49_gasna tehnika za iv_mak_print.pdf

CIP- Каталогизација во публикација Национална и универзитетска библиотека „Св. Климент Охридски”, Скопје

Гасна техника за IV година машинска струка: машинско-енергетски техничар / Блаже Митев, Федерика Тасевска, Ирина Иванова Министерство за образование и наука на Република Македонија, 2012Физички опис 162 стр. : илустр. ; 29 см

ISBN 978-608-226-336-6

Со одлука бр.22-1375/1 од14.06.2012 на Националната комисија за учебници, се одобрува употреба на учебникот

Издавач:Министерство за образование и наука за Република Македонија

Печати:Графички центар дооел, Скопје

Тираж:274

5

6

7

m

( naturalgas LNGC

8

LPG

9

p T

m

10

m

6 023 1023,A

mn

m

V V tt = + ⋅0 1( )β

p

V Vnμ =

V n V mV= ⋅ =μ μμ

N molekulimolA = ⋅6 023 1023,

11

1273 15,

Vt = V0 (1+ t273 15,

)

Vt = V0 (273 15273 15,,

t )

Vt = V0

00 TT

VV

2

1

2

1

TT

VV

0

0

TV

C

V=C

T273 15,

12

p

v t)

1273 15,

,2 TCp

C p

13

pT

= 1 1= 2

CVp .constT

14

p

mm TT

VV 11

11 T

TVV m

m

2

2pp

VV m

m mm p

pVV 22

15

m

mppV

TT

V 22

11

mpp1 mTT2

1

22

1

21 p

pVTTV

......2

22

1

11 const

Tp

VTpV

TpV

n

nn

.constT

Vp

TRp v

mVv m

kg

3⎡

⎣⎢

⎤

⎦⎥

JkgK⎡

⎣⎢

⎤

⎦⎥

m

TRVp m

TRVpn

TRnVp

R

R Jmol Kμ = ⋅

⋅8 31,

16

TRmVp

“„Z

TRVp ZZ

ZZ Z

RR

17

xmmvp

sv

18

1p

2

h

Cm

19

mn

m

m

xt273273

101325dppbp

tVnV )

n )

t )

b

Pa

tx

20

tx

AFp 2

F

A 2

......ppp 21

p

21

> > > >

J

H )

Hd)

22

CCCCm

23

Vm kg

m3⎡⎣⎢

⎤⎦⎥

nn V

m

p =

ρnn

n

pRT

=

p m

m

v)

z

pvd

v

24

v

gg

dHW

v

dd

dHW

Hg H

v

CCCCCCCCCC

C

25

26

m

3

3

2

2

1

1DGE

VDGE

VDGE

V100DGE

3

3

2

2

1

1GGE

VGGE

VGGE

V100GGE

DGE

GGE

321 ,, VVV

1DGE 2DGE 3DGE

m

27

m

28

Vzmin , , , , , , , , ,= ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ − ⋅ =2 38 0 101 2 38 0 446 9 52 0 296 4 76 0 002 4 12 m m

minzz VV m m

λ

λ

Vz = ⋅ =1 20 4 12 4 944, , , m m

m m

29

30

mm

mm

mm

31

xWFt

ηFtAx

Wx

AFt

Ft A W x

(

TC1

273C1

273T

ntkgm s

1 11 1

1 11 12

2

2

N mm m s

kg m s mm m s

kgm s

⋅⋅

=⋅ ⋅⋅

=⋅/

//

32

)/( 2 smv

m

33

=

34

35

36

37

.1

.1

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

mm

45

46

47

M

M.T.E.

VENTIL ZA ZATVORAWE (TOP^EST)

ZADR@UVA^ NA NE^ISTOTII

OGRANI^UVA^ NA PROTOKOT

REGULATOR NA PRITISOKOT

SIGURNOSEN VENTIL

PUMPA

SAD ZA OBEZVOZDU[UVAWE SO VENTIL ZA DOVOD I ODVOD NA VOZDUH

POTRO[UVA^

REGULACIONA KLAPNA

POVRATNA KLAPNA

ELEKTROMOTOREN VENTIL

NEPOVRATEN VENTIL

TERMOMETAR

MANOMETAR

PRESTRUEN VENTIL

ORGAN ZA PRIGU[UVAWE (ZASUN, [IBER)

BROILO ZA TOPLA VODA (VODOMER)

NADVORE[EN TEMPERATUREN SENZOR

VNATRE[EN TEMPERATUREN SENZOR

MERA^ NA TOPLINSKA ENERGIJA

R REGULATOR

Ime.Znak.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Poz.

48

49

mm

MD

50

C

51

C

C

K

52

53

F

54

55

56

Rw m

D m

ν

RewDv

v = ηρ

57

m

m

Qvn m h

m

m

D

R RR

R ,e = ⋅⋅ ⋅

353 7106Q

Dvn n

n

ρη

58

Z

p v R T⋅ = ⋅ ⋅Z

59

r

K

r

P R T

P =R

⋅ = ⋅ ⋅

=

V ZPP

T TT

k

rk

T TTrk

p pprk

60

k

k

p p pp pm = ⋅

−−

23

13

23

12

22

m

Z pT Tr

r r

= + ⋅ −1 9128

1 62( )

pm

wt A

m

Zm mp= −1450

l w t1 1= ⋅Δl w t2 2= ⋅Δ

61

m

V V V const1 2 3 ...... . m

1V 2V

m

m

mV

A Aw t w t A w t const1 1 2 2 3 3⋅ ⋅Δ ⋅ ⋅Δ = ⋅ ⋅Δ = == ...... . t

m

ww

AA

1

2

2

1

V A w t1 1 1= ⋅ ⋅ΔV A w t2 2 2= ⋅ ⋅Δ

V V V const1 2 3 ...... .

ρ ρ ρV V V const1 2 3= = = =...... .

A l A l A l const1 1 2 2 3 3⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ = == ...... .

A Aw t w t A w t const1 1 2 2 3 3⋅ ⋅Δ ⋅ ⋅Δ = ⋅ ⋅Δ = == ...... .

A Aw w A w const1 1 2 2 3 3⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ = == ...... .

w wA A1 1 2 2⋅ ⋅=

62

ΔA

A

Ekm v

112

2= ⋅ J m

E mghp1 1 J m

Δ

ΔE F l1 1 1= ⋅ m J

F p A1 1 1= ⋅ A

E lp A1 1 1 1= ⋅ ⋅ m JA l V1 1 1⋅ = m

E p V1 1 1= ⋅ m J

m J

p V m g h m w2 2 2

22

2⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ +

⋅m J

p V m g h m w1 1 1

12

2⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ +

⋅= p V m g h m w

2 2 22

2

2⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ +

⋅m J

= =

p mVg h m

Vw p m

Vg h m

Vw

1 112

2 222

2 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ m

p V m g h m w1 1 1

12

2⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ +

⋅

63

p g h w p g h w1 1

12

2 222

2 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ρ ρ ρ ρ m

g h⋅ ⋅ +ρw⋅ρ

2

2

p w const+ ⋅ =ρ2

2.

ρ = 0 73 3, ( / )kg mw m s1 16( / )

1 33 103,

p g h w const⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ =ρ ρ2

2.

mV= ρ

64

w A w A1 1 2 2⋅ ⋅=w D w D1 1

22 2

2⋅ ⋅=

w w DD2 112

22= ⋅ m

p pL w

Dg Hg

v g1 2

2

2− = ⋅

⋅ ⋅± ⋅ −λ

ρρ ρ( )

ρ ρ

ρ

⋅ ⋅

+

+ = +

− = −⎛

⎝⎜

⎞

⎠⎟

=−

w p w p

p p w w

w w p p

w

12

122

2

22

12

2 1

2 2

1 22 2

2 1 22

2 ( )

22

3

2

16 2 1 33 102

39 82

2=⋅ ⋅

=

+ ,

, ( / )w m s

p p L wD1 2

2

2− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅λ ρ

w A w A const1 1 2 2⋅ ⋅= = .

65

1

2

D m

ρg m

ρv m

g 9 81,

H

p p Q LD

g Hvv g1 2

2

5628 44100

− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅± ⋅ ⋅ −,

( )( )λ ρρ ρ

Q w A wv

v

D

w QD

= ⋅ = ⋅

=⋅ ⋅

2

2

443600

π

π

66

p p

m

p p Q LD

v1 2

2

5628 44100

− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅,( )

λ ρ

)

p p d L Q Dv1 28 1 82 4 8222 752 10− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ −, , ,

d)

p p d L Q Dv1 22 2 519700 10− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ −

)

p p K Q Dv L1 22 1 875 5385 10− = ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ −,

K

)

p p d L Q DD

D v1 25 2 58550 10782000 10− = + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ −( )

h

p p Q d L Dvn1 28 2 5812 572 10− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ −, λ

k n

k = 0,15

Qv

67

λ D R λ

p p d L Q Dv

v

dL kmQ

1 28 1 82 4 82

1 82

22 752 100 40 5200

− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅==

=

−, , ,

,

,, ( )

11 82 15412 553

150 3 2452 104 82 4 82 11

1 2 22 752 10

, ,

,, ,

,

=

= = ⋅− − −

− = ⋅Dp p 22 6 11 2

2 1

10 0 4 0 5 15412 553 3 2452 10 2 276 10

2

⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅

= −

−, , , , , ( )Pap p ,, , , ( )276 10 50 10 2 276 10 47 724 102 2 2 2⋅ = ⋅ − ⋅ = ⋅ Pa

p p dp p

L Q D Pav1 22 2 5

1 22

19700 1019700 10 0 4 200500

− = ⋅ ⋅− = ⋅ ⋅

⋅ ⋅ ⋅

⋅ ⋅

− ( )

, 22 5 2150 2 075 10⋅ = ⋅− , ( )Pa

vQ

Dk

kg m s

Q dD

n

vn

n

= = = ⋅

= ⋅⋅

⋅ ⋅=

1500 15

1000 10 12 85

457 310

45

6

6

,, , /

Re ,

η

η77 3 189 59 0 4

12 85 0 0517991 17 1 8 10

273273 15

20

4, , ,, ,

, ,⋅⋅⋅

= = ⋅

=+

⋅Qvn 00 189 58 3= , ( / )m h

p p1 28 2 5628 44 1 293 10 0 0285 189 58 0 4 0 5 150 2 19 1− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ = ⋅−, , , , , , , 002

2 15 2 22 19 10 50 10 2 19 10 47 81

( )

, , , ( )Pa

p p Pa= − ⋅ = ⋅ − ⋅ =

p p K

p p

Q L D PaK d

v1 22 1 875 5

1 22

385 10

385 1041 3 0 4

− = ⋅ ⋅

− = ⋅ ⋅

⋅ ⋅ ⋅= =

−, ( ), ,

441 3 2001 875 5 2

2 12

500 150 2 159 10

2 159 10 50 1

, , , ( )

,

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅

= − ⋅ = ⋅

− Pap p 00 2 159 10 47 841 102 2 2− ⋅ = ⋅, , ( )Pa

68

w QD

m sv=⋅ ⋅4

2 3600π( / )

Δ

Q m hmm

m

mm

h

III

p p

p p

DD d L Q D

D

v1 22 5

1 2

8550

8550

782000 10

782000 1

− = +

− = +

+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

+

−(

(

)

00 150 10 0 4 500 150 1 608 10

50 10 1 60

2 2 5 2

22

200⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅

= ⋅ −

−) , , ( )

,

Pa

p 88 10 49 392 102 2⋅ = ⋅, ( )Pa

Δ = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅p Q LD

Pav6 28 1022

5100,

( )( )λ ρ

69

70

QD

m m w m K

71

A A const1 2 .

w w2 11

2

= ⋅ ρρ

p p Z L v pD

Pa12

22 2 1

2

10 1− = ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅λ ρ ( )

w A w A const1 1 1 2 2 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ==ρ ρ .

w w const1 1 2 2⋅ ⋅ ==ρ ρ .

72

=w =w =

ρ ρ⋅ = ⋅p p1 1

w p w p⋅ = ⋅1 1

p pp

LDw1

222

1

12

1

2 2−

= ⋅ ⋅⋅

λρ

p p Z v p D12

22

12

1 1 11− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ −λ ρ

m K

w w1 1 2 2⋅ = ⋅ρ ρw1

w w wn ⋅ = ⋅1 12 1

2

ρρ

w p w pn n⋅ = ⋅1 1 wn

w w wn nnpp

⋅ = ⋅12

1

73

w p w t pn n n12

1 12⋅ ⋅ = ⋅⋅ ⋅ρ ρ

wn vnQD

=⋅ ⋅436002 π

Pm

p pD1

222

3 5 3

4 2 10

16 101325 1 293 285 10 103600 273 10

− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

⋅, ( )

πZZ d Q L Dvn⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ −λ 2 1

p p Z d Q L D Pavn12

22 6 2 1 10 21 71 10 10− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅−, ( )λ

Z

Q m h

D mm

f p pp

= −⋅

⋅ <1 2

12100 5%

p p Z d Q L D Pavn12

22 2 1 10 21710852 56 10− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅−, ( )λ

74

f

)

m

D mm

Q m h

Q D

D

12

22 L Qv D

)

12

22= K L Qv D

)

p p d L D DD

Q Pav12

22 10 3

52 21 667 10 10 1 3 6 0 03− = ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅

+ + ⋅⋅−, ( , / , ) ( )

mQ m h

Dm

p p dZ Q L Dvn12

22 6 2 51 71 10− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ −, λ

Zm

k=0,2(mm) D=DN=300(mm)

D / k λ d

R ,e , ,, ,

,= ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅

= ⋅⋅⋅

= ⋅353 710

353 7 10000 0 7310 97 0 3

7 85 1065Q

Dvn nρη

75

Kd K

mm

p p12

22 6 2 5 101 71 10 0 0185 0 56 10000 10 300 10 7 294− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅−, , , ( ) , 11010 2( )Pa

7 294 273 15285

7 371, ,⋅ +=

p p Pa

p p12

22 10 2

2 15 5

7 371 10

7 371 7 3712 210 3 924 10 2

− = ⋅

= − −⋅ = ⋅ =

, ( )

, ,, ,, ( )83 105⋅ Pa

p p d L Q D12

22 1 82 4 8246742− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ −, ,

Q Qv vn m h( ) , ( / )153273 15

27310000 288

27310549 45= ⋅ +

= ⋅ =

p p12

22 10 1 82 4 8246742 10 0 56 10 10549 45 300 6 3161 10− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅−, , , , , 110 2( )Pa

p Pa25 53 924 6 31612 10 3 01358 10= − ⋅ = ⋅, , , ( )

p p K L Q Dv12

22 1 875 5781 2− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ −, ,

p p12

22 10 1 875 5 10781 2 10 54 7 10 10549 45 300 6 1475 10− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ = ⋅−, , , , , (( )

, , , ( )

Pa

p Pa

2

22 5 53 924 6 1475 10 3 041 10= − ⋅ = ⋅

p p d L D DD

Qv12

22 3

52 101 667 10 1 3 6 0 03 10− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅− ⋅

+ + ⋅⎡⎣⎢

⎤⎦⎥⋅ ⋅ =

=

, ( , / ) ,

11 667 0 56 10 1 3 6 11 8 0 03 11 811 8

105410 35, , ( , / , ) , ,

,⋅ − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

+ + ⋅⎡

⎣⎢

⎤

⎦⎥ ⋅ 99 45 10

7 534

5 10

2

22 5 53 924 7 534 10 2 8 10

,

, ( )

, , , ( )

⋅ =

=

= − ⋅ = ⋅

Pa

p Pa

76

D

mm

1 mm

t t C C mmN R= + +1 2 ( )

77

D

tRp D sk V T

mm= ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅2

( )

R mm

D mm

C t CrCC1 2

1

1100= + ⋅

−( ) '

'

78

79

Qm

Qvn v eD pZ

m h= ⋅ ⋅534602

3( / )

80

m

Qvn( ) Qvn

Vak(n) m

Vgeom

vD

L Zm m

Tn

Tm C

pm

pn

V Vak n geomm n

m m

m m

n

Z TZ T

p pp

m( ) ( )= ⋅⋅

⋅−2

1

1 2 3

Vgeom vD L=

⋅ ⋅π4

81

PP

P

P P

P

82

83

84

85

86

U

t

t

P

Dh

Δ = − − ⋅ −+ ⋅

−p U U p t tT

p t tT

mbarL L

L

F F

F1 2

1 2

1

1 2

1

( ) ( ) ( )

P Pi= + ⋅( )1 1000

Δ = ⋅PdoziDh mbar400 ( )

Δ ≤ ΔP Pdoz

ΔPdoz

87

m

Δ = + ⋅ ⋅ −VA i rirsA V P P( , ) ( )0 891000 1 2

88

VAB AV/

ΔVA

ri

s

A

B

Vri irP1

P2

A

B

VAB AV/

Δ = ⋅ + ⋅ΔΔ

⋅ − − ⋅ −⎡

⎣⎢

⎤

⎦⎥ ⋅V r

sA V

VP P B t t V

Ai Ab

A

ri( , ) ( ) ( )0 8910001 2 1 2

89

m

90

m

91

92

93

94

Q

95

m

mm h

96

m

m

97

U

98

h

99

m h

100

Q K QQ K Qgas vozduh

gas prir gas

= ⋅= ⋅ .

101

102

103

h

m h

Cpm K

Δtu

Q Q C t kJ ht vn p u= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅Δ1 18, ( / )

Qt =

Qvn

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

h

m h

h

h

m

t

tv

Izrpr vt t

W m=−

0 07162

,( / )

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

RPM

125

126

127

n

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

Mo

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163