Download - Base oil sadikun
1
Oleh Rosalia JT
September 2007
2
OUT LINE
¡ Pengertian Base Oil- mengapa base oil penting- komposisi base oil
¡ Sifat pelumas yang dipengaruhi base oil¡ Proses Penyulingan Untuk Mendapatkan
base oil ¡ API Base Oil Clasification¡ Base Oil Properties & Typical Inspection
Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
3
PENGERTIAN BASE OIL
¡ Merupakan bagian terbesar komposisi pelumassekitar 80-99% kandungan pelumas adalah base oil
o Mineral base oildari penyulingan crude oilyang memiliki distribusi molekul dan struktur yang sangat beraneka ragam
o Sintetik base oildiperoleh dari reaksi kimialebih terkendali dalam komposisi dan distribusi
4
Diesel Engines Oil Additives
Ref : Lansdown, et al
DISPERSANT 52%
DETERGENT 52%
ANTIWEAR AGENT 11%
FRICTION MODIFIER 4%ANTIOXIDANT 2%RUST INHIBITOR 1%POUR DESPRESSANT 1%
FOAM INHIBITOR 6%
11.5%
BASE OIL 81.9%-àkandungan terbesar dalam pelumas
VI IMPROVER 6.7%
Base Oil, Dalam Komposisi Pelumas
5
¡ Komposisi Base Oilmineral base oilsintetik base oil
6
¡ Saturatesl Paraffins
¡Straight Chainl Wax
¡Branched Chainl Naphthenes (Rings)
¡ Aromatics (Unsaturated)¡ Polars
l Sulphurl Nitrogenl Oxygen
Terdiri dari ribuan molekul yang berbedaTerdiriTerdiri daridari ribuanribuan molekulmolekul yang yang berbedaberbedaMINERAL BASE OIL
Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
7
Best lubemolecules
Saturates
Straight chain
branched
Waxy,high pour, very high VI, good oxidation
Medium pour, high VI, good oxidation
Naphthenes
Alkylcyclohexane
Alkylcyclopentane
Low pour, medium VI, poor oxidation
AromaticsPour and VI depend on chain lengths, very poor oxidation
HYDROCARBONtipe stuktur sifat
Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
8
Kelebihan dan Kekurangan
OxidationSolvencyAromatics
Oxidation, foamSome sulfur typesPolars
OxidationLow temperaturesNaphthenes
Low temperatureViscosity indexWax
Low temperatureoxidationParaffins
BadGoodKomponen
9Ref : J.Marino/ Lansdown
Paraffinic 45-60 20-30 15-25 1-10 0-5 0.5
Naphthentic 15-25 65-75 ~10 Trace 0-5 1
Aromatic ~ 5 60-75 20-25 0-0.5 0-20 -
Type of Oil % Paraffins
% Naphthanes
% Aromatic % Wax
% Asphalt
% Sulfur
Paraffin Branch Paraffin Naphtene Aromatic
KOMPOSISI BASE OIL , BERDASARKAN IKATAN KIMIA
memiliki distribusi molekul dan struktur yang sangat beraneka ragam
10
100 Neutral 0.860 0.065 101 20.39 4.11 -13 192
Spec.Grav.@16C
sulfur % by wt VI 40 C 100 C
Pour Point C
Kinematic Vis. cSt Flash Point C
200 Neutral 0.872 0.096 99 40.74 6.23 -20 226
350 Neutral 0.877 0.126 97 65.59 8.39 -18 252
650 Neutral 0.882 0.155 96 117.90 12.43 -18 272
150 Bright Stock 0.895 0.263 95 438.00 29.46 -18 302
NAphthenic Base Stocks Paraffinic Base Stocks
Lower Operating temp.Low VI
Low pour pointViscosity pour point
Low flash point solvencyMore scarce
Higher Operating temp.Higher VI
Higher pour pointWax pour point
Higher flash point solvency
Sifat Mineral Base Oil
11
diperoleh dari reaksi kimia, untuk mendapatkansuatu sifat yang sudah pasti
Stuktur molekul dan distribusi molekul terkendali
Component dengan berat molekul rendah diditingkatkan, polymerized, melalui reaksi kimia, untuk membentuk berat molekul yang lebihtinggi
Ref : JCF
Synthetic Base Oil
Kelebihan1. High Flash point ; lower pour point2. Wider thermal operating range3. Fire resistance4. Improve lubricity5. Oxidation stability6. Higher VI7. Improved shear stability8. Lower friction9. Natural detergency
10. Extended oil drains ( 2 - 4x )
Kekurangan
Ref : JCF
1. High cost2. Hazardous disposal3. Toxicity4. Seal Compatibility5. Contaminant sensitivity
Synthetic Base Oil
13
Alkylated Aromatic 29.37 5.10 9047 119 -54 224 -40 to 177
VI40 C 100 CPour
Point oCViscosity cSt
Flash oC-40 CTemp
Range oC
PAO - 1 18.12 3.95 2371 126 -79 221 -65 to 232PAO - 1 43.07 6.00 8176 143 -68 243 -65 to 232Basic Acid Ester 19.58 ---- 3450 --- -51 232 -54 to 204Polyol Ester 15.00 3.50 2360 --- -51 232 -59 to 280Polyglycol 50.00 ---- ---- 150 -55 177 ----
Type
Common use include severe duty applications and where specialized properties are required
Contoh dan Sifat Sintetik Base Oil
• Reaksi Pembuatan PAO – Synthetic of ethylene gas molecules into a uniformly structured
(polymerized) material, similar to a pure parafin• Kelebihan
– Wax free, low pour points(-40 F to - 90 F), shear stable VII generally above 140, viscosity grade from 2 - 1000 cSt, good thermal stability, good oxidation stability with proper additive system, good mineral oil compactibility, good hydrolytic stability.
• Kekurangan– Poor additives solubility (must be blended with 5-20% diester of polyol ester),
possible seal shrinkage, 4 to 8 times more expensive than mineral oils .• Kegunaan
– Crank case engine oils, gear, steam turbines, compressors, reactor coolant pumps, combustion turbines, electrical generators,coal pulverizer gear oils, ANSI process pumps.
Poly - Alpha - Olefins (PAO’s)
15
16
BASE STOCK REFINING
17
Refinery Overview
Crude oil
Refinery process
Petroleum product
18
19
REFINING IN A NUTSHELLREFINING IN A NUTSHELL
¡ Goall REDUCE the Proportion of BAD Moleculesl INCREASE the Proportion of GOOD Molecules
¡ How Do They Do That?l Separation
¡ Remove the BAD moleculesl Throw them away?l Use them for something else!
l Conversion¡ Change the BAD molecules into GOOD molecules
l Synthesis¡ Break down ALL molecules into small parts¡ Build up GOOD molecules from the small ones
¡ Goall REDUCE the Proportion of BAD Moleculesl INCREASE the Proportion of GOOD Molecules
¡ How Do They Do That?l Separation
¡ Remove the BAD moleculesl Throw them away?l Use them for something else!
l Conversion¡ Change the BAD molecules into GOOD molecules
l Synthesis¡ Break down ALL molecules into small parts¡ Build up GOOD molecules from the small ones
Solvent ExtractionSolvent Extraction
HydrocrackingHydrocracking
¡ Startl Mixtures of GOOD and BAD Molecules
¡ Startl Mixtures of GOOD and BAD Molecules
SyntheticsSynthetics
Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
20
SOLVENT EXTRACTION REFINERYSOLVENT EXTRACTION REFINERY
NaphthaNaphthaNaphtha WaxWaxWax
S100NS100NS100NS150NS150NS150N
S600NS600NS600N
BrightstockBrightBrightstockstock
MogasKeroseneDiesel fuel
MogasMogasKeroseneKeroseneDiesel fuelDiesel fuel
GasGasGas
Atmospheric
residuumAtm
osphericAtm
osphericresiduumresiduum
GasGasGasVGOVGOVGO
LubeoildistillateLubeLubeoiloildistillatedistillate
VacuumresiduumVacuumVacuum
residuumresiduum
ExtractExtractExtract
Raffinate
Raffinate
Raffinate
CrudeCrudeCrude
SOLVEN
TD
EWAXIN
G
HYD
RO
FINISIN
G
SOLVEN
TEXTR
ACTIO
N
VACU
UM
TOW
ER
ATM
OSPH
ERIC
TOW
ER
DEASPHALTING
AsphaltAsphaltAsphalt
Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
21
SOLVENT EXTRACTION
¡ Pemisahan berdasarkan solubility“Good” molekul memiliki sifat “less polar”yaitu rantai lurus atau bercabang, paraffinsnaphthenes
¡ “bad” molekul, more polaryaitu aromatic
¡ Menggunakan polar solvent, sehingga“bad” molekul, terikut dalam polar solvent, dan good molekul tetap di dalamoil
22
Atmosphericand vacuumdistillation
AtmosphericAtmosphericand vacuumand vacuumdistillationdistillation
HydrocrackerHydrocrackerHydrocracker
Hydro-isomerization
HydroHydro--isomerizationisomerization
CatalyticIso-Dewaxing
CatalyticCatalyticIsoIso--DewaxingDewaxing
Atmosphericdistillation
AtmosphericAtmosphericdistillationdistillation
VacuumdistillationVacuumVacuum
distillationdistillation
Crudeoil
CrudeCrudeoiloil ATF
baseATFATFbasebase
Lowviscblendstock
LowLowviscviscblendblendstockstock
Highviscblendstock
HighHighviscviscblendblendstockstock
HYDROCRACKING REFINERYHYDROCRACKING REFINERY
Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
23
HYDOCRACKING
¡ Adalah proses dari “bad” molekulmenjadi “good” molekulcracking: breaking aparthydro : penambahan hydrogenHydrocracking : pemecahan ikatandan penambahan oksigen
24
EXTRACTION vs. HYDROCRACKINGEXTRACTION vs. HYDROCRACKING
+12 H2+12 H2
Starting Mixture(33% Saturates)Starting Mixture(33% Saturates)
100% Saturates(100% Yield)
100% Saturates(100% Yield)
HydrocrackingHydrocracking
Solvent Extraction
Solvent Extraction
50% Saturates(67% Yield)
50% Saturates(67% Yield)
Extract(33 %)Extract(33 %)
Synthetic ProcessSynthetic ProcessPAOPAO
Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
25
¡ API BASE OIL CLASSIFICATION
26
API BASE OIL CLASSIFICATION GROUPS
Lain2
PAO
Other
V
IV
Wax isomerization>90% < 0.03%>120III
Hydro processing>90% < 0.03%80-120II
Solvent processing
<90% > 0.03%80-120I
Typical Manufacturing
Saturates SulfurVIGroup
Group I, HVI 95
GROUP III, YUBASE 7
Note: The word Note: The word ““SyntheticSynthetic”” is not part of the API is not part of the API ClassificationClassification
““SyntheticSynthetic”” is a marketing term, not a is a marketing term, not a technical termtechnical term““Group IIIGroup III”” can legally be labeled can legally be labeled ““syntheticsynthetic””
27
BASE STOCK PROPERTIESandTYPICAL INSPECTIONS
BASE STOCK PROPERTIESandTYPICAL INSPECTIONS
What to ask when somebody tries to sell you base stock
What to ask when somebody tries to sell you base stock
or….or….
Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
28
¡ Viscosityl Defines base stock grade
l Affects viscometrics of finished blend
l Controlled by distillation
¡ Viscosity Indexl Defines rate of change of viscosity with temperature
l Affects Cold Cranking Simulator (CCS) viscosity forWinter (“W”) grade engine oils
l Affects amount of VM required
l Increases with solvent extraction or hydrocracking
¡ Pour Pointl Affects borderline pumping temperature in MRV
l Controlled by crude source and dewaxing severity
¡ Viscosityl Defines base stock grade
l Affects viscometrics of finished blend
l Controlled by distillation
¡ Viscosity Indexl Defines rate of change of viscosity with temperature
l Affects Cold Cranking Simulator (CCS) viscosity forWinter (“W”) grade engine oils
l Affects amount of VM required
l Increases with solvent extraction or hydrocracking
¡ Pour Pointl Affects borderline pumping temperature in MRV
l Controlled by crude source and dewaxing severity
KEY BASE STOCK INSPECTIONS - 1KEY BASE STOCK INSPECTIONS - 1Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
29
¡ Volatility
l Affected by the presence of light (small) molecules
l Measured as % off at 371°C (D2887, D5481) orby NOACK
l Affects oil consumption and piston deposits
l Controlled by distillation (minor effect of SE and/or HC)
¡ Flash Point
l Temperature at which vapors can ignite
l Used to indicate safety and handling precautions
l Related to volatility
¡ Volatility
l Affected by the presence of light (small) molecules
l Measured as % off at 371°C (D2887, D5481) orby NOACK
l Affects oil consumption and piston deposits
l Controlled by distillation (minor effect of SE and/or HC)
¡ Flash Point
l Temperature at which vapors can ignite
l Used to indicate safety and handling precautions
l Related to volatility
KEY BASE STOCK INSPECTIONS - 2KEY BASE STOCK INSPECTIONS - 2Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
30
¡ Saturates
l Measures paraffins and naphthenes vs. aromatics
l Affects oxidation, solvency and additive compatibility
l Can depend on crude source
l Increases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment
¡ Sulfur content
l Relates to “natural antioxidant” content
l Depends strongly on crude source and hydrotreatment
l Decreases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment
¡ Nitrogen and Basic Nitrogen
l Relates to pro-oxidant species
¡ Can be important for industrial oils
¡ Usually overwhelmed by fuel oxidation products
l Decreases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment
¡ Saturates
l Measures paraffins and naphthenes vs. aromatics
l Affects oxidation, solvency and additive compatibility
l Can depend on crude source
l Increases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment
¡ Sulfur content
l Relates to “natural antioxidant” content
l Depends strongly on crude source and hydrotreatment
l Decreases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment
¡ Nitrogen and Basic Nitrogen
l Relates to pro-oxidant species
¡ Can be important for industrial oils
¡ Usually overwhelmed by fuel oxidation products
l Decreases with extraction and/or hydrotreatment
KEY BASE STOCK INSPECTIONS - 3KEY BASE STOCK INSPECTIONS - 3Ref. Infineum International Limited, 2006
31
¡ Terimakasih