toksikologi pendahuluan.ppt
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7/27/2019 toksikologi pendahuluan.ppt
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TOKSIKOLOGI
Pendahuluan
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Defenisi
Toksikologi:
Ilmu yang mempelajari hal ikhwal racun
terutama pengaruhnya pada makhluk hidup
Merupakan multidisipliner:
Ilmu kimia, biokimia, biologi, faal, patologi,farmakologi, ilmu kesehatan masyarakat
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Toxicology can be defined as that branchof science that deals with poisons, and a
poison can be defined as any substancethat causes a harmful effect whenadministered,
either by accident or design, to a livingorganism.
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By convention;
toxicology also
includes the study of harmful effects causedby physical phenomena, such as radiation ofvarious kinds and noise.
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Broader definitions of toxicology,
such as “the study of the detection,
occurrence, properties, effects, andregulation of toxic substances,”
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Toxicity
itself can rarely, if ever, be defined as a single
molecular event but is, rather, a cascade of events starting with exposure, proceeding
through distribution and metabolism, and
ending with interaction with cellularmacromolecules (usually DNA or protein) and
the expression of a toxic end point.
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The study of toxicology
to protect humans and the environmentfrom the deleterious effects of toxicant
to facilitate the development of more
selective toxicants such as anticancer and
other clinical drugs and pesticides.
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TOXICOLOGY
POISON * CHARACTERISTIC* ACTION OF DAMAGE* CLINICAL SIGN* THERAPEUTIC MANNER
SUBSTANCE INDIVIDUAL
PHYSIOLOGY
LIFEABILITYPATOLOGY
DAMAGE OF ACTIONS
LOCAL SYSTHEMIC
DAMAGEOF LOCAL CEL ABSORPTION CIRCULATION (SKIN, MUCOUS) ORGAN S/SPESIFIC
LOCAL PAIN CYANIDA RESPIRATIONS/ SYSTEMIC INSECTISIDE CNS
TOXEMIA STRYCHNIN .SPINAL CHORD
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The definition of a poison, or
toxicant a qualitative biological aspect
because a compound, toxic to one species orgenetic strain, may be relatively harmless to
another. For example:
Carbon tetraclorida: potent hepatotoxicant inmany species, is relative harmless to thechicken.
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Toxicant Exposure
Entrance to Body
Ingestion Skin Inhalation
Absorption into Blood Stream and
Distribution to Body Tissues and Organs
Toxicity Storage Excretion
Metabolism
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Perkembangannya toksikologi terbagi
menjadi beberapa subdisiplin: - toksikologi klinik; diagnosis dan terapi
keracunan
- toksikologi forensik; medikolegal
- toksikologi lingkungan; polusi ataupencemaran udara, air dan tanah, residu obatdan racun serta higiens industri dipelajarilebih rinci
-toksikologi ekonomi; aspek ekonomi
- toksikologi perang; aspekpertahanan&keamanan
Toksikologi patologi:changes in subcellular,
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Applied toxicology
1. Clinical toxicology: diagnosis and treatmentof human poisoning
Veterinary toxicology : diagnosis and treatmentof poisoning in animals other than humans
Forensic toxicology: medicolegal aspects,including detection of poisons in clinical
Enviromental toxicology: movement of toxicantsand their metabolites and degradation productsin the enviroment and in food chains and witheffect of such contaminants on individuals
Industrial toxicology: a specific area ofenviromental toxicolo art of industrial
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Relative Toxicity:Are all substances toxic?
Sugar has an LD50 of 30,000 mg/kg
Even water has a recognized LD50 of
slightly greater than 80,000 mg/kg
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PATBH paracelcus
1493-1541:
A. percobaan pada hewan merupakan carayang paling baik dalam mempelajari respon
tubuh terhadap racun B. efek suatu bahan pada tubuh dapat
merupakan efek terapetik yang berguna danefek toksik yang merugikan. Kedua macam
efek itu timbul karena ada perbedaan dosis
Doses make poison
Q u i c k T i m e ™ a n d a
d e c o m p r e s s o r a r e n e e d e d t o s e e t h i s p i c t u r e .
QuickTime™ and adecompressor
are needed to s ee this picture.
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World War I – Chlorine gas, mustardgas and other
“human” pesticides Curies (Marie, Pierre and Irene)
discover radium and radioactivity andtheir toxicities
1920s Arsenicals developed to treatsyphillis
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1962 – Rachel Carson’s Silen t Spring
and the beginning of the
environmental movement Analytical capabilities to PPB (part per
billion) levels
Minimata Bay and Hg poisoning
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Hubungan dosis dengan efek
- kuantitas racun yang masuk - cara
- frekuensi
- tipe dan derajad cidera serta waktuyang diperlukan untuk menimbulkancidera tersebut
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Ukuran toksisitas disebut dengan
Potensi
Potensi besar: <<< dosis-----kematian/keracunan
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Lethal dose
LD; ukuran toksisitas
Jumlah kematian yang timbul pada sekelompokhewan uji setelah diberi suatu dosis racun
* ukuran yang bersifat komparatif dan relativeyang dapat menggambarkan prakiraan rentag
dan batas dosis yang aman digunakan
Starting point; dalam penelitian toksikologik
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Kurva respon;
(lihat di e book)
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Potensi toksisitas
1. Sangat toksis LD50 <1 mg/kgBB
2. Toksis sekali: 1-50 mg/kgBB
3. Toksis: 50-500 mg/kgBB
4. Tidak begitu toksis: 500-5000 mg/kg
5. Tidak toksis: 5-15 g/kg
6. Tidak membahayakan sama sekali:>15 g/kgBB
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Margin of safety
Batas keamanan dinyatakan sebagaiindek terapi
=Jarak antara dosis yang menimbulkanefek yang diharapkan (secara maksimal)dengan dosis yang mengakibatkan mulaitimbul kematian
(ED99 - LD1)
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Indeks terapi
Perbandingan antara LD1 dengan ED99
Karena dosis letalis dan dosis efektif pada
umumnya dinyatakan pada tingkat 50%maka indeks terapi itu dinyatakan olehperbandingan antara LD50 dan ED50
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