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PTT 101, Science of Soils
Soil Biology
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Soil is alive!
GOOD SOIL, MORE DIVERSITY !
TANAH :
a. Bahan inorganik (liat, debu,pasir)
b. Bahan organikHidup (biomas)
Mati (nekromas)
c. Air
d. Udara
Ekologi Tanah, gabungan:
Ekologi (orientasiorganisma)
Ilmu Tanah: klasifikasi,genesis, fisika, kimia,biologi
Overlap ke dua ilmu
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Biology
Soil
Fertility
Organisms (BIOTA) ~ involve inchemical & physical processes
Soil as energy & nutrientsource of biota except:
Plants & mikrobia photo-
autotroph ~ sun lightenergy source
Microbialchemoautotroph ~
inorganic; CO2 from theatmosfer
Symbiont ~plant roots ~fixed N from the air
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Fase 1
2.5>pF>0
KR = 100%
Tt = T0= 100C
Air bebas
Collembola& kutu
Uap air
4.7>pF>2.5
KR =100%
Air
kapiler
Migrasi
Collembola
Fase 2
BIOTA pada berbagai kondisi AIR TANAH
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Component Diameter, m
Sand particle 2000 - 20
Roots 200
Soil pore >50
Silt Particle 20 - 2Root hair 10
Bacterium 1
Storage pore 50
0.5Clay particle < 2
Residual pore
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Animals (Fauna)
Macro Micro
Largely herbivores& Detrivores
Squirells,geopers,woodchucks, mice
Insects, springtail,
ants, beetles, grubs,etc
Millipides, woodlice,mites, slugs, snails,
earthworm
LargelyPredators
Moles,insects, ants,beetles,mites,spiders
LargelyDetrivores,
Predators, orParasites
Nematodes
Protozoa
Rotfers
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Plants (Flora)
Rootsof higher
plants
Algae
Green
Bluegreen
Diatoms
Bacteria
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
Fungi
Mushroom
fungiYeast
Molds
Actino-mycetes
of manykinds
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Grouping Body with Organisms
Microflora < 10 m Bacteria, fungi
Microfauna < 100 m Protozoa,nematodes
Mesofauna < 2 mm Collembola, acari,
enchytaeids,termites
Macrofauna
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Beetle larva
Herbi- & detritivores Predators
millipede
termiteearthworm
centipede
scorpionspider
Staphylinid beetlenematoda
bacteriafungi
Collembola
dungbeetle
Isopoda
algae
protozoa
snail
Belowground
ZOO
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Biological function Biological/functional group
Decomposition Residue-borne microorganisms,
C-sequestration Microbial biomass (especially
fungi), macrofauna buildingcompact structures
N-fixation Free and symbiotic N-fixers
OM/ nutrients
redistribution
Roots, mycorrhizas, soil
macrofauna
Nutrient cycling,
mineralization/
immobilization
Soil microrganisms, soil
microfauna
Bioturbation Roots, soil macrofauna
Soil aggregation Roots, fungal hyphae, soil
macrofauna, soil mesofauna
Population control Predators/grazers, parasites,
pathogens
Keybiologica
lfunctions
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Energy+CO2
input
Energy + CO2 loss
SOIL FAUNA
Detritivores Carnivores (predators, parasites)
Primary
consumers
Secondary
consumers
Tertiary
consumers
Soilhumus
Detritus
Soil microflora (ultimate decomposers)
Feces & dead
bodies
Microphytic
feeders
Feces & dead
bodies
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Channeling Water
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Termites
(rayap)Ants (semut)
Earthworms,cacing tanahRoots
(akar)
Natural Soil Mixing (Bioturbation)
Soil engineering
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Old tree rootchannel
Bioturbation
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Karak-
teristik
Epigeic Anecic Endogeic
Lubang tidak ada terbuka permanen ke
permukaan tanah
ekstensif
dalam
Cast tidak ada di permukaan tanah
berdekatan dengan pori-
pori tanah
dalam lubang
atau dalam
pori-poritanah
Pigmen
tasi
tinggi tingkat
samarannya
sedang, hanya di bag.
belakang
tidak
berpigment
Makan-
an
mendekomposisilitter padapermukaan tanah
tidakmencernakkan
tanah
mendekomposisilitter yang diambildari lapisan atas
dibawa ke lapisan
dalam
tidak mencernakkantanah
mencernakkantanah& BO
&akar-akar
mati
Kelompok cacing tanah berdasarkan tipe ekologinya
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Soil Bacteria
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Symbiotic: bacteria and plants (e.g., legumes + rhizobium
Bacteria require plant for growth; plantgains free source of available N
Sengon
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Mycorrhiza
To improve P-uptake by plants:
To extend the volume of soil through itsmycellium
Sollubilising unavailable P
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Nematode
NOT allOrganismsare usefull
for plantgrowth
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