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P.  palmivora  entering  a  leaf  

Sebas&an  Schornack  University  of  Cambridge,  Sainsbury  Laboratory  (SLCU)  

h,p://www.schornacklab.net;  @dromius  

18th  Interna?onal  Oil  Palm  Conference,  Cartagena,  Colombia  

Zoospore  

Phytophthora  sp.  cause  diseases  in  important  crops  

University  Davis  

A.  Dorrance  (APSnet).  

P.  Infestans  –  potato  late  blight   P.  ramorum  –  sudden  oak  death  

P.  sojae  –  soybean  root  rot   P.  palmivora  –    palm  bud  and  cocoa  fruit  rot  

narrow   broader  Host  range  

Phytophthora  palmivora  is  a  cosmopolit  

P.  palmivora  diseases  

In  the  tropics  the  most  commonly  encountered  species  is  Phytophthora  palmivora.  

P.  palmivora  sporangia  releasing  zoospores  

Picture:  QuesadaLabNCSU  

Phytophthora  palmivora  causes  oil  palm  bud  rot  

Economically  important  hosts  

 Oil  palms  Coconut  Orchids  Pineapple  

 Rubber  tree  

Durian  Papaya  Cocoa  Citrus  

Biotrophy   Necrotrophy  

Phytophthora  is  a  stealthy  pathogen  

mycelia  

Sporangia  and  spores  

Zoospore  

Phytophthora  infec&on  cycle  

Electron  microscopy   Light  microscopy  

Fluorescence  of  a  transgenic  P.  

palmivora  isolate  

P.  palmivora  forms  haustoria  in  living  plant  cells  

effectors  

fungus  

oomycete  

haustorium  

plant  cell  

Alter  plant  cell  processes  

targets  

Help  microbe  colonize  plant  

Microbes  modify  plant  cell  processes  using  secreted  effector  proteins  

•   secreted  by  the  pathogen  into  the  host  ?ssue  to  bind  to  host  proteins    •   suppress  host  immunity,  promote  disease    •   repertoire  of  effector-­‐encoding  genes  varies  significantly  between  Phytophthora  isolates  

RXLR SP effector domain

effectors  

haustorium  

Alter  plant  cell  processes  

targets  

effector-­‐  triggered  immunity  

Plant  immunity:    Plant  resistance  proteins  recognise  effectors  

fungus  

oomycete  

plant  cell   intracellular  immune  receptors  

•   NB-­‐LRR  proteins  recognise  effectors  or  their  ac?vi?es    •   Are  known  NB-­‐LRR  proteins  of  other  plants  capable  of  detec?ng  P.  palmivora  

effectors?  

Surveying  effector  –  resistance  protein  combina&ons  

Conserved  Effector  genes  From  pathogen  

R  gene  candidates  from  oil  palm  genome  

Or  Known  R  genes  

MATCH!  

Expression  in  Nico:ana  benthamiana  using  A.  tumefaciens  

 Limita&ons:  R  gene  is  func?onal  in  N.  benthamiana,  AVR  and  R  gene  are  both  cloned  

Effector  +    matching  Resistance  gene  

Wrong  effector  or  wrong  Resistance  gene  

mul?locus  phylogeny  of  Phytophthora  from  Blair  et  al.  2008  Fungal  Genet  Biol  

Phytophthora infestans (240 Mbp) - Solanum spp.

P.  palmivora  belongs  to  a  clade  with  no  sequenced  member  species  

P. palmivora (assumed < 90 Mbp) – more than 200 hosts

P. capsici (65 Mbp) - pepper, tomato, cucurbits

P. sojae (95 Mbp) - soybean

P. ramorum (65 Mbp) - various woody plants

LILI  

AJ  

Sequencing  @Kamounlab  

Genome  sequencing  of  two  P.  palmivora  isolates  

Inden&fica&on  of  conserved  effectors  

Edouard  Evangelis?  

RXLR SP effector domain

It  is  bePer  to  perceive  early  expressed  effectors  

Edouard  Evangelis?  

Early  infec&on  

Late  during  infec&on  

AVR2

 

Edn  (Rpi-­‐edn1)  

Hjt  (Rpi-­‐hjt1)  Snk  (Rpi-­‐snk1)  

AVRb

lb1  

Blb  (Rpi-­‐blb1)  

Sto  (Rpi-­‐sto1)  

Avr3a  

Sto  (Rpi-­‐sto2)  

Dms  (R3a)  

CRNs  

In  the  future:  effector  based  resistance  phenotyping  

Vivianne  Vleeshouwers  et  al  

Non-­‐transgenic  

tobacco  

Potato  R3a  transgenic  

tobacco  

R3a  N.  benthamiana  is  resistant  to  P.  palmivora  LILI  (Colombia)  

WT  

R3a  

3  dpi  

UV  autofluorescence   RFP   merged  

R3a  is  effec&ve  towards  P.  palmivora  AJ  (Indonesia)  

+ INF1 (immunity triggering

Phytophthora protein)

AVR3a-­‐EM  

AVR3a-­‐KI  

E M

K I

SP   RXLR  

Two alleles of AVR3a in Phytophthora infestans isolates

+ R3a - R3a Potato  R  protein  

Only  one  AVR3a  variant  is  recognised  by  R3a  

Effector  domain  

P.  palmivora    genome  encodes  AVR3a  effectors  

P.  Capsici  (10)  

P.  Infestans  (2)  

P.  Sojae  (2)  P.  Capsici  (10)  

P.  palmivora  (9-­‐15)  

+++  

-­‐-­‐  

-­‐-­‐  

-­‐-­‐  

-­‐-­‐  

+  

+++  

+  

+  

-­‐-­‐  

R3a  recognises  some    P.  palmivora  AVR3a  variants  

Jus?ne  Toulo,e  

Strong   Weak   None  

R3a  HR   1   3   5  

RXLR effector domain

3C2

Pi A VR3aKI

3B2

2A1

4A1

7A2

5A2

6B2

7C2

7B1

Pi A VR3aKI

Pi A VR3aKI

PpAVR3a PpAVR3a

PpAVR3a

Some  PpAVR3a  variants  suppress  INF1  cell  death  

35S-INF1 35S-INF1

35S-INF1

Strong  suppression   weak  suppression   no  suppression  

Strong   Weak   None  

R3a  HR   1   3   5  

INF1  supp   4   3   2  

Expressed  AVR3a  variants  evade  recogni&on  by  R3a  

RXLR SP effector domain

Extending  R3a  recogni&on  spectrum  

Test  improved  resistance  proteins  with  P.  palmivora  AVR3a  variants  

Classical  R  genes  fail  to  deliver  durable  resistance  

Resistant  plant  

Non-­‐essen&al  Microbe  effector  

Plant  Resistance  protein  

Classical  resistance  genes  [not  durable]  

   

Disease  

Resistant  plant  

no  accessibility  

factor  

acessibility  factor  

Accessibility  factor  removal  [long  las?ng  resistance]  

•   barley  mlo  •   Medicago  ram2  (Wang,  Schornack  et  al,  2012,  Curr.  Biol.)  

Effec&ve  resistance  by  removal  accessibility  factors  

WT

ram2

0 %

20 %

40 %

60 %

80 %

100 %

120 %

W T r a m 2 a pp r e ss o r i a N o app r e ss o r i a

100

10

100 10

WT

ram2 mutant

ram2  mutant  inhibits  P.  palmivora   appressorium  forma&on  

Wang,  Schornack  et  al.  (2012)  Current  Biol.  

Cu&n  monomers  enhance  appressorium  forma&on  and  infec&on  by  P.  palmivora  

Control  

With  16:0  OH-­‐FA  

Polypropylene  surface  

0  

2  

4  

6  

8  

10  

12  

EtOH  0.1%  

16:0  OH-­‐FA  10ug/ml  

Appressoriu

m  cou

nt  

Wang,  Schornack  et  al.  (2012)  Current  Biol.  

Varia&on  in  monocot  leaf  colonisa&on  Barley  

Suscep:ble   Resistant  

Wheat  Suscep:ble   Resistant  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

%  sp

ots  infected  

Barley  and  wheat  accessions  suscep&bility  to  P.  palmivora  

Suscep:ble   Resistant  

Germplasm  origin:  M.  Moscou  (TSL)  and  RAGT  Seeds  Ltd.  Ruth  Le  Fevre  

•   P.  palmivora  uses  effectors  to  cause  disease  •   Some  effectors  are  present  in  all  strains  •   AVR3a  effector  family  can  be  perceived  by  potato  R3a  

•   Highly  Expressed  AVR3a  variants  evade  recogni?on  •   P.  palmivora  infects  monocot  grasses  –  sources  of  gene?c  varia?on  

Ø  Transfer  improved  immune  receptors  into  oil  palms  Ø  Find  gene?c  basis  for  non-­‐immunity  resistance  

Summary  and  Outlook  

Collabora&ons/Material  Sophien  Kamoun  (TSL,  Norwich)  Ma,  Moscou  (TSL  Norwich)  Giles  Oldroyd  (JIC  Norwich)  Joe  Win  (TSL,  Norwich)  Liliana  Cano  (NCSU,  Raleigh)  Diane  Saunders  (JIC,  Norwich)  Mike  Coffey  (UCR,  Riverside)  Mauricio  Romero  (Cenipalma)  

Acknowledgements  

Carolin  Alfs  Abhishek  Cha,erjee  Edouard  Evangelis&  

Stuart  Fawke  Aleksandr  Gavrin  Ruth  Le  Fevre  Anna  Gogleva  Bridget  O‘Boyle  Clement  Quan  Jus&ne  TouloPe  Temur  Yunusov  

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