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Cetakan Pertama 2017

ISBN 978-967-13858-1-4

©Julius Centre University of Malaya

Jabatan Perubatan Kemasyarakatan dan Pencegahan

Hakcipta Terpelihara 2017

LEMBAGA PENYUNTING

Penasihat Editor

Dr. Zainudin Bin Mohd Ali Prof. Madya Dr. Farizah Mohd Hairi

Dr. Suriyati Binti Abdul Aziz Prof. Madya Dr. Noran Naqiah Hairi

Dr. Mohammad Faid bin Abdul Rashid Prof. Madya Dr. Choo Wan Yuen

Dr. Hjh Zaini Binti Ishak Prof. Madya Dr. Sajaratulnisah Othman

Dr. Rowena John Dr. Koh Ee Yin

Muhammad Haizril Arif Bin Md Mokhtar

Perunding

Dr. Iliza Binti Idris Siti Sa’ra Binti Yaacob

Nurfarahin Binti Sabaran Nor Akmal Shahidah Binti Saharin

Mohd Radzi Tarmizi Bin A. Halim Nor Fariza Binti Jaafar

Zahidah Binti Omar Mohd Sahriman Bin Ariffin

Norazah Binti Hamsan Sabarnur Binti Abdul Radzak

Jenniper Anak Dilang Tan Poh Chew

Nasita Binti Dollah Shivaneshwari A/P Ranganathan

Norasidah Binti Ahmad Mohd Ilham Bin Ismail

Faridah Binti Mansor Harnisha Binti Haidhir

Datin Radziah Binti Idris Ruzita Binti Ikan

Dr. Laili Bazilah Binti Baharom Siti Hajar Binti Abd Latif

Dr. Ashley Ann Decruz Dr. Liyana Binti Shamsudin

Penghargaan

Azlinda Binti Anuar Nur Asyikin Binti Yakub

Devi Peramalah Shathanapriya Amikapathi

Mohd Alif Idham bin Abd Hamid Dr. Ahmad Syamil Mohamad

Projek ini adalah kerjasama antara Universiti Malaya dengan Jabatan Kesihatan Negeri,

Negeri Sembilan (JKNNS) dan Pejabat Kesihatan Daerah Seremban yang dibiayai oleh

Geran Penyelidikan ‘Grand Challenge’ Universiti Malaya (GC001D-14HTM).

Diterbitkan oleh:

Julius Centre University of Malaya,

Jabatan Perubatan Kemasyarakatan dan Pencegahan, Fakulti Perubatan,

Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur.

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ISI KANDUNGAN

KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................................................................................ 5

1. PENGENALAN: WARGA EMAS ‘SEMAKIN BERUSIA SEMAKIN BERHARGA’ ............................................................ 6

2. PERGIGIAN: KESIHATAN GIGI, GUSI DAN MULUT ................................................................................................... 7

PENGETAHUAN ASAS PERGIGIAN ................................................................................................................................ 7

MASALAH PERGIGIAN WARGA EMAS ......................................................................................................................... 8

PENJAGAAN KESIHATAN PERGIGIAN ........................................................................................................................ 12

Penjagaan gigi kekal .............................................................................................................................. 12

Penjagaan gigi palsu .............................................................................................................................. 13

Pemakanan sihat untuk kesihatan pergigian .......................................................................................... 15

PERANAN PENJAGA ..................................................................................................................................................... 15

KESIMPULAN ................................................................................................................................................................... 16

3. NUTRISI & SAINS PEMAKANAN ............................................................................................................................... 17

SARANAN KEPERLUAN PEMAKANAN WARGA EMAS .............................................................................................. 18

KONSEP PEMAKANAN SIHAT .................................................................................................................... 18

PENYEDIAAN MAKANAN UNTUK WARGA EMAS ...................................................................................................... 20

Panduan penyediakan makanan untuk warga emas ............................................................................ 20

Cara Menggalakkan Warga Emas Makan ............................................................................................. 20

Penyediaan Makanan Lembut ............................................................................................................... 21

Panduan Penyediaan Makanan Warga Emas Yang Mengamalkan Diet Vegetarian ............................ 22

MASALAH KESIHATAN DAN WARGA EMAS .............................................................................................................. 23

4. KEJURURAWATAN: PERANAN PENJAGA DALAM PENJAGAAN WARGA EMAS .................................................. 29

GAYA HIDUP SIHAT WARGA EMAS ............................................................................................................................ 29

PENJAGAAN WARGA EMAS YANG MEMPUNYAI MASALAH KESIHATAN/PENYAKIT KRONIK ........................... 30

A. Diabetes ............................................................................................................................................. 30

B. Strok/Angin Ahmar .............................................................................................................................. 31

C. Masalah Sakit Puan ............................................................................................................................ 32

D. Kurang Upaya Mengawal Kencing (Inkontinen Urin) .......................................................................... 32

E. Kudis Tekanan ..................................................................................................................................... 33

F. Sakit Sendi (Arthritis) ............................................................................................................................. 34

G. Nyanyuk (Dementia) .......................................................................................................................... 34

H. Gangguan Sistem Penghadaman ...................................................................................................... 35

PENJAGAAN WARGA EMAS DAN PENGGUNAAN ALAT BANTUAN ..................................................................... 36

5. KAUNSELING & PENGURUSAN STRESS.................................................................................................................... 37

TANDA-TANDA DAN KESAN STRES .............................................................................................................................. 37

Bagaimana kita harus mengatasi masalah stress? .................................................................................. 37

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6. PENGENDALIAN FISIOTERAPI ASAS UNTUK WARGA EMAS .................................................................................. 42

A. Jatuh .......................................................................................................................................................................... 42

Latihan keseimbangan ............................................................................................................................................... 43

Teknik bangun selepas terjatuh ................................................................................................................................. 43

B. Kecergasan ............................................................................................................................................................... 44

C. Strok ........................................................................................................................................................................... 45

D. Immobiliti ................................................................................................................................................................... 46

E. Ergonomik .................................................................................................................................................................. 46

7. PEMULIHAN CARA KERJA ....................................................................................................................................... 47

AKTIVITI KEHIDUPAN HARIAN (Activity of Daily Living, ADL)................................................................................... 47

A. Aktiviti Makan Dan Minum .................................................................................................................. 47

B. Aktiviti Memakai Baju .......................................................................................................................... 50

C. Aktiviti Mandi ...................................................................................................................................... 56

D. Aktiviti Kebersihan Diri ......................................................................................................................... 58

E. Pergerakan (Preskripsi alat bantuan bergerak) ................................................................................... 59

F. Aktiviti Kefungsian Kognitif ................................................................................................................... 59

G. Pengubahsuaian Tempat Tinggal ...................................................................................................... 61

H. Aktiviti Rehabilitasi Masa Lapang ....................................................................................................... 63

8. PENGENDALIAN & RESPON KES KECEMASAN WARGA EMAS ............................................................................. 64

A. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) ................................................................................................................ 64

B. Tercekik (Choking) ................................................................................................................................................... 65

C. Trauma ...................................................................................................................................................................... 66

9. TERAPI SOKONGAN & BANTUAN PRAKTIK ............................................................................................................ 67

A. Perkhidmatan Kerja Sosial Perubatan ................................................................................................................. 67

B. Jenis Intervensi .................................................................................................................................... 67

(1) Terapi Sokongan ................................................................................................................................ 67

(2) Bantuan Praktik .................................................................................................................................. 68

C. Carta Aliran Rujukan ............................................................................................................................................... 68

D. Kriteria Mohon Perkhidmatan Kerja Sosial Perubatan ...................................................................................... 68

E. Sumber Bantuan ....................................................................................................................................................... 69

F. Peranan Penjaga ..................................................................................................................................................... 69

G. Rujukan Perkhidmatan dan Bantuan .................................................................................................................. 69

RUJUKAN ..................................................................................................................................................................... 72