Jisim air x kenaikan suhu (Y-X) C x 4.2Jisim makanan x 1000
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Faktor-faktor yangmempengaruhi keperluan kalori
individu
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Faktor-faktor yangmempengaruhi
keperluan kaloriindividu
Aktiviti Fizikal
Jantina
KeadaankesihatanSuhu
Persekitaran
Saiz Badan
Umur
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Kaitan antara Masalah Kesihatandengan
Amalan Pengambilan Nutrisi
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MasalahKesihatan
Punca GejalaCara
Mengatasi
1. Kwasyiorkor Kekurangan
protein .
Hilang selera
makan. Tumbesaranperlahan.Abdomenmembengkak
akibatpengumpulancecair badan.
Makan
makananberproteintinggi sepertidaging, telur dansusu.
2. Beri-beri Kekuranganvitamin B
Hilang seleramakan.
Anemia. Lumpuh.
Makanmakanan
bervitamin Bseperti daging,pisang, tempe,dan kentang.
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MasalahKesihatan
Punca GejalaCara
Mengatasi
3. Skurvi Kekurangan
vitamin C.
Gusi
berdarah. Hilang seleramakan. Sendi menjadisakit.
Makan buah-
buahan sepertioren,strawberry,kiwi, dansayuranseperti
bayam danbrokoli.
4. Rabun malam Kekuranganvitamin A.
Penglihatankabur padawaktu malam.
Makanmakananbervitamin A
seperti hati,lobak merah,tomato danbetik.
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MasalahKesihatan
Punca GejalaCara
Mengatasi
5. Goiter Kekurangan
mineral iodin.
Kelenjar
tiroidmembesar.
Makan
makanan laut,garam beriodindan rumpai laut.
6. Anemia Kekuranganzat besi.
Pening. Sakit kepala. Degupan
jantung pantas. Tidak cukupnafas.
Makan kacangpanggang, ayam,ikan, kacang
soya, roti putihdan kismis.
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MasalahKesihatan
Punca GejalaCara
Mengatasi
7. Riket Kekuranganvitamin D.
Berpeluh-peluh. Rasa sakit didalam tulang.
kecacatanbentuk tulang.
Minum susuyang kayadengan vitaminD.
Dedahkankepada cahayamatahari (waktupagi). Makan minyakikan.
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Kaitan antara Masalah KesihatanDengan
Tabiat Pemakanan
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MALNUTRITION
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OBESITY
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ANEROXIA NERVOSA
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2.2 Keperluan Nutrien oleh Tumbuhan
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KITAR NITROGEN&
KEPENTINGANNYA
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KITAR NITROGEN
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Refers to the total number of varietyand variability between living organism.
Total diversity estimated :
13 million- 15 million species
Identified and named : about 1.7 millionspecies
BIODIVERSITY
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TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
Species diversity
Genetic diversity Ecosystem diversity
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Represents the heritable variation withinand between populations of species aswell as between species.
Each species consists of individuals withtheir own particular genetic composition
When the individuals interbreed,offspring have new combinations of the
genes
GENETIC DIVERSITY
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DNA the heredity material
New genetic variation arises by:gene and chromosome mutations
sexual reproduction
can be spread through the population byrecombination.
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Species diversity is the number of
different species of living things livingin an area.
SPECIES DIVERSITY
A SPECIEScan be defined as group or
population of similar organism that reproduce
by interbreeding within the group
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Identified and named : about 1.7 millionspecies
Approximately :Insects : 950 000 species
Higher plants : 270 000 species
Lower plants : 120 000 speciesVertebrates : 45 000 species
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Most of the unclassified species on thisplanet are invertebrates.
insects, spiders, mollusks, sponges,flatworms, starfish, urchins, earthworms,
and crustaceans.
difficult to find and identify
small sizelive in habitats that are difficult to
explore.
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Ecosystem diversity is the variation ofhabitats, community types, and abioticenvironments present in a given area.
Consists of all living (biotic) and non-living things (abiotic) in a given area that
interact with one another.Example : rainforest, coral reefs, ponds,lakes, deserts, savannah, etc.
ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
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INTRODUCTION
TO
LIVING ORGANISM
1.2 CONCEPT OF
UNITY OF LIFE
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THREE MAJOR ASPECTS
CELL AS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
LIVING ORGANISM AS AN OPEN
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM
DNA AS THE BIOLOGICAL
INFORMATION THAT ENSURES THECONTINUITY OF LIFE
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Cells
the basic unit of structure and function
capable of performing allthe activities oflife.
enclosed by a membrane
regulates the passage of materialsbetween the cell and its surroundings
THE CELLAS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
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All living things are composed of cells
Unicellular organisms:exist as single cells
Multicellular organisms:made up ofgroups of cells workingtogether
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Basic building blocks of lifeLiving organisms share the same basic chemical
building blocks
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids
Simple sugars Amino acids Fatty acids Nucleotides
eg. fats,
steroids
DNA, RNA
These basic building blocks are organized into thefundamental unit of all lifethe cell!
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LEVELS OF ORGANISATION
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Organisms exist as an open systems thatexchange energy and materials with theirsurroundings
The roots of a tree absorb water and nutrientsfrom the soil.
The leaves absorb carbon dioxide from the airand capture the energy of light to drivephotosynthesis.
The tree releases oxygen to its surroundings
ORGANISM AS AN OPENTHERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM
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The dynamics of any ecosystem includes thecycling of nutrients and the flow of energy.
Minerals acquired by plants will be returnedto soil by microorganisms that decomposeleaf litter, dead roots and other organic
debris.
Energy flow proceeds from sunlight to
photosynthetic organisms (producers) toorganisms that feed on plants (consumers).
Sunlight Producers Consumers
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The exchange of energy between anorganism and its surroundings involvesthe transformation of energy from oneform to another
Solar
Energy
Chemical
Energy
Kinetic
Energy
Heat Energy
Sunlight Producers Consumers
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Biological instructions for ordering theprocesses of life are encoded in DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
DNA the units of inheritance that
transmit information from parents tooffspring.
THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE ISBASED ON DNA
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Each DNA moleculeis composed of two
long chains arrangedinto a double helix.
DNA consist of 4bases:
adenine (A)
guanine (G)
cytosine (C)
thymine (T)
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