WASTE TYRE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA

By

SANDRA KUMAR A/L THIRUVANGODAN

Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Unversiti Putra Malaysia in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

March 2006

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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

WASTE TYRE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA By

SANDRA KUMAR A/L THIRUVANGODAN

March 2006 Chairman : Associate Professor Mohammad Ismail Bin Yaziz, PhD Faculty : Environmental Studies The research aim and objectives of this study was fourfold as follows: Firstly, to

evaluate the number of motorcar waste tyres generated annually in Malaysia.

Secondly, to study the current disposal methods and their impacts on the

environment. Thirdly to determine the various issues /problems pertaining to waste

tyre management, and finally to evaluate the status of current policies and

regulations in relation to waste tyre management

The methodology for the study consisted of desktop research, field observations,

questionnaire surveys and discussions with relevant authorities and associations in

the public and private sectors. The field `work was carried out from September 2002

to December 2003 in the Klang Valley (Kuala Lumpur and Selangor Darul Eshan).

Three different sets of interview forms was pre-tested in September 2002, (for tyre

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dealers, related associations, tyre manufacturers and government agencies),

improved and used to gather primary data beginning December 2002. A total of 109

tyre dealers, 13 government agencies, 3 tyre manufacturers, 3 landfill operators, 3

waste tyre users (recycling and reusers), 2 tyre related associations, 2 principal

rubbish collectors, 2 related organizations and 50 tyre consumers were interviewed

in the survey. All data were then analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively.

The results of the study indicated the following:

i. There is a steady increase in the motorcar waste tyre generated annually in

the country. The number of motorcar waste tyres generated annually in the country

was estimated to be 8.2 million or approximately 57,391 tonnes. About 60% of the

waste tyres are disposed via unknown routes.

ii. Waste tyres in Malaysia are neither categorized as solid waste or hazardous

waste. It is generally considered as business or trade waste; hence currently, there

is no specific law or regulation, which govern waste tyre management.

iii. Tyre dealers face considerable pressure when the waste tyres accumulates in

their premises, often resulting in improper storage of the wastes, which in turn invites

penalties from the local authority. In light of the above situation, they usually employ

private rubbish collectors to dispose their waste tyres. They do not have any

guidance or assistance from their principals or authorities for proper management

and disposal of waste tyres.

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iv. Although private rubbish collectors charge a fee to collect waste tyres, it is

unknown to what extend these tyres are disposed off in an environmental friendly

and legal way. There is no verifiable data on this issue. However, the private waste

collectors complained that the gate fees at the landfill are not attractive for their

business.

v. Other industry users such as tyre shredders, recyclers and other physical

users also make use of waste tyres. Currently there is no institutional approach for

managing waste tyre as a resource in Malaysia. Existing companies operate purely

on business ethics, with profit being the bottom line. Without a policy and

management structure in place, it is costly and difficult for the recycling companies to

get a steady supply of waste tyres. Thus, these companies are now using alternative

materials such as used and rejected gloves and tyre buffing, hence reducing the

demand for waste tyres. This is a complex issue and highlights the need to examine

the “tyre dumping” practices in Malaysia.

vi. Although the landfill is the easiest and a legal avenue to dispose waste tyres,

the gate fee for waste tyres disposal is considered expensive by many private

rubbish collectors. Private rubbish collectors collect waste tyres from the dealer’s

premises together with other rubbish: thus they charge a minimum extra fee. On the

other hand, a high gate fee at the landfill deters the private rubbish collectors from

dumping waste tyres at the landfill. Left with little choice they have to find alternative

places within their budget to dispose the tyres.

vii. Other industry users collect waste tyres for retreading, rubber reclaim and

shredding. However, the demand for products made of recycled waste tyre materials

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is very limited and there is no regulatory support as in some developed countries

Although there are some beneficial applications of waste tyres, the controlling or

hindering factors are a steady market demand for the end products and a continuous

supply of waste tyres.

viii. High waste tyre volume consuming options such as ‘artificial reef construction

’ and ‘rubberized asphalt road surfacing’ seems not to be favoured options today.

The Department of Fisheries has stopped using waste tyres to construct artificial

reefs, whereas the latter option never got started commercially in the country. Large-

scale operations that can remove this waste quickly and cheaply is needed. With

these major options being discarded or less favoured the volume of waste tyres to be

disposed would increase rapidly.

ix. The adverse environmental impacts due to improper management of waste

tyres, was deduced from field observations and “ad-hoc” data from nterviews with

municipal health inspectors and landfill operators. They include mosquito breeding ,

air pollution associated with open burning of tyres (particulates, odour, visual

impacts, and other harmful contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,

dioxin, furans and oxides of nitrogen), aesthetic pollution caused by waste tyre

stockpiles and illegal waste tyre dumps (habitat for vermin such as rats and snakes),

and other impacts such as alterations in hydrological regimes when gullies and

watercourses become dumping sites. These environmentally related problems occur

because of the lack of a formal, well-coordinated management system for waste

tyres.

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x. There is a serious lack of producer responsibility for waste tyre management

in Malaysia. Tyre producers or manufacturers are not concerned about the final

disposal of their product at the end of its life. They leave it solely to their dealers to

tackle this issue. The lack of producer responsibility in managing the waste makes

the management of waste tyres a more difficult task.

xi. Generally there is a lack of awareness and concern among the industry and

the public on the environmental and health impacts due to improper management of

waste tyres.

xii. Lack of consistent and available information/data about waste tyre generation

and management hinders the understanding of current management scenarios,

which is critical in order to formulate pragmatic solutions. There is a lot of uncertainty

how an issue in one sector of the industry can influence a sustainable change in

another sector.

xiii. It is concluded from the study that the important factors for establishing an

effective waste tyre management system includes (a) the formulation of a national

policy for waste tyre management, (b) the creation of incentives for the use of waste

tyre recovered materials and to mandate the use of these materials in specified

activities, (c) a single qualified concessionaire, (d) assistance to exploit value from

waste tyres,(e) imposition of a levy, (f) extended producer responsibility, (g) a

centralized administration and enforcement structure, and (h) public awareness

programme.

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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk Ijazah Doktor Falsafah

PENGURUSAN TAYAR SISA DI MALAYSIA

Oleh

SANDRA KUMAR A/L THIRUVANGODAN

Mac 2006 Pengerusi : Profesor Madya Mohammad Ismail Bin Yaziz, PhD Fakulti : Pengajian Alam Sekitar Tujuan penyelidikan dan objektif kajian ini mengandungi empat perkara seperti

berikut: Pertama, untuk mengira jumlah tayar terpakai kereta yang dihasilkan setiap

tahun di Malaysia. Kedua, untuk mengkaji cara pelupusan tayar terpakai dan

kesannya terhadap alam sekitar. Ketiga, untuk mengenalpasti masalah/isu yang

dihadapi berkaitan pengurusan tayar terpakai, dan akhirnya untuk mengkaji status

dasar dan undang-undang yang sedia ada terhadap pengurusan tayar sisa

Kaedah yang digunakan dalam kajian ini meliputi pemerhatian lapangan, tinjauan

soal-selidik, perbincangan dengan pegawai kerajaan, agensi swasta dan persatuan-

persatuan yang berkaitan. Kerja lapangan dimulakan dari bulan September 2002

hingga Disember 2003 di Lembah Kelang (Kuala Lumpur dan Selangor). Tiga set

borang temuduga yang berlainan telah di pra uji pada bulan September 2002 ( untuk

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peniaga tayar, persatuan yang berkaitan, pengilang tayar dan agensi kerajaan) di

tambahbaik dan digunakan untuk mengutip data mulai bulan Disember 2002.

Sejumlah 109 peniaga tayar, 13 agensi kerajaan, 3 pengilang tayar, 3 penguna tayar

sisa ( kitar semula dan guna semula), 3 operator tapak pelupusan sampah, 2

persatuan yang berkaitan dengan tayar, 2 syarikat kutipan sisa sampah, 2 organisasi

berkaitan, dan 50 pengguna tayar telah di temuduga dalam kajian soal selidik ini.

Semua data kemudiannya di analisakan secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif.

Kesimpulan yang didapati daripada kajian ini adalah:

i. Penghasilan tayar sisa meningkat pada setiap tahun di negara ini. Jumlah

tayar sisa kereta yang dihasilkan di negara ini setiap tahun adalah dianggar

sebanyak 8.2 juta atau lebih kurang 57,391 ton. Adalah di jangka sebanyak 60%

daripada jumlah tayar sisa ini dilupuskan melalui cara yang tidak dapat di kenalpasti.

ii. Di Malaysia, tayar sisa tidak dikategorikan sebagai sisa pepejal atau sisa

merbahaya. Ia dianggap sebagai sisa bisnes atau perdagangan; pada masakini tidak

ada peraturan atau perundangan yang khusus berkaitan dengan pengurusan tayar

sisa.

iii. Peniaga tayar menghadapi tekanan apabila bilangan tayar sisa mula

terkumpul di premis mereka. Akibat keadaan seumpama ini adalah tayar sisa

disimpan di merata tempat dan perbuatan ini menyalahi Akta Kerajaan Tempatan

dan mereka disaman oleh pihak Majlis Tempatan. Bagi mengatasi isu ini, mereka

menggunakan perkhidmatan pengutip sampah swasta atau melantik agen untuk

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mengutip tayar sisanya. Peniaga tayar tidak menerima apa-apa tunjuk ajar atau

bantuan daripada pembekal atau pihak Majlis mengenai cara yang betul untuk

menguruskan tayar sisa.

iv. Walaupun pengutip sampah swasta mengenakan bayaran untuk mengutip

tayar sisa, tetapi cara mereka melupuskan sisa ini samada mengikut cara yang

mesra alam atau yang mematuhi undang-undang tidak diketahui. Tiada data yang

kukuh untuk menentukan hal ini. Walau bagaimanapun, pengutip tayar sisa sering

mengadu bahawa caj yang dikenakan di tapak lupusan sampah untuk membuang

tayar sisa adalah tidak mengalakan untuk bisnes mereka.

v. Industri lain seperti syarikat carekkan tayar (shredding), kitar semula, dan

penguna fisikal juga mengunakan tayar sisa , tetapi tiada rekod disimpan mengenai

akitiviti ini. Pada masakini tidak wujud suatu pendekatan institusi bagi menguruskan

tayar sisa sebagai sumber di Malaysia. Syarikat yang beroperasi semasa

menjalankan aktiviti mereka sebagai suatu entiti bisnes dengan tujuan untuk

mendapatkan keuntungan. Tanpa sesuatu polisi dan struktur pengurusan, syarikat

ini akan menghadapi kesulitan untuk mendapatakan bekalan tayar sisa secara

berterusan. Maka syarikat ini kini menggunakan bahan alternatif seperti sisa sarung

tangan getah atau terpakai dan ‘tyre buffing’ . Perbuatan ini mengurangkan

permintaan untuk tayar sisa. Ini adalah satu isu yang kompleks dan menitikberatkan

kajian terhadap amalan “ pembuangan tayar “ (tyre dumping) di Malaysia.

vi. Walaupun tapak pelupusan sampah merupakan tempat yang paling senang

dan diterima dari segi undang-undang untuk membuang tayar sisa, tetapi caj yang

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dikenakan dianggap tinggi oleh kebanyakan pengutip tayar sisa. Pengutip sampah

swasta mengutip tayar daripada premis penjual tayar bersama-sama dengan

sampah lain maka mereka mengenakan bayaran lebihan yang rendah sahaja. Caj

yang tinggi di tapak pelupusan sampah untuk membuang tayar sisa mengurangkan

pengutip sampah swasta untuk menggunakan tapak ini untuk membuang tayar sisa.

Dengan pemilihan yang terhad, pengutip sampah terpaksa menggunakan tapak

pembuangan alternatif bersamaan dengan kemampuan mereka untuk membuang

tayar sisa.

vii. Industri lain juga mengutip tayar sisa untuk aktiviti seperti celup tayar, kitar

semula dan mencarekan. Walau bagaimanapun, permintaan untuk produk yang

dibuat daripada bahan kitar semula adalah terhad dan tidak wujud peraturan atau

perundagan tertentu untuk menggalakannya seperti di negara maju. Walaupun

terdapat aplikasi yang bermanfaat bagi tayar sisa, factor penghalang termasuk tiada

permintaan pasaran yang kekal bagi produk yang dibuat daripada bahan kitar

semula dan ketidakstabilan bekalan tayar sisa.

viii. Aktiviti yang mengunakan kuantiti tayar sisa dengan banyak seperti tukun

tiruan dan ‘rubberized asphalt road surfacing’ kini tidak lagi menjadi opsyen yang

dipilih. Kegunaan tayar sisa oleh Jabatan Perikanan untuk membina tukun tiruan

telah diberhentikan, manakala kegunaan tayar untuk ‘rubberized asphalt road

surfacing’ tidak pernah dimulakan secara komersial. Aktiviti besar-besaran ini

diperlukan untuk mengunakan tayar sisa secara cepat dan murah. Memandangkan

aktiviti-aktiviti yang tersebut diatas diberhentikan atau tidak digalakan, kuantiti tayar

sisa yang terhasil dan perlu diurus akan betambah dengan cepat.

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ix. Kesan buruk alam sekitar akibat pengurusan tayar sisa yang kurang

memuaskan telah di simpulkan melalui pemerhatian di lapangan dan maklumat “ad-

hoc” hasil temubual dengan pegawai kesihatan Majlis dan operator tapak pelupusan

sampah. Ini termasuk pengwujudan tapak pembiakan nyamuk, pencemaran udara

berkaitan dengan pembakaran terbuka, pandaganan yang kurang memuaskan

akibat simpanan stok tayar sisa dan pembuangan secara haram ( tapak pembiakan

tikus dan ular), dan impak yang lain seperti gangguan aliran air apabila tayar di

buang di dalam sungai atau gaung. Masalah-masalah berkaitan alam sekitar ini ujud

kerana tidak ada satu system pengurusan tayar sisa yang formal dan berkodinasi.

x. Adalah nyata terdapat kekurangan tanggungjawab oleh pengilang tayar

mengenai pengurusan tayar sisa di Malaysia. Pengilang tayar tidak mengambiltahu

tentang cara manakah tayar yang dikeluarkan oleh mereka di uruskan selepas usia

kegunaannya luput dan menjadi tayar sisa. Mereka melepaskan tanggungjawab ini

kepada peniaga tayar. Kekurangan tanggungjawab oleh pengilang tayar menjadikan

pengurusan tayar sisa lebih rumit.

xi. Secara amnya terdapat kekurangan kesedaran dan sikap ketidakpedulian

dikalangan industri dan umum mengenai kesan alam sekitar dan kesihatan akibat

pengurusan tayar sisa yang kurang baik.

xii. Kekurangan maklumat yang konsistan dan benar tentang pengurusan tayar

sisa menjadi satu punca penghalang untuk memahami isu-isu semasa dan ini

merupakan satu faktor kritikal dalam penggubalan dasar baru yang effektif.

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Selanjutnya, terdapat juga kekurangan pengetahuan mengenai bagaimana satu

perubahan dalam sesuatu sektor industri akan mempengaruhi sektor lain.

xiii. Adalah dirumuskan daripada kajian ini bahawa faktor-faktor penting untuk

mengwujudkan satu sistem pengurusan tayar sisa yang efektif termasuk (a)

mengadakan satu polisi kebangsaan untuk menguruskan tayar sisa,(b) menyediakan

galakan untuk mengguna bahan kitar semula yang dikeluarkan daripada tayar sisa

dan untuk mandatkan kegunaan bahan ini di dalam aktiviti tertentu, (c) satu operator

konsesi yang berkemampuan, (d) menyediakan bantuan supaya nilai dari tayar sisa

digunakan sepenuhnya, (e) mengenakan levi, (f) melanjutkan tanggungjawab

pengilang tayar, (g) struktur pentadbiran dan penguatkuasaan pusat, dan (h)

mengadakan program kesedaran untuk orang awam.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to my beloved wife

K.Theruchelvi for her encouragement and support and my sons Yuvanes Kumar,

Heerman Kumar and Jivianth Kumar for their patience during my tenure of this study.

I am immensely grateful to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Ismail Bin Yaziz, Chairman

of the Supervisory Committee, Prof. Dr. Mohd. Ibrahim Hj. Mohamed and Assoc.

Prof. Dr. Ramdzani Abdullah, members of my Supervisory Committee for their

guidance, invaluable comments and suggestions in execution of the research work

and preparation of this thesis.

I wish to sincerely thank all Government Departments / Agencies, Local Authorities ,

tyre manufacturers and tyre dealers ( namely Dunlop, Goodyear and Silverstone),

related associations (MATMIG & MATRDS), waste tyre recycling industries, waste

collectors (namely Alam Flora Sdn.Bhd.), landfill operators and consumers who

agreed to be interviewed and for making this research viable.

I am grateful to my mother who, inspite being ill, gave me the morale support

and encouragement throughout my studies.

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I certify that an Examination Committee has met on 7th March 2006 to conduct the final examination of Sandra Kumar s/o Thiruvangodan on his Doctor of Philosophy thesis entitled "Waste Tyre Management in Malaysia", in accordance with Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act 1980 and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Regulations 1981. The Committee recommends that the candidate be awarded the relevant degree. Members of the Examination Committee are as follows: AHMAD MAKMON ABDULLAH, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Environmental Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman) AZIZI B. HJ MUDA , PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Environmental Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia. (Internal Examiner) MOHAMAD PAUZI ZAKARIA , PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Environmental Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Internal Examiner) JAMALUDDIN MD. JAHI , PhD Professor Environmental Management Programme Centre for Graduate Studies University Kebangsaan Malaysia (External Examiner)

______________________________ HASANAH MOHD. GHAZALI, PhD

Professor/Deputy Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia. Date :

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This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy . The members of the Supervisory Committee are as follows: MOHAMMAD ISMAIL BIN YAZIZ, PhD

Associate Professor Faculty of Environmental Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman) MOHD. IBRAHIM HJ.MOHAMED, PhD Professor Faculty of Environmental Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member) RAMDZANI ABDULLAH, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Environmental Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

______________________ AINI IDERIS, PhD Professor / Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia Date:

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and citations, which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at UPM or other institutions.

___________________________________ SANDRA KUMAR A/L THIRUVANGODAN Date:

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page ABSTRACT ii ABSTRAK viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xv APPROVAL xvi DECLARATION xviii LIST OF TABLES xxiii LIST OF FIGURES xxvi LIST OF PLATES xxviii LIST OF ABBREVIATION xxix CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.2 Problem Statement 9 1.3 Hypothesis 11 1.4 Scope of Research 11 1.5 Objectives of the Study 12

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 13

2.1 Definition of a Pneumatic Car Tyre 13 2.2 Historical Tyre Development 13 2.3 Car Tyre Construction 14 2.4 Raw Materials in a Tyre 15 2.5 Waste Tyre 18

2.5.1 Factors Influencing The Life of Tyres 18 2.5.2 Number of Waste Tyres Generated 20

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2.6 Current Used Tyres Disposal Options And Its Limitation 26

2.6.1 Recycling 26 2.6.1.1 Rubber reclaiming 27 2.6.1.2 Crumbing (Granulated Rubber)

/ Shredding 31 2.6.1.3 Pyrolysis 38 2.6.1.4 Incineration for Recovery of Energy 42

2.6.2 Physical Reuse of Waste Tyres 53 2.6.2.1 Retreading 54 2.6.2.2 Landfill 60 2.6.2.3 Artificial Reefs And

Floating Breakwaters 64 2.6.2.4 Erosion Control And

Landfill Engineering 68 2.6.2.5 Illegal Dumping 69

2.7 Management of Waste Tyres . 75 2.8 Collection And Disposal of Waste Tyres 79 2.9 Government Role in Waste Tyre Management 84 2.10 Regulation of Waste Tyre Disposal 93

2.10.1 Waste Management 93 2.10.2 Energy Recovery 95 2.10.3 Landfill 95 2.10.4 Retreading 96 2.10.5 Rubber Crumbs 98 2.10.6 Imports 99

2.11 Environmental And Health Impacts of Waste Tyres 100

2.11.1 Environmental Impacts 100 2.11.2 Health Impacts 101 2.11.3 Aesthetic Pollution 101 2.11.4 Potential Risks to The Environment 102

2.12 Environmental Risk Mitigation 104

2.12.1 Mitigation for Tyre Fires 104 2.12.2 Mitigation for Tyre Leachate 105

3 METHODOLOGY 106 3.1 Study Area and Methodology 111

3.1.1 Survey Respondents (Tyre Dealers) 114

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3.2 Waste Tyre Generation 115 3.3 Disposal Options 117 3.4 Environmental Impacts 117 3.5 Questionnaire Survey 118

4 RESULTS 119

4.1 Motorcar Waste Tyre Arising 119

4.1.1 Total Quantity of Tyres 119 4.1.2 Passenger Car Waste Tyre Arising 123

4.2 Results of Field Surveys 124 4.3 Estimation Of Annual Generation of Waste Motorcar

Tyres in Malaysia 127

5 DISPOSAL OPTIONS FOR WASTE TYRES 136 5.1 Physical Reuse 137

5.1.1 Artificial Reefs 137 5.1.2 Retreading 140 5.1.3 Other Uses 143

5.2 Recycling 145

5.2.1 Rubber Reclaiming 145 5.2.2 Tyre Shredding/Crumbing 146

5.3 Landfill 149 5.4 I llegal Dumping 153

6 ISSUES AND PROBLEMS OF TYRE DEALERS IN DISPOSING WASTE TYRES 162 6.1 Waste Tyre Management Problems 162

6.1.1 Waste Tyre Storage 162 6.1.2 Issues Pertaining to Waste Tyre Management 165 6.1.3 Problems Encountered in Disposing

Waste Tyres 167 6.1.4 Current Disposal Options 168 6.1.5 Guidance And Assistance For Tyre Dealers 172

7 CURRENT REGULATIONS AND POLICIES ON WASTE TYRE MANAGEMENT 176

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7.1 Malaysian Standard on Tyres 185

8 IMPACT OF WASTE TYRES ON ENVIRONMENT 189

8.1 Physical Reuse of Waste Tyres 189 8.2 Landfill 192 8.3 Illegal Dumping or Stockpiling 194

9 ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND OPINION OF WASTE TYRE GENERATORS 200 9.1 Tyre Dealers 200 9.2 Tyre Manufacturers 205 9.3 Tyre Retreaders 207 9.4 Malaysian Automotive Tyre Manufacturers Industry

Group. (MATMIG) 208 9.5 Malaysian Association of Tyre Retreaders

& Dealers Societies. (MATRDS) 209 9.6 Tyre Users (Consumer) 211 9.7 Private Rubbish Collectors 213

10 A CAMPARISON OF WASTE TYRE

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 215

10.1 Australia 215 10.2 Japan 218 10.3 Singapore 221 10.4 United Kingdom 225 10.5 United States of America 229 10.6 Waste Tyre Management Practices -

The Canadian Experience 233 10.7 Waste Tyre Management Model 236

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11 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 238

11.1 Conclusions 238 11.2 Recommendations 248 REFERENCES 259 APPENDICES 269 A Interview Forms 270 B List of Respondents Used in the Survey 289 BIODATA OF THE AUTHOR 297