49_gasna tehnika za iv_mak_print.pdf

CIP- Каталогизација во публикација Национална и универзитетска библиотека „Св. Климент Охридски”, Скопје

Гасна техника за IV година машинска струка: машинско-енергетски техничар / Блаже Митев, Федерика Тасевска, Ирина Иванова Министерство за образование и наука на Република Македонија, 2012Физички опис 162 стр. : илустр. ; 29 см

ISBN 978-608-226-336-6

Со одлука бр.22-1375/1 од14.06.2012 на Националната комисија за учебници, се одобрува употреба на учебникот

Издавач:Министерство за образование и наука за Република Македонија

Печати:Графички центар дооел, Скопје

Тираж:274

7

m

( naturalgas LNGC

8

LPG

9

p T

m

10

m

6 023 1023,A

mn

m

V V tt = + ⋅0 1( )β

p

V Vnμ =

V n V mV= ⋅ =μ μμ

N molekulimolA = ⋅6 023 1023,

11

1273 15,

Vt = V0 (1+ t273 15,

)

Vt = V0 (273 15273 15,,

t )

Vt = V0

00 TT

VV

2

1

2

1

TT

VV

0

0

TV

C

V=C

T273 15,

12

p

v t)

1273 15,

,2 TCp

C p

13

pT

= 1 1= 2

CVp .constT

14

p

mm TT

VV 11

11 T

TVV m

m

2

2pp

VV m

m mm p

pVV 22

15

m

mppV

TT

V 22

11

mpp1 mTT2

1

22

1

21 p

pVTTV

......2

22

1

11 const

Tp

VTpV

TpV

n

nn

.constT

Vp

TRp v

mVv m

kg

3⎡

⎣⎢

⎤

⎦⎥

JkgK⎡

⎣⎢

⎤

⎦⎥

m

TRVp m

TRVpn

TRnVp

R

R Jmol Kμ = ⋅

⋅8 31,

16

TRmVp

“„Z

TRVp ZZ

ZZ Z

RR

17

xmmvp

sv

18

1p

2

h

Cm

19

mn

m

m

xt273273

101325dppbp

tVnV )

n )

t )

b

Pa

tx

20

tx

AFp 2

F

A 2

......ppp 21

p

21

> > > >

J

H )

Hd)

22

CCCCm

23

Vm kg

m3⎡⎣⎢

⎤⎦⎥

nn V

m

p =

ρnn

n

pRT

=

p m

m

v)

z

pvd

v

24

v

gg

dHW

v

dd

dHW

Hg H

v

CCCCCCCCCC

C

26

m

3

3

2

2

1

1DGE

VDGE

VDGE

V100DGE

3

3

2

2

1

1GGE

VGGE

VGGE

V100GGE

DGE

GGE

321 ,, VVV

1DGE 2DGE 3DGE

m

28

Vzmin , , , , , , , , ,= ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ − ⋅ =2 38 0 101 2 38 0 446 9 52 0 296 4 76 0 002 4 12 m m

minzz VV m m

λ

λ

Vz = ⋅ =1 20 4 12 4 944, , , m m

m m

30

mm

mm

mm

31

xWFt

ηFtAx

Wx

AFt

Ft A W x

(

TC1

273C1

273T

ntkgm s

1 11 1

1 11 12

2

2

N mm m s

kg m s mm m s

kgm s

⋅⋅

=⋅ ⋅⋅

=⋅/

//

32

)/( 2 smv

m

37

.1

.1

44

mm

47

M

M.T.E.

VENTIL ZA ZATVORAWE (TOPÊST)

ZADR@UVA^ NA NEÎSTOTII

OGRANIÛVA^ NA PROTOKOT

REGULATOR NA PRITISOKOT

SIGURNOSEN VENTIL

PUMPA

SAD ZA OBEZVOZDU[UVAWE SO VENTIL ZA DOVOD I ODVOD NA VOZDUH

POTRO[UVA^

REGULACIONA KLAPNA

POVRATNA KLAPNA

ELEKTROMOTOREN VENTIL

NEPOVRATEN VENTIL

TERMOMETAR

MANOMETAR

PRESTRUEN VENTIL

ORGAN ZA PRIGU[UVAWE (ZASUN, [IBER)

BROILO ZA TOPLA VODA (VODOMER)

NADVORE[EN TEMPERATUREN SENZOR

VNATRE[EN TEMPERATUREN SENZOR

MERA^ NA TOPLINSKA ENERGIJA

R REGULATOR

Ime.Znak.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Poz.

49

mm

MD

51

C

C

K

56

Rw m

D m

ν

RewDv

v = ηρ

57

m

m

Qvn m h

m

m

D

R RR

R ,e = ⋅⋅ ⋅

353 7106Q

Dvn n

n

ρη

58

Z

p v R T⋅ = ⋅ ⋅Z

59

r

K

r

P R T

P =R

⋅ = ⋅ ⋅

=

V ZPP

T TT

k

rk

T TTrk

p pprk

60

k

k

p p pp pm = ⋅

−−

23

13

23

12

22

m

Z pT Tr

r r

= + ⋅ −1 9128

1 62( )

pm

wt A

m

Zm mp= −1450

l w t1 1= ⋅Δl w t2 2= ⋅Δ

61

m

V V V const1 2 3 ...... . m

1V 2V

m

m

mV

A Aw t w t A w t const1 1 2 2 3 3⋅ ⋅Δ ⋅ ⋅Δ = ⋅ ⋅Δ = == ...... . t

m

ww

AA

1

2

2

1

V A w t1 1 1= ⋅ ⋅ΔV A w t2 2 2= ⋅ ⋅Δ

V V V const1 2 3 ...... .

ρ ρ ρV V V const1 2 3= = = =...... .

A l A l A l const1 1 2 2 3 3⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ = == ...... .

A Aw t w t A w t const1 1 2 2 3 3⋅ ⋅Δ ⋅ ⋅Δ = ⋅ ⋅Δ = == ...... .

A Aw w A w const1 1 2 2 3 3⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ = == ...... .

w wA A1 1 2 2⋅ ⋅=

62

ΔA

A

Ekm v

112

2= ⋅ J m

E mghp1 1 J m

Δ

ΔE F l1 1 1= ⋅ m J

F p A1 1 1= ⋅ A

E lp A1 1 1 1= ⋅ ⋅ m JA l V1 1 1⋅ = m

E p V1 1 1= ⋅ m J

m J

p V m g h m w2 2 2

22

2⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ +

⋅m J

p V m g h m w1 1 1

12

2⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ +

⋅= p V m g h m w

2 2 22

2

2⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ +

⋅m J

= =

p mVg h m

Vw p m

Vg h m

Vw

1 112

2 222

2 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ m

p V m g h m w1 1 1

12

2⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ +

⋅

63

p g h w p g h w1 1

12

2 222

2 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ρ ρ ρ ρ m

g h⋅ ⋅ +ρw⋅ρ

2

2

p w const+ ⋅ =ρ2

2.

ρ = 0 73 3, ( / )kg mw m s1 16( / )

1 33 103,

p g h w const⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ =ρ ρ2

2.

mV= ρ

64

w A w A1 1 2 2⋅ ⋅=w D w D1 1

22 2

2⋅ ⋅=

w w DD2 112

22= ⋅ m

p pL w

Dg Hg

v g1 2

2

2− = ⋅

⋅ ⋅± ⋅ −λ

ρρ ρ( )

ρ ρ

ρ

⋅ ⋅

+

+ = +

− = −⎛

⎝⎜

⎞

⎠⎟

=−

w p w p

p p w w

w w p p

w

12

122

2

22

12

2 1

2 2

1 22 2

2 1 22

2 ( )

22

3

2

16 2 1 33 102

39 82

2=⋅ ⋅

=

+ ,

, ( / )w m s

p p L wD1 2

2

2− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅λ ρ

w A w A const1 1 2 2⋅ ⋅= = .

65

1

2

D m

ρg m

ρv m

g 9 81,

H

p p Q LD

g Hvv g1 2

2

5628 44100

− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅± ⋅ ⋅ −,

( )( )λ ρρ ρ

Q w A wv

v

D

w QD

= ⋅ = ⋅

=⋅ ⋅

2

2

443600

π

π

66

p p

m

p p Q LD

v1 2

2

5628 44100

− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅,( )

λ ρ

)

p p d L Q Dv1 28 1 82 4 8222 752 10− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ −, , ,

d)

p p d L Q Dv1 22 2 519700 10− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ −

)

p p K Q Dv L1 22 1 875 5385 10− = ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ −,

K

)

p p d L Q DD

D v1 25 2 58550 10782000 10− = + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ −( )

h

p p Q d L Dvn1 28 2 5812 572 10− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ −, λ

k n

k = 0,15

Qv

67

λ D R λ

p p d L Q Dv

v

dL kmQ

1 28 1 82 4 82

1 82

22 752 100 40 5200

− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅==

=

−, , ,

,

,, ( )

11 82 15412 553

150 3 2452 104 82 4 82 11

1 2 22 752 10

, ,

,, ,

,

=

= = ⋅− − −

− = ⋅Dp p 22 6 11 2

2 1

10 0 4 0 5 15412 553 3 2452 10 2 276 10

2

⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅

= −

−, , , , , ( )Pap p ,, , , ( )276 10 50 10 2 276 10 47 724 102 2 2 2⋅ = ⋅ − ⋅ = ⋅ Pa

p p dp p

L Q D Pav1 22 2 5

1 22

19700 1019700 10 0 4 200500

− = ⋅ ⋅− = ⋅ ⋅

⋅ ⋅ ⋅

⋅ ⋅

− ( )

, 22 5 2150 2 075 10⋅ = ⋅− , ( )Pa

vQ

Dk

kg m s

Q dD

n

vn

n

= = = ⋅

= ⋅⋅

⋅ ⋅=

1500 15

1000 10 12 85

457 310

45

6

6

,, , /

Re ,

η

η77 3 189 59 0 4

12 85 0 0517991 17 1 8 10

273273 15

20

4, , ,, ,

, ,⋅⋅⋅

= = ⋅

=+

⋅Qvn 00 189 58 3= , ( / )m h

p p1 28 2 5628 44 1 293 10 0 0285 189 58 0 4 0 5 150 2 19 1− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ = ⋅−, , , , , , , 002

2 15 2 22 19 10 50 10 2 19 10 47 81

( )

, , , ( )Pa

p p Pa= − ⋅ = ⋅ − ⋅ =

p p K

p p

Q L D PaK d

v1 22 1 875 5

1 22

385 10

385 1041 3 0 4

− = ⋅ ⋅

− = ⋅ ⋅

⋅ ⋅ ⋅= =

−, ( ), ,

441 3 2001 875 5 2

2 12

500 150 2 159 10

2 159 10 50 1

, , , ( )

,

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅

= − ⋅ = ⋅

− Pap p 00 2 159 10 47 841 102 2 2− ⋅ = ⋅, , ( )Pa

68

w QD

m sv=⋅ ⋅4

2 3600π( / )

Δ

Q m hmm

m

mm

h

III

p p

p p

DD d L Q D

D

v1 22 5

1 2

8550

8550

782000 10

782000 1

− = +

− = +

+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

+

−(

(

)

00 150 10 0 4 500 150 1 608 10

50 10 1 60

2 2 5 2

22

200⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅

= ⋅ −

−) , , ( )

,

Pa

p 88 10 49 392 102 2⋅ = ⋅, ( )Pa

Δ = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅p Q LD

Pav6 28 1022

5100,

( )( )λ ρ

70

QD

m m w m K

71

A A const1 2 .

w w2 11

2

= ⋅ ρρ

p p Z L v pD

Pa12

22 2 1

2

10 1− = ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅λ ρ ( )

w A w A const1 1 1 2 2 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ==ρ ρ .

w w const1 1 2 2⋅ ⋅ ==ρ ρ .

72

=w =w =

ρ ρ⋅ = ⋅p p1 1

w p w p⋅ = ⋅1 1

p pp

LDw1

222

1

12

1

2 2−

= ⋅ ⋅⋅

λρ

p p Z v p D12

22

12

1 1 11− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ −λ ρ

m K

w w1 1 2 2⋅ = ⋅ρ ρw1

w w wn ⋅ = ⋅1 12 1

2

ρρ

w p w pn n⋅ = ⋅1 1 wn

w w wn nnpp

⋅ = ⋅12

1

73

w p w t pn n n12

1 12⋅ ⋅ = ⋅⋅ ⋅ρ ρ

wn vnQD

=⋅ ⋅436002 π

Pm

p pD1

222

3 5 3

4 2 10

16 101325 1 293 285 10 103600 273 10

− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

⋅, ( )

πZZ d Q L Dvn⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ −λ 2 1

p p Z d Q L D Pavn12

22 6 2 1 10 21 71 10 10− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅−, ( )λ

Z

Q m h

D mm

f p pp

= −⋅

⋅ <1 2

12100 5%

p p Z d Q L D Pavn12

22 2 1 10 21710852 56 10− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅−, ( )λ

74

f

)

m

D mm

Q m h

Q D

D

12

22 L Qv D

)

12

22= K L Qv D

)

p p d L D DD

Q Pav12

22 10 3

52 21 667 10 10 1 3 6 0 03− = ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅

+ + ⋅⋅−, ( , / , ) ( )

mQ m h

Dm

p p dZ Q L Dvn12

22 6 2 51 71 10− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ −, λ

Zm

k=0,2(mm) D=DN=300(mm)

D / k λ d

R ,e , ,, ,

,= ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅

= ⋅⋅⋅

= ⋅353 710

353 7 10000 0 7310 97 0 3

7 85 1065Q

Dvn nρη

75

Kd K

mm

p p12

22 6 2 5 101 71 10 0 0185 0 56 10000 10 300 10 7 294− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅−, , , ( ) , 11010 2( )Pa

7 294 273 15285

7 371, ,⋅ +=

p p Pa

p p12

22 10 2

2 15 5

7 371 10

7 371 7 3712 210 3 924 10 2

− = ⋅

= − −⋅ = ⋅ =

, ( )

, ,, ,, ( )83 105⋅ Pa

p p d L Q D12

22 1 82 4 8246742− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ −, ,

Q Qv vn m h( ) , ( / )153273 15

27310000 288

27310549 45= ⋅ +

= ⋅ =

p p12

22 10 1 82 4 8246742 10 0 56 10 10549 45 300 6 3161 10− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅−, , , , , 110 2( )Pa

p Pa25 53 924 6 31612 10 3 01358 10= − ⋅ = ⋅, , , ( )

p p K L Q Dv12

22 1 875 5781 2− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ −, ,

p p12

22 10 1 875 5 10781 2 10 54 7 10 10549 45 300 6 1475 10− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ = ⋅−, , , , , (( )

, , , ( )

Pa

p Pa

2

22 5 53 924 6 1475 10 3 041 10= − ⋅ = ⋅

p p d L D DD

Qv12

22 3

52 101 667 10 1 3 6 0 03 10− = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅− ⋅

+ + ⋅⎡⎣⎢

⎤⎦⎥⋅ ⋅ =

=

, ( , / ) ,

11 667 0 56 10 1 3 6 11 8 0 03 11 811 8

105410 35, , ( , / , ) , ,

,⋅ − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

+ + ⋅⎡

⎣⎢

⎤

⎦⎥ ⋅ 99 45 10

7 534

5 10

2

22 5 53 924 7 534 10 2 8 10

,

, ( )

, , , ( )

⋅ =

=

= − ⋅ = ⋅

Pa

p Pa

76

D

mm

1 mm

t t C C mmN R= + +1 2 ( )

77

D

tRp D sk V T

mm= ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅2

( )

R mm

D mm

C t CrCC1 2

1

1100= + ⋅

−( ) '

'

79

Qm

Qvn v eD pZ

m h= ⋅ ⋅534602

3( / )

80

m

Qvn( ) Qvn

Vak(n) m

Vgeom

vD

L Zm m

Tn

Tm C

pm

pn

V Vak n geomm n

m m

m m

n

Z TZ T

p pp

m( ) ( )= ⋅⋅

⋅−2

1

1 2 3

Vgeom vD L=

⋅ ⋅π4

81

PP

P

P P

P

86

U

t

t

P

Dh

Δ = − − ⋅ −+ ⋅

−p U U p t tT

p t tT

mbarL L

L

F F

F1 2

1 2

1

1 2

1

( ) ( ) ( )

P Pi= + ⋅( )1 1000

Δ = ⋅PdoziDh mbar400 ( )

Δ ≤ ΔP Pdoz

ΔPdoz

87

m

Δ = + ⋅ ⋅ −VA i rirsA V P P( , ) ( )0 891000 1 2

88

VAB AV/

ΔVA

ri

s

A

B

Vri irP1

P2

A

B

VAB AV/

Δ = ⋅ + ⋅ΔΔ

⋅ − − ⋅ −⎡

⎣⎢

⎤

⎦⎥ ⋅V r

sA V

VP P B t t V

Ai Ab

A

ri( , ) ( ) ( )0 8910001 2 1 2

95

m

mm h

96

m

m

99

m h

100

Q K QQ K Qgas vozduh

gas prir gas

= ⋅= ⋅ .

103

h

m h

Cpm K

Δtu

Q Q C t kJ ht vn p u= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅Δ1 18, ( / )

Qt =

Qvn

115

h

m h

h

h

m

t

tv

Izrpr vt t

W m=−

0 07162

,( / )

124

RPM

127

n

148

Mo

49_gasna tehnika za iv_mak_print.pdf

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