3.k10 05 compiled ws

KERT

AS KE

RJA

TERHAD

TERHAD

DIPLOMA TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF

K10 DIPLOMA TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF

Cetakan Pertama :

Institusi Latihan Jabatan Tenaga Manusia

http ://www.jtm.gov.my/kurikulum

Hak Cipta Terpelihara. Dokumen ini diklasifikasikan sebagai TERHAD. Tidak dibenarkan

mengeluar mana-mana bahagian dalam kandungan Bahan Pembelajaran Bertulis (WIM)

dalam apa jua bentuk tanpa keizinan daripada Jabatan Tenaga Manusia (JTM).

Bahan Pembelajaran SEMESTER LIMA ini dibangunkan bagi kursus sepenuh masa di

Institusi Latihan Jabatan Tenaga Manusia (ILJTM) oleh Ahli Jawatankuasa

Pembangunan WIM dan disemak serta diluluskan oleh Jawatankuasa Pemandu

Kurikulum untuk tujuan gunapakai bagi semua ILJTM yang terlibat.

Kod Pengesahan WIM :

Kod Pengesahan Silibus : SFB/K10/12009/P1

Tarikh Pengesahan WIM : ... 2009


PENGESAHAN JAWATANKUASA PEMANDU KURIKULUM

KLUSTER PERKHIDMATAN

Dengan ini adalah dimaklumkan bahawa Bahan Pengajaran Bertulis (WIM) kluster

Perkhidmatan bagi kursus peringkat Diploma Teknologi Automotif - Semester Lima telah disemak dan DISAHKAN dalam Mesyuarat Jawatankuasa Pemandu Kurikulum bil.

........................ yang diadakan pada .................................... Sehubungan itu, WIM ini

hendaklah digunapakai bermula ..................................... di seluruh Institut Latihan

Jabatan Tenaga Manusia (ILJTM).

....................................................

Pengerusi Kluster

....................................................

Pengerusi Mesyuarat

Jawatankuasa Pemandu Kurikulum


KANDUNGAN

SENARAI AHLI JAWATANKUASA PEMBANGUNAN WIM .................................. i SENARAI SINGKATAN ......................................................................................... ii KERTAS KERJA MODUL 1 ................................................................................... 1

K10-05-01 TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF .......................................................................... 1 GROUP CLUSTERING MODULE 1.............................................................................. 2

LE1 SERVICE ELECTRONIC DIESEL FUEL INJECTION PUMP .................... 3 LE2 PERFORM ADVANCE ENGINE PERFORMANCE TEST ....................... 24 LE3 PERFORM ADVANCE TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY SERVICE ...... 49

KERTAS KERJA MODUL 2 ................................................................................. 82

K10-05-02 AUTOTRONIC ........................................................................................... 82 GROUP CLUSTERING MODULE 2............................................................................ 83

LE1 CONSTRUCT ELECTRONIC PROJECT ................................................ 84

KERTAS KERJA MODUL 3 ............................................................................... 168

K10-05-03 WORKSHOP MANAGEMENT ................................................................. 168 GROUP CLUSTERING MODULE 3.......................................................................... 169

LE1 IMPLEMENT MOTOR TRADE REGULATION ...................................... 170 LE2 MANAGE FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT ............................................ 173


K10-05-04 TRAINING DEVELOPMENT ................................................................... 176 GROUP CLUSTERING MODULE 4.......................................................................... 177

LE1 ORGANIZE STAFF TRAINING ............................................................. 178


K10-05-05 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT .................................................... 182 GROUP CLUSTERING MODULE 5.......................................................................... 183

LE1 ADMINISTER ORGANISATIONAL POLICIES AND PROCEDURES .... 184 LE2 DEVELOP TEAM WORK ...................................................................... 184 LE3 EVALUATE STAFF PERFORMANCE .................................................. 184


K10-05-06 QUALITY MANAGEMENT ....................................................................... 187 GROUP CLUSTERING MODULE 6.......................................................................... 188

LE1 SET UP QUALITY STANDARDS PRODUCT ....................................... 189


K10-05-07 TECHNICAL DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................... 193 GROUP CLUSTERING MODULE 7.......................................................................... 194

LE1 GATHER TECHNICAL AND NON-TECHNICAL INFORMATION.......... 195 LE2 PREPARE BUDGETING ...................................................................... 198


i

SENARAI AHLI JAWATANKUASA PEMBANGUNAN WIM

KURSUS DIPLOMA TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF

Ahli Jawatankuasa :

1. Azkar Albar bin Abu Bakar(Pengerusi Kluster Perkhidmatan)

ILP Kuala Lumpur

2. Mohd Raris bin Mohamed Yusof(Penolong Pengerusi Kluster Pengeluaran)

JMTI P.Pinang

3. Mohd Faizal bin Ahmad (Ketua Penyelaras)

ADTEC Melaka

4. Abd Shukor bin Abd Talib ILP Mersing

5 Omar bin ABdullah ILP K.Lumpur

6. Nursyahirunniza bin Nur Dzainuddin ILP K.Lumpur

7. Mohd Hisham bin Hashim ADTEC Melaka

7. Heshammudin Bin Abd Jalil ADTEC Melaka

8. Azhar bin Haron ILP Mersing

9 Arman bin Abdullah ADTEC Melaka

10 Mohd Hafiz bin Azam ADTEC Melaka Urusetia :

1. Pn. Hafazah binti Jaffar BKT, Ibu Pejabat

2. Pn. Norpisah binti Jumin BKT, Ibu Pejabat

3. En. Norhasni bin Dakie BKT, Ibu Pejabat

4. Cik Norida binti Othman BKT, Ibu Pejabat

5. Pn. Noor Hazlina binti Khalid BKT, Ibu Pejabat Tarikh dibangunkan : 20 – 23 May 2010 Tempat : ADTEC Taiping


ii

SENARAI SINGKATAN

IS INFORMATION SHEET

WS WORK SHEET

AS ASSIGNMENT SHEET

KOD KURSUS

SEMESTER

NO. MODUL

NO. LE

JENIS WIM

K10-05-01-LE1-WS


KERTAS KERJA MODUL 1

K10-05-01 TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF


MUKASURAT 2

GROUP CLUSTERING MODULE 1

K10-05-01-LE1 SERVICE ELECTRONIC DIESEL FUEL INJECTION PUMP

03.06a Electronic Diesel Fuel Injection Pump

K10-05-01-LE2 PERFORM ADVANCE ENGINE PERFORMANCE TEST

05.07a Advance Engine

K10-05-01-LE3 PERFORM ADVANCE TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY SERVICE

09.07a Advance Transmission

K10-05-01-LE4 PERFORM ADVANCE SUSPENSION SERVICES

12.07a Advance Suspension


K10-05-01-LE1-WS PINDAAN : 0 MUKASURAT 3

INSTITUSI LATIHAN JABATAN TENAGA MANUSIA

KEMENTERIAN SUMBER MANUSIA MALAYSIA

KERTAS KERJA KOD DAN NAMA KURSUS K02 DIPLOMA TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF

KOD DAN NAMA MODUL K10-05-01 ADVANCE AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY

PENGALAMAN PEMBELAJARAN LE1 SERVICE ELECTRONIC DIESEL FUEL INJECTION PUMP

NO. TUGASAN BERKAITAN

03.06a ELECTRONIC DIESEL INJECTION PUMP

OBJEKTIF PRESTASI AKHIRAN (TPO)

PERFORM SERVICES ON ELECTRONIC DIESEL FUEL INJECTION PUMP, ADVANCE ENGINE PERFORMANCE, ADVANCE TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCE SUSPENSION USING MANUFACTURER SERVICE MANUAL SO THAT:

1. ELECTRONIC DIESEL FUEL INJECTION PUMP FUNCTIONED IN ACCORDANCE WITH MANUFACTURER SPECIFICATION

2. ENGINE PERFORMANCE FUNCTIONED IN ACCORDANCE WITH MANUFACTURER SPECIFICATION

3. TRANSMISSION PERFORMANCE FUNCTIONED IN ACCORDANCE WITH MANUFACTURER SPECIFICATION

4. ADVANCE SUSPENSION PERFORMANCE FUNCTIONED IN ACCORDANCE WITH MANUFACTURER SPECIFICATION

OBJEKTIF MEMBOLEH (EO)

DI AKHIR PEMBELAJARAN PELAJAR MESTI BOLEH :- PERFORM SERVICE ON ELECTRONIC DIESEL INJECTION PUMP USING MANUFACTURER SERVICE MANUAL SO THAT THE ELECTRONIC DIESEL FUEL INJECTION PUMP FUNCTIONED IN ACCORDANCE WITH MANUFACTURER SPECIFICATION



1. TAJUK SERVICE POINT, PROCESS INITIALIZATION DAN CALIBRATION ELECTRONIC

DIESEL

2. LUKISAN, DATA DAN JADUAL Confidential

2/193. Peripheral Connections

ECUECU

ECU

ECU

CAN （500kbps）ISO 9141 (10.4kbps)J1850 (9.6kbps)

USB（12Mbps）RS232C(9600bps)

ECU Reprogramming DataScan Tool Update SoftwareService InformationPath Through (J2534)

Diagnostic Data

Data Storage Cards

(Option)

Wireless LAN

IEEE 802.11b

CF Card Slot

3. ARAHAN DAN LANGKAH KESELAMATAN

3.1. Penggunaan Mesin dan kelengkapan.

3.1.1. Pastikan peralatan/ kelengkapan yang hendak digunakan berada dalam keadaan selamat sebelum digunakan.

3.1.2. Ikut arahan keselamatan manual peralatan/kelengkapan

3.1.3. Rujuk kepada pengajar jka terdapat sebarang masalah pada peralatan/kelengkapan yang digunakan.

3.2. Penggunaan PPE ( Personel Protective Equipment )

3.2.1. Safety Boot

4. PERALATAN DAN BAHAN (Heading 4)

4.1. Hand tools

4.2. Service manual

4.3. Engine Hilux common rail

4.4. Tray



4.5. Scan tools for Toyota engine.

4.6. Kain pengelap

5. LANGKAH DAN BUTIRAN KERJA

5.1. Jika pam ditukar

5.1.1. Jika penukaran pam dilakukan pada sesebuah enjin yang menggunakan common rail perkara berikut perlu dilakukan.

5.1.2. Jika tidak dilakukan enjin tidak boleh hidup

5.2. Lakukan perkara-perkara berikut

Service Point (Sistem Common-rail )

Proses Initialization & Calibration untuk Supply Pump – Prosedur

Initialization

Calibration

Idling selama 1 min.

DLC3IG ON

CG TC

Warm-up

Short

selama 3 min.

IG OFFReset

Learning

IG OFF

THW > 60 °C THF > 20 °C

Selepaspenukaran

pam

Hidupkan enjin

Matikan Enjin

IG Turn

Hidupkan enjin

Service Point (Sistem Common-rail)

Supply Pump – Initialization & calibration untuk supply pump

discharge volume

Initialization diperlukan jika enjin tidak boleh dihidupkan setelah penukaran pam

Penukaran

Initialization dan

Calibration

Data characteristic supply pump Baru

EEPROM

supply pump discharge characteristic data



5.3. Komponen-komponen yang perlu diganti jika berlaku kebocoran di dalam sistem

5.4. Non-reusable parts


Alat Gantian Baru– Non-reusable parts (merah)

Injector

Leakage Pipe

Head Cover

Supply Pump

O-ring

Nozzle Holder Seal

Gasket

Nozzle Seat

Back-up Ring

O-ring



5.5. High pressure pipe


Gantian Pipe Baru– Gantikan pipe baru apabila bahagian berikut diganti

Fuel Inlet Pipe

Injection Pipes

Gantikan Pipe Baru

•Supply Pump•Common-rail•Cylinder Block•Cylinder Head•Cylinder Gasket•Gear Case

•Injector•Common-rail•Cylinder Head

Gantian Parts

Fuel Inlet Pipe

Injection Pipes

6. Cara-cara uji kebocoran di dalam sistem


Memeriksa Fuel Leakage (Sistem Bahanapi)

Sistem bahanapi adalah normal

1, Matikan Enjin

Tiada Leakage

2, Crank enjin

3, Tanggalkan return hose dari common-rail &Crank semula enjin

4, Gunakan scan tool Toyota (Intelligent Tester II) & , lakukan Fuel Leak Test (Active Test)

Tiada Leakage (dari return pipe)

Tiada Leakage

Tiada Leakage



7. Lakukan compensation code

7.1. Berikut adalah contoh compensation code yang dibuat pada injector


Injector Compensation Code– Apabila menukar Injector / enjin ECU, injector

compensation value perlu diprogramkan semula

Nombor Daftar

Kemasukan Semula Data

Tukar Injector

TukarEnjin ECU

Semua Nombor Daftar Injector

Nombor Daftar Injector Baru

Enjin ECU

7.2.

Memprogram semula Injector Compensation Code– Proses operasi mendaftar

Bila menukar injector

Tukar injector

Masukkan compensation code baru (secara manual)

Clear DTC P1601

InputSet

Bila menukar enjin ECU

Tukar enjin ECU

Save data compensation code

Clear DTC P1601

Masukkan data compensation code

Pendaftaran Selesai

kod data

Saved data

Pendaftaran Selesai




7.3. Sebelum set hendaklah baca compensation codes terlebih dahulu

Injector Compensation Code– Save data compensation codes sebelum menukar

enjin ECU

Save data Compensation

Codes


Pilih

Powertrain↓

Engine and ECT↓

Utility↓

Injector Compensation

“Next”

Injector Compensation Code– Save compensation codes sebelum menukar enjin

ECU




“Next”


ECU


Pilih “Read Compensation

Code”


ECU




“Next”


ECU


Pilih No. cylinder


ECU




“Next”


ECU



ECU




“Save”


ECU


“Save”


ECU

Pastikan kemasukan data kod

compensation adalah betul





ECU


Tamatkan operasi ini

Baca & save kod injector

compensation yang lain

Tamatkan daftar saving injector

compensation code bagi selinder No.1


ECU





ECU


8. Set injector compensation code

Injector Compensation Code– Mendaftar injector compensation codes selepas

penukaran

Set Compensation

Codes




Pilih

Powertrain↓

Engine and ECT↓

Utility↓

Injector Compensation

“Next”


penukaran


“Next”


penukaran




Pilih “Set Compensation

Code”


penukaran


“Next”


penukaran




Pilih No. selinder


penukaran


“Next”


penukaran




“Input”(Kemasukan data)

“Open”(Input saved data)


penukaran


1

30

Nombor Daftar

“Input”(Masukkan data)


penukaran




1

3001BBC0DFED00E70D000000000000A2“OK”


penukaran

Nombor Daftar


“Open”


penukaran





penukaran


Pastikan kemasukan data kod

compensation adalah betul

“Next”


penukaran





penukaran


Tamatkan operasi

Ulangi proses ini untuk selinder

injector yang lain

Tugas mendaftar injector

compensation code untuk selinder No.1

selesai


penukaran


RUJUKAN : 1 John r. Wright dan Larry D. Helsel (1999).”Introduction to Material and Processes”,

Penerbit, ISBN No.

2 Alamat web, Tajuk, Tarikh, Masa



SENARAI SEMAK

NAMA PELAJAR

NDP PELAJAR

TAHAP PENCAPAIAN TERIMA TIDAK TERIMA CATATAN

PENGHASILAN PRODUK • Laporan

PROSES KERJA • Lakaran • Senarai keterangan fungsi-fungsi setiap

bahagian pada produk. • Senarai keterangan mengenai ciri estetik • Senarai keterangan mengenai ciri ergonomic • Prosedur menggunakan produk • Prosedur pembuangan produk • Data-data kimia yang terkandung dalam

produk, kesannya kepada manusia dan sekitaran. (jika ada)

• Data-data fizik; bilangan dan jumlah beban yang boleh dikenakan pada produk.

• Keterangan mengenai bahan produk • Lukisan isometric • Lukisan ortografik sudut ketiga, beserta

dimensi • Menyediakan poster dan laporan untuk

tujuan persembahan

SIKAP • Persediaan diri • Pengurusan peralatan • Kekemasan kawasan kerja • Etika • Profesionalisma

KESELAMATAN • Membuat kerja dengan perancangan teliti dan

teratur • Menghantar tugasan pada masa yang

ditetapkan

TANDATANGAN PENSYARAH

NAMA PENSYARAH

TARIKH







PENGALAMAN PEMBELAJARAN

LE2 PERFORM ADVANCE ENGINE PERFORMANCE TEST


05.07A ADVANCE ENGINE


PERFORM SERVICE ON ELECTRONIC DIESEL FUEL INJECTION PUMP, ADVANCE ENGINE PERFORMANCE, ADVANCE TRANSMISSION, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCE SUSPENSION BY USING MANUFACTURER SERVICE MANUAL SO THAT:

1. ELECTRONIC DIESEL FUEL INJECTION PUMP FUNCTION ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATION

2. ENGINE PERFORMANCE FUNCTION ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATION

3. ADVANCE TRANSMISSION PERFORMANCE FUNCTION ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATION

4. ADVANCE SUSPENSION PERFORMANCE FUNCTION ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATION


DIAKHIR PEMBELAJARAN PELAJAR MESTI BOLEH :- PERFORM ADVANCE ENGINE PERFORMANCE TEST BY USING MANUFACTURER SERVICE MANUAL SO THAT THE ENGINE PERFORMANCE FUNCTION ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATION



9. TAJUK: EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM (2AZ–FE & 1MZ–FE)

10. LUKISAN, DATA DAN JADUAL







11.2.1. Safety Boot

12. PERALATAN DAN BAHAN

12.1. Five smoke test gas analyzer

12.2. Scan tool

12.3. Alat kerja tangan yang berkaitan

12.4. Kain burok

12.5. Service manual

12.6. Enjin yang berkaitan



13. LANGKAH DAN BUTIRAN KERJA EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM (1MZ–FE)



SENARAI SEMAK

NAMA PELAJAR

NDP PELAJAR



PROSES KERJA • Lakaran produk • Senarai keterangan fungsi-fungsi setiap bahagian

pada produk. • Senarai keterangan mengenai ciri estetik • Senarai keterangan mengenai ciri ergonomic • Prosedur menggunakan produk • Prosedur pembuangan produk • Data-data kimia yang terkandung dalam produk,

kesannya kepada manusia dan sekitaran. (jika ada)


• Keterangan mengenai bahan produk • Lukisan isometric • Lukisan ortografik sudut ketiga, beserta dimensi • Menyediakan poster dan laporan untuk tujuan

persembahan



teratur • Menghantar tugasan pada masa yang ditetapkan


NAMA PENSYARAH

TARIKH








LE3 PERFORM ADVANCE TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY SERVICE


09.07a ADVANCE TRANSMISSION


PERFORM SERVICE ON ELECTRONIC DIESEL FUEL INJECTION PUMP, ADVANCE ENGINE PERFORMANCE, ADVANCE TRANSMISSION, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCE SUSPENSION BY USING MANUFACTURER SERVICE MANUAL SO THAT:

1. ELECTRONIC DIESEL FUEL INJECTION PUMP FUNCTION ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATION

2. ENGINE PERFORMANCE FUNCTION ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATION

3. ADVANCE TRANSMISSION PERFORMANCE FUNCTION ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATION

4. ADVANCE SUSPENSION PERFORMANCE FUNCTION ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATION


DIAKHIR PEMBELAJARAN PELAJAR MESTI BOLEH :- PERFORM ADVANCE TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY SERVICE BY USING MANUFACTURER SERVICE MANUAL SO THAT THE TRANSMISSION PERFORMANCE FUNCTION ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATION



1. TAJUK: CONTINUOUS VARIABLE TRANSMISSION (CVT)

2. LUKISAN, DATA DAN JADUAL

1. Converter housing 9. Sun gear 17. Idler gear 2. Driven sprocket 10. Steel belt 18. Reduction gear 3. Chain 11. Side cover 19. Taper roller bearing 4. Reverse brake 12. Internal gear 20. Output gear 5. Oil pump 13. Parking gear 21. Drive sprocket 6. Forward clutch 14. Secondary pulley 22. Input shaft 7. Planet carrier 15. Final gear 23. Torque converter 8. Primary pulley 16. Differential case









3.2.1. Safety Boot

4. PERALATAN DAN BAHAN

4.1.1. Kenderaan lengkap dengan transmission CVT

4.1.2. Hands tools

4.1.3. Special tools

4.1.4. Service manual

4.1.5. Repair manual

4.1.6. Multimeter

4.1.7. Scan tools

4.1.8. CVT fluid

4.1.9. Petrol

4.1.10. Tray

4.1.11. Cotton rag

4.1.12. Floor jack

4.1.13. Vehicle stand

4.1.14. Wheel stopper



5. LANGKAH DAN BUTIRAN KERJA



RUJUKAN : 1. Jack Erjavec (2005). ” Automotive technology” , Thomson Delmar Learning ,

ISBN No 1-4018-4831-1

2. Service Manual NISSAN SENTRA , C. Transmission/Transaxle, Section CVT



SENARAI SEMAK

NAMA PELAJAR

NDP PELAJAR


PROSES KERJA • Perancangan • Pemilihan dan penggunaan peralatan • Turutan kerja

PROSES KERJA • Kepuasan • Keberkesanan berkomunikasi • Masa (kecekapan) • Keputusan/rekod/laporan • Penyelesaian masalah




ditetapkan


NAMA PENSYARAH

TARIKH


MUKASURAT 82


K10-05-02 AUTOTRONIC


MUKASURAT 83


K10-05-02-LE1 CONSTRUCT ELECTRONIC PROJECT

04.12a Electronic Application 04.12b Sensor technology 04.12c Actuator technology 04.12d Open and Closed Loop Control System 04.12e Construct Electronic Project






KOD DAN NAMA MODUL K10-05-02 AUTOTRONIC

PENGALAMAN PEMBELAJARAN LE1 CONSTRUCT ELECTRONIC PROJECT


04.12a ELECTRONIC APPLICATION 04.12b SENSOR TECHNOLOGY 04.12c ACTUATOR TECHNOLOGY 04.12d OPEN AND CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM 04.12e CONSTRUCT ELECTRONIC PROJECT


CARRY OUT CHECK ON SENSOR AND ACTUATORS USING GIVEN SERVICE MANUAL AND APPROPRIATE TOOLS SO THAT THE VEHICLE AUTOTRONIC FUNCTIONED IN ACCORDANCE WITH MANUFACTURER’S SPECIFICATIONS.


DI AKHIR PEMBELAJARAN PELAJAR MESTI BOLEH :- CONSTRUCT ELECTRONIC PROJECT USING GIVEN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DIGRAM AND APPROPRIATE TOOLS SO THAT THE ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT CONSTRUCTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH MANUFACTURER’S SPECIFICATIONS.



Electrical and Electronic Simulation Software

Buka folder Crocodile Technology

Klik pada ikon Croctech.exe untuk memulakan software



Pengenalan

Crocodile Technology Features and Terminology

Home Screen Crocodile Technology now has a Home screen, which provides an easy way to browse activities, add blocks and change toolbars. Read on for more details.

• To open the Home screen, select File Home, press Ctrl+H, or click on the Home button on any of the toolbars:

• To alter the size of the home screen, drag on its right hand edge.

• To close the Home screen, click on the small X in the top right hand corner. Use the icons at the top of the home screen to choose the toolbar to use for building circuits. Choose from:



2. Analogue electronic components

This toolbar can be accessed by:

• Choosing Analogue Components Toolbar from the View menu

• Pressing F5

• Clicking on this symbol in the home screen: 3. Electronics picture components


• Choosing Electronic Pictures Toolbar from the View menu

• Pressing F7

• Clicking on this symbol in the home screen: 4. Digital electronic components


• Choosing Digital Components Toolbar from the View menu

• Pressing F6

• Clicking on this symbol in the home screen:



Mechanical and Electro-mechanical components The mechanical and electro mechanical components toolbar is shown below


• Choosing Mechanisms Toolbar from the View menu

• Pressing F8

• Clicking on this symbol in the home screen

Clicking on this symbol in the home screen:

Flowchart elements The flowchart components toolbar is shown below


• Choosing Flowchart Toolbar from the View menu

• Pressing F9

• Clicking on this symbol in the home screen

Clicking on this symbol in the home screen:



All the available Crocodile Technology files and folders are listed in the space below these icons.

• Browse through the books to decide which activities you wish to use.

• Click on the small ‘+’ signs next to an individual book to view its contents.

• The icon for a page within each books is :

• To change the folder which is displayed by default in this window, select File, Books Home Folder… from the menu and pick the new folder.

Adding Blocks Blocks are small circuit elements, which contain a few linked-together components and are based on standard circuit building blocks. Many pre-defined blocks are included with the software. They allow circuits to be built up very quickly in a modular style. Click on the “Add Blocks” tab towards the bottom of the Home screen to view the blocks.

The icon for a block is : To add a block to a simulation, drag the icon to the right and onto the workspace. Any simulations you save to this folder will also be treated as blocks. This enables you to build up your own library of useful circuit components. There are also basic subroutines blocks which can be used to speed up writing complex flowchart programs. Read Adding and Creating Blocks for more information about this new feature.



Opening an Example Simulation

To learn how Crocodile Technology works, you will need to look at an example design. These are found in the directory called ‘Start Here’ in your Crocodile Technology home folder. To look at this, click on the Home button on the toolbar or select Home from the File menu. Now double-click on the folder named ‘Quickstart’ and then select ‘Start Here’ from the files that will then appear. Crocodile Technology designs are always saved with the file extension '.ckt'. You can now choose to work through the Quickstart, which gives a general introduction to Crocodile Technology or you can go straight to the activities relating to Electronics, Flow Charts or System Design.



Using Controls in Crocodile Technology The example that you opened above has components which you can control while the simulation is running. These are highlighted in the next diagram. There are other components which are operated in the same way. Toggle Switches To operate the toggle switch, move the mouse pointer over the switch button and click the mouse button. The switch contacts close causing the lamps to turn on, and the button changes. Clicking again will open the contacts again.

Push-Button Switches To use push-button devices, like the push-button switch, move the mouse pointer over the 'push' button and press the mouse button. The switch will close. The component will operate for as long as the mouse key is held down. To release the push-button switch, release the mouse key. 5. Sliders Sliders are used to change variable voltage supplies, variable resistors and the settings of other input components. To control sliders, move the mouse pointer over the slider's square button and hold the mouse button down. Move the mouse up and down and the slider button will move with the mouse pointer. Some examples of sliders controlling input devices are shown below.



Create Your Own Simulation

This section takes you through the steps needed to create your own simulations:

• Adding Components

• Moving Components

• Deleting

• Adding from Component Toolbars

• Adding from Control Bars

• Adding from the Add Menu

• Linking Components Together

• Changing Component Values



Adding Components

A simulation is drawn by selecting components from the component library and then linking them together.



You can add components from:

• The Main Toolbars

• The Component Toolbars

• The Control Bars

• The Add and Measure Menu To add a component from any toolbar simply drags the component you want to add into the simulation window. This is the quickest way to add a component but limits you to the components visible in the selected toolbar. To find out how to switch between toolbars, look at Toolbars. 6. To add a component by dragging

i. Move the mouse pointer over the component you want to add. ii. Press the mouse key and move the pointer downwards while keeping the mouse key

pressed. The component will follow the pointer. iii. Release the mouse key at the place you want to leave the component.

There are some places where you are not allowed to place a component. You cannot place a component over the space occupied by another component, and you cannot place a component over links. The mouse pointer will change its appearance from a cross to a no-go sign if the place is not suitable:

Dragging pointer: No-Go pointer: To place components, release the mouse key if the Dragging pointer is shown. To 'put back' (delete) what you're dragging, release the mouse key with the pointer above the toolbar.



Moving Components

7. To move a single component

i. Move the mouse pointer over the centre of the component symbol. Some components contain a user control as well as a symbol. For example, switches have button controls and variable resistors have slider controls. So be sure to point at the symbol and not at the control.

ii. Press the mouse key and keep it pressed. A dotted line appears around the component

symbol and the pointer changes to the dragging pointer.

iii. Move the pointer and the component will move with it. The single dotted box is replaced with many dotted boxes showing you where the entire bar voltmeters and component values are. Also, if wires are attached to the chosen component, they are automatically deleted.

iv. Release the mouse key at the place where you want to leave the component.

Just as when adding a component, there are some places where you are not allowed to leave the component. The mouse pointer will change its appearance from the cross to the no-go sign if the place is not suitable.

8. To move more than one component

See Advanced Editing to learn how to select and move a group of components.

To change which area of the simulation you are viewing use the vertical and horizontal scroll bars.



Deleting

There are two methods of deleting. You can select one or more components or an entire simulation and then delete. You can also move the crocodile pointer over individual components and links you wish to delete and click on the mouse button.

Selecting and Deleting 9. To select a component Move the mouse pointer over the centre of the component symbol and click the left mouse key. A dotted box appears around the component symbol to show that it is selected. 10. To select all of the components From the Edit menu choose the Select All command. A dotted box is drawn around every component to show that they have all been selected. 11. To select groups of components See Advanced Editing.



12. To de-select components Click in a blank area of the circuit window. The dotted boxes disappear. Delete components you have selected Either

• Choose the Delete command from the Edit menu. or

• Click on the crocodile head in the toolbar. or

• Press the delete key. 13. Crocodile Deleting Deleting components by feeding the crocodile Click on the crocodile button in the toolbar. The mouse pointer changes to a crocodile head with the jaws closed. If you move the mouse pointer over a wire or component the jaws will open to show that the crocodile is ready to eat (delete). Then to delete the component or wire, just click on the left mouse key.

Closed jaws pointer: Open jaws pointer: To return the crocodile to its button Move the crocodile up to the toolbar and it will disappear.

Adding from Component Toolbars There are many more components to choose from than those displayed in the main toolbar. To view a component toolbar, click on one of the buttons in the main toolbar. The component toolbar will appear, showing you a button for each component. Analogue Electronic Components, Digital Electronic Components, Mechanical Components and Flowchart Elements give a complete list. Components which perform similar functions, or which are often used together, are grouped in a toolbar. For example, there is a toolbar for switches and one for power supplies. 14. To display a component toolbar Move the mouse pointer over one of the components in the main toolbar. For example, to see the Meters toolbar move the pointer over the voltmeter. Then click the mouse key and the component toolbar appears, showing all of the components in the chosen set:



15. To add from a component toolbar Add the component you want by dragging it from the toolbar, just as you would from the main toolbar. See Adding Components. 16. To go back to the main toolbar

Click on the (back) button in the toolbar.

Adding from Control Bars To add a component that is not in the default orientation, use the component's control bar. To view a control bar, click (do not drag) on one of the buttons in a component toolbar. The control bar for that component will appear, with buttons showing every possible orientation for that component. 17. To add from a control bar

Add the orientation you want by dragging from the toolbar, just as you would from the other toolbars. See 'Adding Components'. To return to the previous toolbar

Click on the (back) button. Adding a component when there is already the same one in your simulation To add another component when you already have the same one in your simulation, select the component, then drag the orientation you want from its control bar. If you simply click, the component you selected will be rotated. Read Advanced Editing for more on changing orientation.

Adding from the Add Menu If you know the name of a component but do not know its symbol then you can add the component by choosing it from the Add menu. To add from the Add Menu 1. Move the mouse pointer over Add at the top of the screen. 2. Click on Add to show the menu of component sets. 3. Move the mouse pointer down to the component set of your choice. A menu of all of the components in that set will appear.



4. Click on the name of the component you want to add. The menu will disappear and the component will follow the mouse pointer. 5. Move the pointer to where you want to place the component. The pointer will change to the 'no-go' shape if you cannot place the component at a particular spot (see Adding Components). 6. Click on the left mouse key to place the component

Linking Components Together

If the terminals (leads) of two components touch each other then the terminals are connected. To connect terminals which do not touch you must add links. Electrical wires can connect:

• The end of a terminal and the end of another terminal

• The end of a terminal and a point on another wire • A point on a wire and a point on another wire

Electrical wires are made up from horizontal or vertical wire segments. Because connections between mechanical terminals are not wires the general word we use for connections between components is 'links'.

Linker (Reel-of-Wire): Connection: No-Go: Mouse pointers used during linking 18. To add an electrical wire 1. Move the mouse pointer to the end of a terminal or a point on a wire.



2. Click the mouse key. The mouse pointer changes to the Linker and all of the terminals are re-drawn as dotted lines. You can only wire from the end of a terminal or from any point on a wire. 3. Move the mouse away from the starting point and a wire is drawn from the point to the Linker. Since electrical wire segments can only be horizontal or vertical, draw in one direction first and then in the other direction. 4. To add more horizontal and vertical wire segments click the mouse. This puts a bend in your wire at that point. 5. Move the Linker pointer to a wire or terminal where you wish to make a connection. If you are allowed to make a connection, the Linker pointer changes to the Connection pointer. 6. To complete the wire, click on the mouse key. 19. Electrical wire junctions You are not allowed to connect more than three wires at the same point. If a wire crosses another wire then a loop is drawn to show that the wires are crossing and not connecting. 20. 21. To delete the link which you are drawing

• Click on the mouse key twice at the same point.

• To retrace the current link

• Move the mouse pointer back along the wire to undo the linking.

• If a No-Go pointer appears while linking This means that at some point along the wire you are not allowed to place a wire. For example, this happens if the wire crosses the value of a component. If you click the mouse key while the No-Go pointer is shown the wire will be deleted. 22. To delete a link To delete a link, use the crocodile in the same way as deleting a component. See Deleting. 23. Mechanical connections Linking mechanical components is very similar to wiring electrical components, but there are important differences. Turn to Mechanics to learn about mechanical linking. 24. Flowchart connections Flowchart elements are linked together in much the same way as the electrical components. Look at Constructing a Program Flowchart to find out about the rules that apply to flowchart linking.



Changing Component Values Some components have a value that appears next to the component symbol. For example, batteries have a voltage shown to the left. To change a component value moves the pointer over the component symbol or the component value and click the mouse key to select it. The component's control bar appears. For instance, if you select a resistor:

There are two parts to a component value: a 4 digit number normally between 0.1 and 9999, followed by a multiplier. In the example the number is '10', and the multiplier is 'k' - it is a 10k resistor. There are two ways to change the value or multiplier:

Click on the up / down control to the right of the white box. The control will increase or decrease the value or multiplier until it has reached its maximum or minimum level. To change the value a little at a time, click and then release. To change the value over a larger range, click then hold down the mouse key.

Click on the white box itself and type in a new number or multiplier letter (see the 'Multiplier Table' below for more details). The text you type will normally update the component instantly, but if the text turns red, then the text is invalid and the component is set to the nearest possible value. For components that have controls, the value in the control bar is always equal to the value set by the control at its current position. For example if a variable resistor slider is set to exactly one quarter of the maximum range, and you set the value in the control bar to 25k, then the resistor range is from 0 to 100k. The multiplier scales the value by the factor shown below: Multiplier Name Factor M mega x 1 000 000 k kilo x 1 000 x 1 unity x 1 m milli x 0.001 µ micro x 0.000 001 n nano x 0.000 000 001 p pico x 0.000 000 000 001



Advanced Editing Undo and Redo Linking a Number of Terminals at Once Selecting More Than One Component Dragging More Than One Component Deletion of Links When Dragging Components Copying, Cutting and Pasting Adding Text Adding Your Own Pictures Component Orientation Group Box

Undo and Redo After making a change to a Crocodile Technology simulation, you can reverse the change by choosing Undo from the Edit menu. If you decide to make the change after all, you can bring it back by choosing Redo.

Linking a Number of Terminals at Once To connect several electrical terminals which are in a line, run the linker across them and click on the final terminal. They will all be linked.

Wiring five terminals at once. Click on the top terminal of the sine wave generator, and drag the pointer across to the voltmeter. Click on the voltmeter terminal to connect all the terminals that have 'shaded circles’ on them.



Selecting More Than One Component There are three ways of selecting more than one component at a time: 1. Choose Select All from the Edit menu. This selects everything in the simulation. 2. Click on individual components while holding down the shift key. Note that you cannot select links (wires) using this method. To deselect a selected component, click again on the component while holding down the shift key. 3. Lasso groups of components. To do this, first click down in space where you want the lasso to start. Next, drag the lasso loop to fully enclose all the links and components that you wish to select, and release the mouse button. You can hold down shift while lassoing to select more than one group.

Lassoing components, before the mouse button is released. Everything fully enclosed by the lasso will be selected.

Dragging More Than One Component When a number of components are selected, they can be moved in much the same way as a single component is moved. To do this, click down and drag one of the selected components as you would for moving a single component. All the selected components will move with this component. To drop them, release the mouse key at any point where the dragging pointer is shown. When you release the mouse key, links which cross other links will not connect. Links which touch terminals, however, will be connected to them.



Example of Dragging Components

1. Using the lasso to select a number of components that are already connected. Note that only one battery and one bulb are fully enclosed and therefore selected.

2. The selected components have been dragged, but cannot be dropped as one of the links is over a motor terminal. In this example the dragged components have a dotted box around them so that you can more easily see them.

3. The dragged components have just been dropped. Note that the motor terminals have automatically connected and it is turning, and that the links that now overlap have automatically 'crossed over' without connecting.



Deletion of Links When Dragging Components An important feature of dragging components is how the links to them are disconnected when they are moved. Components and links will only be selected if fully enclosed by the lasso. Any links that were completely within the lasso (or all links if Select All was used for selection) will remain intact when dragged:

There is a loop of wire outside of the lasso. If these components were dragged, this link would be deleted.

Everything is inside the lasso. Dragging this selection would drag everything, without deleting any links.

Copying, Cutting and Pasting Use these commands to quickly duplicate components, copy components from one simulation to another, and make reports by pasting into word processing packages. 25. Copying To copy any selected part of a simulation onto the clipboard use the Copy command in the Edit menu. The Copy Simulation command copies the entire simulation to the clipboard. Remember to use the 'lasso' selection method or Copy Simulation if you want to copy links (wires) as well. 26. Cutting The Cut command puts the selection on the clipboard, and also deletes it from the original simulation.



27. Pasting To add components from the clipboard to a simulation, or to add images of components to other applications, use the Paste command. 28. Pasting into Crocodile Technology Use Paste to copy parts of one simulation into another, or to duplicate components within the same simulation. When you paste components they will appear under the pointer as if you had just dragged them. For dropping them the normal placement rules apply. 29. Pasting into Other Applications Pasting simulations into word processing packages is useful if you want to produce a document which includes images of your simulations. For example, you could produce a tutorial on a particular subject area. When producing such a document, you may prefer not to have the components filled in green. To remove the green fill when copying to the clipboard, turn off 'Copy with Green Fill' in the 'Options' menu.

Adding Text To add text to your simulation, choose Add Text from the Add menu. Text is positioned and moved in exactly the same way as other components. To alter text, simply click on it and type the new text into the box. 30. The Text Control Bar When you click on some text, the following control bar will appear:

31. Text Style and Font To alter the style or font of text, click on the button marked with a capital ‘A’. A dialog box will then appear. This allows you to change the font, style, size and colour of your text. If you select some text already on the screen, you can change the style to bold, italic or underline by simply clicking on the buttons marked B, I and U respectively. To surround text in a border, first click on the text and then click on the button on the control bar marked with a square. Some frequently used symbols are also provided in the drop down menu on the control bar. Simply select a symbol from the list and click on the Add button to add one to your simulation.



32. Questions and Answers Clicking on the questions and answers button, marked Q?A, on the control bar brings up the Text Box Options dialog box. For details see Questions and Answers.

Adding Your Own Pictures To add a picture to your simulation, e.g. your school logo, choose Add Picture from the Add menu. Use the 'Open' dialog box that appears to choose the picture you want. Position the picture in the same way as a component. When the simulation is saved, the name of the picture is stored in the simulation, not the picture itself. When the simulation is opened, Crocodile Technology will use the first picture found with that name searching in this order: The folder containing the simulation, any subfolder called 'Pictures' below the simulation's folder, and finally (if different) where the picture was chosen from. Pictures are bitmaps (.bmp) in Windows and PICT files on the Macintosh.

Component Orientation The ability to rotate and flip your components in your simulation greatly increases the freedom as you draw. For instance you can place logic gates facing in all four directions rather than just one. To change the orientation of a component, click on the component to select it. The control bar appears, with buttons showing pictures of every possible orientation for that component. The depressed button shows the current orientation. Click on one of these buttons and the component will change in the simulation. Crocodile Technology will try to keep it in the same place, but if this is not possible, the component will appear under the pointer so you can position it in a new place.



33. Orientation Example Consider the following simulation:

To place the resistor horizontally to connect the battery and bulb, select the resistor, and the following control toolbar will be displayed:

The depressed button indicates the current orientation. To change this orientation, click on the horizontal resistor button as indicated. The resistor will be redrawn to look like this:

The resistor can then be moved to the desired place and links drawn to create the final circuit:



Group Box A simulation may contain components that you can logically group together. For instance an amplifier stage might be considered a 'block' of a simulation. You can identify it as a group and treat it as a single block when editing. To group components, choose Add Group Box from the Add menu then place the dotted box at a corner of a rectangle that would contain the components. To group an amplifier stage, the simulation might look like this:

To resize the box move the pointer over an edge to get the resize cursor. Click down and drag the edges until they fully enclose the components, then release. After enclosing the block it would look like this:

It is not recommended to overlap group boxes.



Group Bar When the group box is selected the 'Group Bar' is shown:

Use the group bar to unlock and lock group boxes (see below), add more group boxes, and add 'Rail' and 'Rotational Coupling' components. These are special 'interface' components that can be placed on the dotted edge of the group box, yet are included in the group. Use these to connect the electrical and rotating components to the rest of the simulation. There is no mechanical rod interface to avoid confusion with the electrical rail.

To label a group box choose Add Text from the Add menu to the group box. 34. Locked and Unlocked Group Boxes The editing above was on an unlocked group box. When it is locked the Group Box and its contents are like one component - you can move them together. You cannot edit within the box when it is locked, but you can alter the position of switches and sliders. To lock the group box, click on the 'Locked' symbol on the Group Bar. To unlock, click on the 'Unlocked' symbol.



Analogue Electronic Components This section describes how electrical and picture components are used and modeled in Crocodile Technology, and the operation of the Picture Components. The electrical component range is divided into sets of components as shown:

The electrical components are found on the electrical component toolbar, which is opened by selecting Electrical Symbols Toolbar from the View menu or by selecting Electronics (symbols) from the Home Screen. The picture components toolbar is opened by selecting Electrical pictures Toolbar from the View menu or by selecting Electronics (pictorial) from the home screen.

Power Supplies

35. Battery The battery electromotive force (emf) can be changed by selecting the battery and using the control bar - see Changing Component Values. By default, the battery has no internal resistance. To use batteries with an internal resistance of 1 ohm, select Internal Resistance in the Options menu. 36. Constant Current Source A constant current flows out of the upper terminal. The current remains constant up to a limit of 1000V across the terminals. The current can be changed using the current source control bar. 37. Ground This component provides the circuit with a ground. If no current flows in it then it can also be used as a zero volt reference point. The graph automatically connects to the circuit ground and uses it as a zero volt reference.



38. Voltage Rail The 'Voltage Rail' simulates a bench power supply. The voltage supplied can be changed using its control bar. The supplied voltage is relative to the circuit ground (see Simulation). It is therefore necessary to add either a 'Zero Volt Rail' or a 'Ground'. 39. Rail The 'Rail' is a single piece of connecting wire, with no resistance. It is normally used as an 'interface' component for the Group Box. 40. Variable Voltage Supply The 'Variable Voltage Supply' is the same as the 'Voltage Rail' except that the voltage can be varied by moving the slider. The displayed value is the actual voltage supplied and therefore it varies as the slider moves. Use the control bar to change the voltage set by the slider at its current position. Read Changing Component Values for details on changing the values of components with sliders. 41. Zero Volt Rail The 'Zero Volt Rail' has exactly the same effect as the 'Ground' component.

Switches

Switch Types Action Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) Toggle Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) Toggle Double Pole Single Throw (DPST) Toggle Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT) Toggle Push-to-Make Push Push-to-Break Push The Toggle switches are latching switches (they remain in the new state after being released) and are operated by clicking on the switch button:

The Push Button switches are non-latching switches and are operated by pressing on the button:



Switch model parameters: On-resistance 0 ohms Maximum current 15A Maximum voltage 400V Relays One relay switch has SPDT contacts and the other has DPDT contacts. The relays have identical model parameters: Nominal voltage 6V Operate voltage 4V (min.) Release voltage 2V Coil resistance 100 ohms Contact resistance 0 ohms Maximum current 5A Maximum voltage 400V



Input Components

42. Float Switch The water level in the tank is varied by moving the slider up and down. When the water level gets near the top of the tank the switch contacts close. The model parameters are: On resistance 0 ohm Maximum current 1A Maximum voltage 250V 43. Fuse The fuse blows when its maximum current is exceeded. Use the fuse control bar to change the maximum current. The fuse has a resistance of 0 ohms. 44. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) The LDR resistance reduces as the light falling on the device is increased. In Crocodile Technology, the LDR is illuminated by placing a lamp just to the left of the LDR. The simulation model is based loosely on the ORP-12: Resistance at 1000 lux 400 ohms Dark resistance 1M ohms Maximum current 75Ma Maximum power dissipation 250mW Maximum voltage 320V LDR with Lamp The amount of light falling on this LDR is altered by sliding the attached lamp up and down. This causes the displayed value of LDR resistance to change. See 'LDR' for the model parameters.



45. Opto-Isolator The LED in the opto-isolator illuminates the photo-transistor. The greater the current flowing through the LED, the greater the photo-current through the photo-transistor. The ratio of LED current to photo-transistor current is called the current transfer ratio. The model parameters are: Current transfer ratio 120% LED forward voltage @ 10mA 1.3V Maximum current 50mA Maximum reverse LED voltage 6V Maximum isolation voltage 5300V Maximum collector-emitter voltage 55V 46. Photo-Transistor with Lamp The current through a photo-transistor is controlled by the light falling upon it. The greater the intensity of light, the greater the current. For this photo-transistor, the light intensity is varied by sliding the lamp up and down. The displayed value is the photo-current that flows when the voltage across the photo-transistor is 0.7V or more. Photo-current 2mA Dark current 0.1uA Maximum current 50mA Maximum voltage 35V 47. Potentiometer The slider moves the wiper (in the default orientation the right hand terminal) up and down. The wiper voltage varies from 0% to 100%, in 20 equal steps, of the voltage across the ends of the potentiometer (assuming that the wiper current is zero). The value displays the total resistance and therefore does not change as the slider is moved. Use the potentiometer control bar to change the total resistance. The model parameters are: Wiper resistance 0.01 ohm Maximum power dissipation 5W Maximum voltage 400V



48. Thermistor The resistance of the thermistor reduces as the temperature increases. To change the temperature, drag the slider up and down with the mouse. The temperature can be varied from -20°C to +40°C in steps of 1°C. The displayed value is the resistance of the thermistor at the temperature chosen. So moving the slider causes the displayed value to change. To change the thermistor resistance at the current temperature, use the thermistor control bar. The variation of thermistor resistance with temperature is summarised in the following table: Temperature 15K ohms at 25°C 150K ohms at 25°C -20°C 140K ohms 1400K ohms -10°C 79.7K ohms 797K ohms 0°C 47.3K ohms 473K ohms 10°C 29.2K ohms 292K ohms 20°C 18.6K ohms 186K ohms 30°C 12.2K ohms 122K ohms 40°C 8.22K ohms 82.2K ohms The maximum power dissipation is 250mW. 49. Variable Resistor The slider changes the resistance from 0% to 100% of the maximum resistance in 20 equal steps. The slider button can be dragged up and down like a scroll bar. The displayed value is the actual resistance, so moving the slider causes the displayed value to change. Use the control bar to change the resistance set by the slider at its current position. The maximum ratings are: Maximum power dissipation 5W Maximum voltage 400V



Passive Devices

50. Capacitors The electrolytic and the non-electrolytic capacitors have different model parameters for destruction: Maximum Voltage Destroyed if connected in reverse? Electrolytic 35V Yes Non-electrolytic 100V No Otherwise they are modelled and animated in the same way. The capacitance of capacitors can be changed by selecting the capacitor and using its control bar. When a capacitor is charged, plus and minus signs are shown on the capacitor plates. The number of '+' or '-' signs indicates the amount of charge stored, 100µC (100 millionth of a Coulomb) of charge for every '+' . For example, a 100µF capacitor charged with 9V has 900µC of charge and therefore has 9 '+' and 9 '-' signs showing. A maximum of 12 signs of each type are shown. 51. Inductor The inductor has no parasitic resistance or capacitance. To change the inductance use the inductor's control bar. The maximum current is 1A. 52. Resistor To change the resistance of the resistor, select it and use its control bar. Other model parameters are: Maximum power 2W Maximum voltage 1200V 8 Resistors The 8 resistors can be used with the 7 segment display. 53. Transformer Use the transformer's control bar to change the turns ratio. The primary is the left side of the transformer symbol. To simulate a centre-tapped transformer, use two transformers in series. Resistance of primary 1 ohm Minimum operating frequency 50 Hz Maximum current 10A



54. Discrete Semiconductors

55. Diode The diode is modelled as a silicon diode at room temperature. Forward voltage at 20mA 0.7 V Parasitic resistance 0 ohms Maximum current 1A Max. reverse voltage 400V 56. Thyristor The thyristor model parameters are: Latching current 6mA Holding current 5mA Gate trigger current 0.2mA Maximum current 2A Maximum voltage 400V 57. Transistors The n-p-n transistor is modelled as a silicon transistor: Temperature 25°C Forward current gain 100* Reverse current gain 5 Base ohmic resistance 0 ohms Maximum current 2A Maximum power dissipation 1W



Maximum collector-emitter voltage 60V Maximum collector-base voltage 75V Maximum emitter-base voltage 5V *To change the forward current gain use the transistor's control bar. The p-n-p transistor has the same parameters as the n-p-n transistor. 58. Zener Diode Use the zener diode's control bar to change its reverse breakdown voltage. Other model parameters are: Current at V(breakdown) 20mA Slope resistance at 20mA 1.0 ohms Max. power dissipation 5W

Signal Generator & Sound 59. Buzzer Visual and audio animation is used to show that the buzzer is on. To silence the buzzer select the 'Mute' option in the 'Sound' menu. Nominal voltage 6V Operate voltage 3V (min.) Resistance 240 ohms Maximum voltage 9V 60. Loudspeaker

See Sound to learn how to use the loudspeaker to create sound. Its electrical parameters are: Resistance (set by user) 8 ohm (default), range 1 - 999 ohms Clipping Voltage 10V Max. power dissipation 40W



If a voltage greater than the clipping voltage is applied to the loudspeaker then the sound produced is distorted. 61. Signal Generator The 'Signal Generator' can generate three types of voltage waveform: sinusoidal wave, triangular wave, and square wave. It has a source resistance of 0 ohms. Choose the waveform you want from the signal generator control bar:

The displayed values are the frequency of oscillation, and the voltage amplitude. Clicking on the advanced settings button (+…) brings up a dialog box in which you can set the voltage offset, the voltage units and phase. Clicking OK to change the advanced settings for one signal generator will reset the phase for all signal generators in your simulation to their chosen offset. The voltage amplitude is the peak voltage excursion from the mid-level voltage offset. When you add a signal generator or change the frequency of a signal generator the simulation sample rate is automatically adjusted (see Simulation). For signal frequencies greater than 0.25Hz the simulator no longer attempts real-time simulation. In some circumstances this means the simulator runs faster than real-time.

Light Outputs

62. Filament Lamp The yellow filament lamp has a non-linear current-voltage characteristic. The current is proportional to the square root of the applied voltage. The power dissipation (at the nominal voltage) is set using the filament lamp control bar. Nominal voltage 12V Max. brightness occurs at 12V Max. voltage 15V 63. LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) Red, yellow and green LEDs are available. Red Yellow Green



Max. brightness occurs at 10mA 10mA 10mA Forward voltage at 10mA 1.9V 2.0V 2.1V Max. reverse voltage 5V 5V 5V Max. current 30mA 30mA 30mA Normally, you should use a resistor in series with each LED to limit the forward current: R(ohms) = (Supply voltage - Forward voltage) / 0.01A If you are driving the LED with an AC signal then add a diode in parallel with the LED but reversed to prevent the LED reverse voltage limit from being exceeded. 64. 7-Segment Display Each segment of the display is a red LED with the following parameters: Segment turns on at 10mA Forward voltage at 20mA 2.1V Max. forward voltage 3V Max. reverse voltage 3V Max. current 30mA You would normally use a resistor in series with each segment (see 8 Resistors and BCD to 7-Segment Decoder). 65. Signal Lamp The yellow signal lamp has a linear current-voltage characteristic. The current is proportional to the applied voltage. Nominal voltage 6V Max. brightness occurs at 6V Current at 6V 60mA Max. voltage 9V

Electronic Picture Components To view the picture components select Electronic Pictures Toolbar from the View menu or click on the Electronics Picture Components icon on the Home Screen:



The Electronics Picture Components toolbar is shown below:

The picture components have fixed values, and some of their values and parameters are different to their symbol equivalents - for instance the resistor is set to 680 ohms, a good value to limit LED current. All picture components except the fuse are indestructible. Component Characteristics 1.5V Battery emf 1.5V 1.5V Battery emf 1.5V 9V Battery emf 9V Fuse 1A current rating SPST Switch As symbol component SPDT Switch As symbol component Push-to-Make As symbol component Variable resistor 0-680 ohms range Resistor 680 ohms Buzzer As symbol component Filament Lamp Nominal voltage & max brightness at 3.5V Red LED As symbol component Yellow LED As symbol component Green LED As symbol component Motor As symbol component



Digital Electronic Components This section describes all the components on the digital electronics toolbar. They are split into five categories:

1. Logic Inputs. These are arranged in four groups: basic inputs, push switches, latch switches and slider controls. 2. Logic Gates. This page includes details of the logic families and logic gates such as AND, OR and NOT gates. 3. Microcontroller and related flowchart elements. The four components here are: the Microcontroller, Test Input, Set Output and Motor Control elements. 4. Digital integrated circuits. This page gives more details on flip-flops, counters, decoders, operational amplifiers and the 555 timer. 5. Logic Outputs. This page covers logic outputs including the logic indicator, the illuminated sign, the heater, the wheel and a 7 segment LED.

Logic Inputs

There are four types of logic input. They all generate either a “Logic 1” or a “Logic 0” signal, depending on the state of the component. The actual value of the voltage is equal to the value of the hidden logic supply (see 'Using Logic' in the section on Logic Gates). Logic = 0 Shorts to ground. Logic = 1 Shorts to hidden logic supply. Basic Logic Inputs

This is the toolbar icon for the logic input



The logic input is the easiest way to drive the logic gates. To toggle the logic input, click on the small square button. Button out Logic = 0 Button in Logic = 1

This is the toolbar icon for the clock The clock component produces a square wave. The voltage amplitude alternates between Logic = 0 and Logic = 1. The default frequency is 1 Hz. To change the frequency, change the sample rate: Clock Frequency = Sample Rate / 5 If you need a clock with a variable amplitude and frequency use the 'Signal Generator'. 66. Push Switches There are three pictorial push switches. Click on the component and hold down the mouse button to generate a Logic = 1 signal. Release the mouse button to return to a Logic = 0 signal. These components are indestructible.

This is the toolbar icon for the push switch Button out Logic = 0 Button in Logic = 1

This is the toolbar icon for the pressure pad Foot up Logic = 0 Foot down Logic = 1

This is the toolbar icon for the coin detector Coin out Logic = 0 Coin in Logic = 1



67. Latch Switches There are four latch switches. Click on the image to change the state of the signal from 0 to 1. Click again to change the signal back from 1 to 0. These components are indestructible.

This is the toolbar icon for the light switch Switch off Logic = 0 Switch on Logic = 1

This is the toolbar icon for the tilt sensor Pinball table flat Logic = 0 Pinball table tilted Logic = 1

This is the toolbar icon for the reed switch Window closed Logic = 0 Window open Logic = 1

This is the toolbar icon for the moisture sensor Without rain Logic = 0 With rain Logic = 1 68. Slider Controls The last three logic inputs have a slider control. To alter the level (of the light, the temperature or the sound respectively), click on the small gray triangle adjacent to the component and move it up or down.

This is the toolbar icon for the light sensor Range 0 – 100% Threshold value 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% Below threshold Logic = 0



Equal or above threshold Logic = 1

This is the toolbar icon for the temperature sensor Range 0 – 100ºC Threshold value 0 – 100ºC Below threshold Logic = 0 Equal or above threshold Logic = 1

This is the toolbar icon for the volume sensor Range 0 – 3 Threshold value 0 – 3 Below threshold Logic = 0 Equal or above threshold Logic = 1 The threshold level for each element can be specified. To set the threshold, enter a value in the slider’s control bar. See Changing Component Values for more details on changing values using a component’s control bar.

Logic Gates

Using Logic Three logic families are provided: 74ACT, 74HC and 4000B. You can select the logic family using Logic in the Options menu. The logic family you select will apply both to logic gates and to the logic integrated circuits in the Digital Integrated Circuits section.



All logic gates and logic integrated circuits have a hidden power supply for ease-of-use. To change the value of the supply, choose Logic in the Options menu and enter the supply voltage beside the logic family you have chosen. If your circuit also contains other types of components you must add a 'Ground' or 'Zero Volt Rail'. This is because the hidden power supply is referenced to the circuit ground. See Circuit Ground for more details.

Model Parameters of Logic Gates and Logic ICs 74ACT 74HC 4000B Supply voltage (VDD) 5V 2-6V 3-15V Output drive current (IO) 24mA 4mA 0.4mA Maximum output low voltage 0.4V (IO=24mA) 0.4V (IO=4mA) 0.4V (IO=0.4mA) Minimum output high voltage 2.4V (IO=24mA) 4.6V (IO=4mA) 4.6V (IO=0.4mA) (VDD=5V) Maximum voltage for '0' input 0.8V 30% of VDD 30% of VDD Minimum voltage for '1' input 2.0V 70% of VDD 70% of VDD Maximum output current 50mA 50mA 50mA Minimum input voltage -1V -1V -1V Maximum input voltage VDD + 1V VDD + 1V VDD + 1V To ensure that an input voltage to a gate or a logic IC is recognized as a binary value, it must meet the specification 'Maximum voltage for '0' input' or 'Minimum voltage for '1' output'. Otherwise the input will have an 'undefined' logic value. To display logic signals rather than bar voltmeters, enable Logic Signals in the View menu. The three logic states are then displayed as follows: Logic '0' 0 Undefined x Logic '1' 1 All three logic families are based on CMOS technology and therefore the inputs do not draw current. Unlike conventional TTL gates, unconnected logic inputs float to 0V. Always connect floating gate inputs to '1' or '0'.

Gates The following table describes the behaviour of logic gates: Gate No. inputs Output = 1 if: Output = 0 if:



Inverter 1 Input = 0 Input = 1 NAND 2, 3 or 4 Any input = 0 All inputs = 1 NOR 2 All inputs = 0 Any input = 1 AND 2 All inputs = 1 Any input = 0 OR 2 Any input = 1 All inputs = 0 XOR 2 Inputs unequal. Inputs equal.

Schmitt Inverter The Schmitt inverter has the same behaviour as an inverter (see 'Gates' above) but it has different threshold levels, depending on whether the input is rising or falling. Above the threshold level the input voltage is recognised as binary '1', below the threshold level it is recognised as binary '0'. 74ACT 74HC 4000B Threshold level 1.6V 60% of logic supply 60% of for rising input voltage Threshold level 0.8V 44% of logic supply 44% of logic supply for falling input voltage The Schmitt inverter is useful for interfacing logic to analogue signals. Digital Integrated Circuits

This component set contains both analogue and digital integrated circuits. The model parameters of the digital integrated circuits (flip-flops, counters and decoders) will depend on which logic family you have chosen. For details of the available logic families, see Logic Gates. 69. BCD Decade Counter This counter counts up from binary 0000 to 1001 and then goes back to 0000. Otherwise it is the same as the Binary Counter, see 'Binary Counter (4 bit)' for details of its behaviour. The frequency of output 'D' is 10 times less than that of the clock input. This is why this type of counter is sometimes called a '÷10 counter'. 70. BCD to 7-Segment Decoder This integrated circuit is based on the 4511 BCD to 7-segment latch, decoder and driver. The outputs 'a' to 'g' should be connected via resistors to the corresponding terminals of a 7-segment display. The binary coded decimal inputs 'A' to 'D' can be connected directly to the BCD decade counter. When the LT test input is '0', all segments are turned on. When the BI input is '0' (and the LT input is '1'), all the segments are blanked. When the EL input goes from



'0' to '1' the inputs 'A' to 'D' are latched and the outputs remain fixed until EL goes low again. The 4511 decoder displays old style 6 and 9 digits. 71. Binary Counter (4 bit) This counter counts up from binary 0000 to 1111 and then goes back to 0000. The outputs change when the clock input changes from '1' to '0' as long as the enable (EN) is set to '1'. Output 'A' is the least significant bit, so it changes more often than the other outputs. Output 'D' is the most significant bit. The frequency of output 'D' is 16 times less than that of the clock input. This is why this type of counter is sometimes called a '÷16 counter'. To reset the counter to 0000, set the 'R' input to logic '1'. The output will be reset regardless of the clock input. Truth table: EN R A B C D 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 remain unchanged 1 0 count up when clock changes from '1' to '0' Decoder (4 to 10 lines) The 4:10 decoder has ten outputs, 0-9. Only one of these can be at logic '1' at any one time - the rest are at logic '0'. The output that is at logic '1' is determined by the inputs A, B, C and D according to the following truth table: D C B A 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72. Decoded Decade Counter Starting with output '0', each output is exclusively set to '1' in turn. After output '9' has been set to '1', the sequence repeats. The outputs change when the clock input changes from '1' to '0' as long as the enable (EN) is set to '1'. To reset the counter, set the 'R' input to logic '1'. Output '0' is then set to '1' regardless of the clock input. Truth table: EN R 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 remain unchanged 1 0 count when clock changes from '1' to '0' 73. D-type Flip-Flop When the clock input changes from 0 to 1, the data on the 'D' input is transferred onto the 'Q' and 'Q bar' outputs. The device acts as a latch, so that the 'D' input may change but the output remains constant until the next clock edge. 74. JK Flip-Flop When the clock input changes from 0 to 1, the 'Q' and 'Q bar' ('Q'') outputs change according to the state of the J and K inputs. The device acts as a latch, so that the 'J' and 'K' inputs may change but the output remains constant until the next clock edge. Truth table: J K Q Q' 0 0 remainunchanged remain unchanged 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 toggle toggle 75. Operational Amplifier The operational amplifier is loosely modelled on the industry standard 741 opamp: Voltage gain 20 000 (86dB) Unity gain bandwidth 1MHz Maximum slew rate 0.5V/µs



Maximum supply voltage ±99V Minimum total supply voltage 6V Output voltage swing(with ±15V supply) ±13V Output resistance 75 ohms Short-circuit output current 25mA Maximum input voltage(with ±15V supply) ±16V For ease-of-use the opamp power supply is hidden. The supply voltage can be changed using the operational amplifier control bar. All opamp circuits must include a 'Ground' or a 'Zero Volt Rail' symbol because the hidden opamp power supply is referenced to the circuit ground (see Simulation). 76. RS Flip-Flop The RS flip-flop is a simple latch with reset (R) and set (S) inputs. Truth table: S R Q Q' 0 0 remain unchanged remain unchanged 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 undefined undefined 77. 555 Timer

The 555 can be used as a one-shot timer (monostable) or as an oscillator (astable). In a one-shot timer, a trigger pulse causes the output to change state for a set time before returning back to its original state. An oscillator produces a continuous stream of pulses. 555 DIL package viewed from above 78. 555 Pin Functions 1 Ground 0V supply. 2 Trigger When the pin voltage falls below 0.33VCC the timer is triggered and the output goes high. In the monostable configuration a high to low transition on the trigger pin starts the timer.



3 Output The output pulses during astable operation and goes high for a set time in mono-stable operation. 4 Reset If reset is not used, connect it to VCC. If reset falls, a high output will be forced low. 5 Control voltage For reliable operation add a 10nF capacitor to ground on this pin. 6 Threshold Detects when the voltage on the timing capacitor rises above 0.66Vcc and resets the output when it does. 7 Discharge Provides a discharge path from the timing capacitor to ground when the output is low. 8 VCC Positive power supply voltage. 79. 555 Model Parameters Parameter Value Conditions Supply voltage 4.5V to 16V Maximum output low voltage 2.5V Supply voltage=15V, Output low current=200mA Minimum output high voltage 12.5V Supply voltage=15V, Output high current=200mA Power supply current 10mA Supply voltage=15V Maximum power dissipation 600mW

Logic Outputs

80. Logic Indicator

This is the toolbar icon for the logic indicator Without affecting the circuit, the logic output monitors the logic state:

Logic = 0

Undefined Logic

Logic = 1



The logic output draws no current. It helps simulations to run faster if it is used instead of an LED. 81. Illuminated Sign

This is the toolbar icon for the illuminated sign Logic = 0 No message displayed Logic = 1 Displays the message To set the displayed text, type the message in the control bar. The box will appear blank until the logic input is 1. Put an inverter in front of the illuminated sign to display a message when the logic state it 0. 82. Latch Outputs A latch output will remain on as long as the input signal is 1.

This is the toolbar icon for the alarm Logic = 0 Alarm does not ring Logic = 1 Alarm rings

This is the toolbar icon for the heater Logic = 0 The heater is off Logic = 1 The heater is on

This is the toolbar icon for the lamp Logic = 0 The lamp is off Logic = 1 The lamp is on 83. Rising-edge Detector

This is the toolbar icon for the can dispenser



Logic = 0 → 1 Can dispensed Logic = 0,1 or 1 → 0 No can dispensed The can dispenser detects a “rising edge” or a “logic pulse”. When the input signal changes from logic input 0 to logic input 1, a can is dispensed. 84. Multiple Input Devices

This is the toolbar icon for the wheel There are two inputs for the wheel. The truth table below shows how the wheel reacts to different logic inputs. Upper Input Lower Input Wheel Motion 0 0 Stopped 0 1 Forwards 1 0 Backwards 1 1 Stopped It is easiest and recommended to use the motor in conjunction with the Motor Control element in a flowchart. This element automatically sets the inputs to the motor according to the desired action.

This is the toolbar icon for the 7 segment LED The 7 segment LED has four inputs, labelled from “a” at the bottom to “d” at the top. The truth table below shows how the number displayed on the LED (from 0 to 9) corresponds to the logic state of the four inputs. Input Logic State of Input d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 c 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 b 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 a 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 NO DIGIT The easiest way to control the 7 segment display is by using the “Outputs=” option on the Set Microcontroller Output element.



Filing To open, save or close simulation files use the commands in the File menu:

When you run Crocodile Technology a blank simulation, called Simulation1, is created. Use the Save As... Command to give the simulation a file name. Then use the Save command to save any changes to the simulation. Once you have finished with a simulation use the Close command to close the active simulation or use the Exit command to quit from Crocodile Technology. If you close a simulation which has not been saved since being changed, you will be asked whether you want to save it. If you do, but it has no file name, you'll be prompted for a file name. As well as creating a simulation from scratch, you can also open an existing simulation file using the Open command or by choosing from the list of files at the bottom of the File menu. You can have several simulations open at a time, each with its own window. To switch between simulation windows, see the section Windows. If you want to create a new simulation and there are no blank simulations windows then use the New command. Then, to give the new simulation a file name, use the Save As... Command.



Creating New Simulations Use the New command to create a new simulation in Crocodile Technology. Alternatively, you can open an existing simulation with the Open command.

Opening Existing Simulations Use the Open command to open an existing simulation file. You can open several simulations at once, each with its own window. Use the Window menu to switch between the open simulations. Choose the Open... command from the File menu in the top left corner of Crocodile Technology. Do this by first clicking on File and then on Open.... The 'File Open' dialog box appears. All files created with earlier versions of Crocodile Clips software can be opened in Crocodile Technology. It is also possible to open files which were created in Crocodile Physics, as long as the chosen file does not contain any components which are specific to Crocodile Physics (i.e. optical components and force and motion experiments.) See Choose File Associations for more details on how to open simulations created in other software. File Open Dialog Box in Windows

The following options allow you to specify which file to open. File Name: Type or select the filename you want to open. The box lists files with the extension you select in the List Files of Type box. The Crocodile Technology simulation file names have a .ckt extension. Files of Type: Select the file type you wish to view. To view files created and saved with Crocodile Technology, select ‘Technology Simulations (*.cyt)’.



To view files created and saved with Crocodile Physics 1.5 and later, select ‘Physics Simulations (*.cyp)’. To view files created and saved with Crocodile Clips and Crocodile Physics 1.1, select ‘Crocodile Clips and CP1.1 Simulations (*.ckt)’. To view all the above file types, select ‘All Simulations (*.cyt, *.cyp, *.ckt)’. This is the default choice. To view all files select ‘All Files (*.*)’. Look in: Select the drive and directory in which your file is stored.

Saving Simulations Use the Save command to save the active simulation to its current file name and directory. When you save a simulation for the first time, Crocodile Technology displays the 'Save As' dialog box so you can name your simulation (see the Save As... command in Saving & Naming Simulations ).

Saving & Naming Simulations Use the Save As... command to save and name the active simulation. If the simulation has already got a file name then the simulation will now be saved to the new file name and not to the old file.

The Save As dialog box appears so that you can enter the new file name. By default, Crocodile Technology files are saved with the extension *.cyt. It is possible to save a file as *.ckt, by selecting ‘All Files (*.*)’ and typing in the file name as ‘MySimulation.ckt’, for example. See Opening Existing Simulations for a description of the options in the dialog box.



Closing Simulations Use the Close command to close the active simulation. You are asked whether you wish to save changes to your simulation before you close it. If you close a simulation without saving, you lose all changes made since the last time you saved it. Before closing an untitled simulation, Crocodile Technology displays the 'Save As' dialog box and suggests that you name and save the simulation.



Asas elektrik Eksperimen 1: Dengan menggunakan komponen – komponen berikut bina sebuah litar yang berfungsi: Bateri 12V Suis SPST Fius 10A Mentol Langkah 1: Klik pada toolbar “power supplies”

Langkah 2: Klik pada ikon “battery”

Langkah 3: Tukarkan nilai voltan bateri dari 9 V ke 12V



Langkah 4: Klik pada simbol bateri dan heret ke ruang kerja.



Langkah 5: Klik pada simbol fius dan heret ke ruang kerja.



Langkah 6: Tukarkan nilai voltan bateri dari 13A ke 10A

Langkah 7: Klik pada toolbar light output dan pilih filament lamp.



Langkah 8: Tukarkan nilai kuasa mentol dari 10W ke 20W



Langkah 9: Klik pada toolbar switch dan pilih SPST Switch.



Langkah 10: Klik pada toolbar Supply dan pilih SPST Switch.



Langkah 11:

Sambungkan litar dengan menggunakan linker.



Langkah 12: Klik mouse pada suis untuk menghidupkan litar.



Fungsi Push on switch Dengan menggunakan komponen di bawah bina litar berikut: Bateri 9V Fius 13A Push on switch Perintang 1K LED Fungsi Push off switch Dengan menggunakan komponen di bawah bina litar berikut: Bateri 9V Fius 13A Push off switch Buzzer Nota: Buzzer berada di bahagian signal generator & sound



Fungsi SPDT switch Dengan menggunakan komponen di bawah bina litar berikut: Bateri 9V Fius 13A SPDT switch Buzzer Filamen lamp Suis pada kedudukan “A” lampu menyala, suis pada kedudukan “B” buzzer berbunyi Fungsi DPST switch



Fungsi DPDT switch



Litar selari Dengan menggunakan komponen di bawah bina litar berikut: Bateri 9V Fius 13A SPST switch 4 Filamen lamp Apakah yang akan terjadi jika salah satu wayar putus?



Litar siri Dengan menggunakan komponen di bawah bina litar berikut: Bateri 9V Fius 13A SPST switch 2 Filamen lamp Apakah yang akan terjadi jika salah satu wayar putus?



Mengukur voltan Dengan menggunakan komponen di bawah bina litar berikut: Bateri 12V Fius 13A SPST switch 5 Filamen lamp Voltmeter Catatkan bacaan voltan yang diperolehi V1 V V4 V V7 VV2 V V5 V V8 VV3 V V6 V V9 V



Mengukur arus Dengan menggunakan komponen di bawah bina litar berikut: Bateri 12V Fius 13A SPST switch 5 Filamen lamp Voltmeter Catatkan bacaan arus yang diperolehi A1 A A4 A A7 AA2 A A5 A A8 AA3 A A6 A



Hubungan di antara voltan dengan arus Catatkan bacaan arus yang diperolehi

3V A6V A9V A12V A

Apakah kesimpulan yang boleh dibuat?



Voltan: beban disambung secara selari Catatkan bacaan voltan yang diperolehi

V1 VV2 VV3 V




Voltan: beban disambung secara siri Catatkan bacaan voltan yang diperolehi

V1 VV2 VV3 V




Arus: beban disambung secara selari Catatkan bacaan arus yang diperolehi A1 A A2 A A3 A A4 A Apakah kesimpulan yang boleh dibuat?



Arus: beban disambung secara siri Catatkan bacaan arus yang diperolehi A1 A A2 A A3 A A4 A Apakah kesimpulan yang boleh dibuat?



Fungsi relay Eksperimen 3: Dengan menggunakan komponen di bawah bina litar berikut: Bateri 9V Fius 13A SPDT switch Buzzer Filamen lamp Suis pada kedudukan “A” lampu menyala, suis pada kedudukan “B” buzzer berbunyi Eksperimen 4: Dengan menggunakan komponen di bawah bina litar berikut: Bateri 9V Fius 13A Push on switch Relay Filamen lamp Eksperimen 5: Dengan menggunakan komponen di bawah bina litar berikut: Bateri 9V



Fius 13A Push off switch Relay Filamen lamp Motor Nota; Klik pada Electronic picture components untuk memasukkan gambar motor



Fungsi Transistor

1. Bina litar dibawah dengan mengunakan transistor dari jenis NPN.

2. Sambung dan putuskan suis S1.

3. Catatkan bacaan A1 dan A2 di dalam jadual dibawah:

Suis 1 Lampu 1 A1 A2 Off On

4. Ulangi ujikaji diatas dengan mengunakan transistor dari jenis PNP pula.

Suis 1 Lampu 1 A1 A2 Off On



Fungsi Diod

1. Bina litar dibawah dengan mengunakan komponen yang sesuai.

2. Ubuahsuai litar supaya menjadi seperti dibawah dan lihat apa yang terjadi:

Fungsi LED (Light Emmiting Diode) 1. Bina litar dibawah dengan mengunakan komponen yang sesuai.

2. Sambungkan suis dan lihat apa yang terjadi kepada LED.

3. Ubahsuai litar supaya menjadi seperti dibawah dan lihat apa yang terjadi:

Apakah fungsi perintang didalam litar ini?



Fungsi Zener Diode

1. Bina litar dibawah dengan mengunakan komponen yang sesuai.

2. Sambungkan suis dan catatkan bacaan V1 dan V2 di dalam jadual: Suis 1 Lampu 1 V1 V2 Off On

3. Ubahsuai litar tersebut kepada keadaan dibawah:

4. Sambungkan suis dan catatkan bacaan V1 dan V2 di dalam jadual:

Suis 1 Lampu 1 V1 V2 Off On



Fungsi Capacitor 1. Bina litar dibawah dengan mengunakan komponen yang sesuai. 2. Perhatikan apa yang terjadi kepada LED apabila suis S1 disambung.

3. Putuskan sambungan litar dan lihat apa yang terjadi kepada LED. Fungsi Thyristor 1. Bina litar dibawah dengan mengunakan komponen yang sesuai. 2. Sambungkan Suis A dan Suis B, lihat apa yang terjadi. 3. Putuskan Suis B, lihat apa yang terjadi. 4. Putuskan Suis A, lihat apa yang terjadi.



Fungsi Variable resistor/Thermostat

1. Bina litar berikut dengan mengunakan komponen yang sesuai.

2. Catatkan nilai bacaan pada voltmeter apabila nilai rintangan diubah kepada keadaan berikut:



K10-05-03 WORKSHOP MANAGEMENT

K02 DIPLOMA TEKNOLOGI PENGELUARAN

MUKASURAT 169

GROUP CLUSTERING MODULE 3 K10-05-03-LE1 IMPLEMENT MOTOR TRADE REGULATION

01.01 Comply To Fire Department Requirements

01.02 Comply To Machinery Department Requirements

01.03 Comply To Department Of Environment Regulations

01.04 Comply To Advertising Regulations (Sign Board)

01.05 Comply To Road Traffic Ordinance

01.06 Apply Insurance Coverage

01.07 Comply To Inflammable Good Storage Regulations

01.07a Workshop Establish Procedure K10-05-03-LE2 MANAGE FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

08.01 Identify Facilities And Equipment 08.02 Categories Facilities And Equipment Usage 08.03 Set Up Preventive Maintenance Schedule 08.04 Plan Work Place Layout 08.04a Implement Ergonomic And Time Study






KOD DAN NAMA MODUL K10-05-03 WORKSHOP MANAGEMENT

PENGALAMAN PEMBELAJARAN LE1 IMPLEMENT MOTOR TRADE REGULATION


01.01 COMPLY TO FIRE DEPARTMENT REQUIREMENTS 01.02 COMPLY TO MACHINERY DEPARTMENT REQUIREMENTS 01.03 COMPLY TO DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT REGULATIONS 01.04 COMPLY TO ADVERTISING REGULATIONS (SIGN BOARD) 01.05 COMPLY TO ROAD TRAFFIC ORDINANCE 01.06 APPLY INSURANCE COVERAGE 01.07 COMPLY TO INFLAMMABLE GOOD STORAGE REGULATIONS01.07a WORKSHOP ESTABLISH PROCEDURE


IMPLEMENT WORKSHOP SET-UP PROCEDURE USING MOTOR TRADE REGULATIONS & FACILITIES, SO THAT WORKSHOP REQUIREMENT STANDARD CAN BE ESTABLISHED IN ACCORDANCE WITH GOVERNMENT REQUIREMENT.


DI AKHIR PEMBELAJARAN PELAJAR MESTI BOLEH :- COMPLY WITH VARIOUS RULES AND REGULATIONS GIVEN REGULATION BOOKLET SO THAT ALL THE PREMISE REQUIREMENTS IMPLEMENTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH RELEVANT AUTHORITIES REQUIREMENTS.



1. IMPLEMENT MOTOR TRADE REGULATION

2. ARAHAN Anda dikehandaki menjawab semua soalan. Gunakan segala maklumat dan rujukan yang ada di bengkel dan di perpustakaan. 3. SOALAN

i. Berikan jenis-jenis insuran perniagaan

ii. Terangkan prosedur pendaftaran syarikan di Suruhanjaya Syarikat Malaysia (SSM)

RUJUKAN : 1 Kerta penerangan LE1

2 Buku akta yang terlibat.



BIL PERKARA YANG DINILAI MARKAH DIBERI PEMBERAT

(1 – 3) MARKAH

DIPEROLEHI PERATUS MARKAH

DIPEROLEHI 0 1 2 31. KANDUNAGAN T

• Jenis-jenis insuran • Prosedur pendaftaran

syarikat • Penampilan tugasan

2. HASIL TUGASAN• Kretiviti • Kekemasan • Susunan • Keberkesanan tugasan

3. SIKAP • Persediaan diri • Senarai tugas difahami • Susunan kerja mengikut

keutamaan • Etika • Profesionalisma

JUMLAH BESAR %

KEPUTUSAN TERAMPIL BELUM TERAMPIL

NAMA DAN T/TANGAN PP

TARIKH PENILAIAN

ULASAN PP (jika ada)






KOD DAN NAMA MODUL K10-05-03 WORKSHOP MANAGEMENT

PENGALAMAN PEMBELAJARAN LE2 MANAGE FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT


08.01 IDENTIFY FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT 08.02 CATEGORIES FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT USAGE 08.03 SET UP PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE 08.04 PLAN WORK PLACE LAYOUT 08.04a IMPLEMENT ERGONOMIC AND TIME STUDY


IMPLEMENT WORKSHOP SET-UP PROCEDURE USING MOTOR TRADE REGULATIONS & FACILITIES, SO THAT WORKSHOP REQUIREMENT STANDARD CAN BE ESTABLISHED IN ACCORDANCE WITH GOVERNMENT REQUIREMENT.


DIAKHIR PEMBELAJARAN PELAJAR MESTI BOLEH :- PERFORM IDENTIFICATION OF FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT GIVEN INVENTORY LIST, AND SET UP PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE GIVEN MANUFACTURER’S SCHEDULE CHART USING LIST BOOK, BUILDING PLAN, TOOLS AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL JOB ORDER FORM SO THAT THE FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT CAN BE LOCATED AND UTILISED, AND THE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE PLANNED IN ACCORDANCE WITH OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENT SCHEDULE.



1. MANAGE FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

2. ARAHAN Anda dikehandaki menjawab semua soalan. Gunakan segala maklumat dan rujukan yang ada di bengkel dan di perpustakaan. 3. SOALAN

i. Buat satu kajian masa berkenaan kerja-kerja yang disenaraikan di bawah berpandukan dari maklumat yang ada di kertas penerangan yang berikan.

i. Menukar clutch plat. ii. Menukar tayar dari rim. iii. Membuat penjajaran roda (alignment).

ii. Berpandukan soalan satu di atas, buatkan satu jadual masa kerja.

RUJUKAN : 1 Kertas penerangan



BIL PERKARA YANG DINILAI MARKAH DIBERI PEMBERAT

(1 – 3) MARKAH

DIPEROLEHI PERATUS MARKAH

DIPEROLEHI 0 1 2 31. KANDUNGAN TUGASAN

• Jadual kajian masa • Jadual masa kerja • Penampilan tugasan

2. HASIL TUGASAN• Kretiviti • Kekemasan • Susunan • Keberkesanan

tugasan

3. SIKAP • Persediaan diri • Senarai tugas difahami • Susunan kerja mengikut

keutamaan • Etika • Profesionalisma

JUMLAH BESAR %

KEPUTUSAN TERAMPIL BELUM TERAMPIL

NAMA DAN T/TANGAN PP

TARIKH PENILAIAN

ULASAN PP (jika ada)

MUKASURAT 176


K10-05-04 TRAINING DEVELOPMENT


MUKASURAT 177

GROUP CLUSTERING MODULE 4 K010-05-04- LE 1 EVALUATE STAFF PERFORMANCE

06.04 Identify training needs & objectives

06.04a Organize training





KOD DAN NAMA MODUL K10-05-04 TRAINING DEVELOPMENT

PENGALAMAN PEMBELAJARAN LE1 ORGANIZE STAFF TRAINING


06.04 IDENTIFY TRAINING NEEDS & OBJECTIVES 06.04a ORGANIZE TRAINING


ORGANIZE STAFF TRAINING USING STAFF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL DATA AND APPROPRIATE TRAINING PROGRAMS SO THAT THE STAFF WIL BE TRAINED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PERFORMANCE STANDARD REQUIRED BY THE COMPANY.


DIAKHIR PEMBELAJARAN PELAJAR MESTI BOLEH :- 1. IDENTIFY TRAINING NEEDS USING GIVEN STAFF

PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL DATA SO THAT THE STAFF TRAINING CAN BE CONDUCTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PERFORMANCE REQUIRED BY THE COMPANY.

2. ORGANIZE TRAINING USING RELATED DATA AND TRAINING PROGRAMS SO THAT THE STAFF CAN BE TRAINED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PERFORMANCE REQUIRED BY THE COMPANY.


TAJUK : PENYEDIAAN KERTAS KERJA

LUKISAN, DATA DAN JADUAL : TIADA

ARAHAN UMUM Setelah mempelajari tajuk, pelajar-pelajar mesti boleh menyediakan kertas kerja bagi menjayakan sesuatu program bagi meningkatkan prestasi staf dan mencapai objektif syarikat.

PERALATAN DAN BAHAN 1. Kertas A4

2. Fail kulit keras

3. Binding com

4. Alat tulis

5. Klip kertas


LANGKAH DAN BUTIRAN KERJA

PENYEDIAAN KERTAS KERJA Kertas kerja anda mestilah mempunyai:-

1. Muka hadapan.

2. Surat Rasmi.

3. Cadangan latihan,faedah kepada individu dan syarikat.

4. Pakej Latihan,Tempat,Tarikh,Peserta dan Pensyarah.

5. Perbelanjaan yang diperlukan

6. Jadual Kursus tersebut (selama beberapa hari dan kandungan latihan)

7. Penutup.

8. Penilaian terhadap Kursus latihan tersebut


SENARAI SEMAK

NAMA PELAJAR

NDP PELAJAR



PROSES KERJA 1. Muka hadapan.

2. Surat Rasmi

3. Cadangan latihan,faedah kepada individu dan syarikat

4. Pakej Latihan,Tempat,Tarikh,Peserta dan Pensyarah.

5. Perbelanjaan yang diperlukan

6. Jadual Kursus tersebut (selama beberapa hari dan kandungan latihan)

7. Penutup.

8. Penilaian terhadap Kursus latihan tersebut




ditetapkan


NAMA PENSYARAH

TARIKH

MUKASURAT 182


K10-05-05 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT


MUKASURAT 183

GROUP CLUSTERING MODULE 5 K10-05-05-LE1 ADMINISTER ORGANISATIONAL POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

04.01 Enforce company regulations

04.02 Implement security procedures

04.03 Review on code of conduct 04.04 Handle disciplinary matters 04.05 Handle leave matters 04.06 Ensure compliance of legal requirement 04.07 Organise departmental meeting

04.08 Execute decision making skills 04.09 Procedure work reports

K10-05-05-LE2 DEVELOP TEAM WORK

05.01 Guide team subordinates

05.02 Lead team subordinates

05.03 Coach team subordinates

K10-05-05-LE3 EVALUATE STAFF PERFORMANCE

06.01 Conduct staff evaluation

06.02 Monitor staff performance

06.03 Perform staff counseling


K10-05-05-LE1/LE2/LE3-WS PINDAAN : 0 MUKASURAT 184



KERTAS KERJA KOD DAN NAMA KURSUS K10-DIPLOMA TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF

KOD DAN NAMA MODUL K10-05-05 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT


LE1 ADMINISTER ORGANISATIONAL POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

LE2 DEVELOP TEAM WORK LE3 EVALUATE STAFF PERFORMANCE


04.01 ENFORCE COMPANY REGULATIONS 04.02 IMPLEMENT SECURITY PROCEDURES 04.03 REVIEW ON CODE OF CONDUCT 04.04 HANDLE DISCIPLINARY MATTERS 04.05 HANDLE LEAVE MATTERS 04.06 ENSURE COMPLIANCE OF LEGAL REQUIREMENT 04.07 ORGANISE DEPARTMENTAL MEETING 04.08 EXECUTE DECISION MAKING SKILLS 04.09 PROCEDURE WORK REPORTS

05.01 GUIDE TEAM SUBORDINATES 05.02 LEAD TEAM SUBORDINATES 05.03 COACH TEAM SUBORDINATES 06.01 CONDUCT STAFF EVALUATION 06.02 MONITOR STAFF PERFORMANCE 06.03 PERFORM STAFF COUNSELING


PERFORM HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TASKS USING RELATED MANAGEMENT TOOLS AND PERFORMANCE STANDARD SO THAT THE ORGANISATIONAL POLICIES AND PROCEDURES ADMINISTERED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE COMPANY REQUIREMENT.



TAJUK : PENILAIAN PRESTASI KAKITANGAN

ARAHAN :

Sebagai seorang penyelia di dalam sebuah syarikat swasta, anda perlu memantau dan menilai prestasi kakitangan di bawah selian anda. Sediakan satu kertas kerja mencadangkan pelaksanaan sistem penilaian dan pengurusan prestasi kakitangan di syarikat anda. Kertas kerja ini perlu menerangkan mengenai kepentingan dan kaedah-kaedah bagimelaksanakan sistem tersebut. Kertas kerja anda perlulah disediakan berpandukan persoalan-persoalan berikut:-

1. Mengapa penilaian prestasi perlu dijalankan?

2. Siapa yang perlu menilai dan siapa yang perlu dinilai?

3. Apakah kaedah-kaedah dan prinsip-prinsip yang perlu diikuti dalam menjalankan proses penilaian prestasi?

4. Mengapakah imbuhan prestasi perlu diberikan kepada kakitangan yang mempunyai prestasi cemerlang?

5. Apakah faedah-faedah yang boleh diperolehi hasil daripada pelaksanaan sistem pengurusan prestasi yang baik?

RUJUKAN : 1. Personal managing human resources; Sloane, Prentice Hall

2. Motivation and leadership at work (6th edition); Richard m. steers. Graw Hill

3. How To Lead work



SENARAI SEMAK

NAMA PELAJAR

NDP PELAJAR



PROSES KERJA • Menyediakan kertas kerja • Senarai fungsi/ jenis produk atau

perkhidmatan yang disediakan kepada pelanggan .

• Menyediakan poster dan laporan untuk tujuan persembahan




ditetapkan


NAMA PENSYARAH

TARIKH

MUKASURAT 187


K10-05-06 QUALITY MANAGEMENT


MUKASURAT 188

GROUP CLUSTERING MODULE 6 K10-05-06-LE1 SET UP QUALITY STANDARDS PRODUCT

02.01 Determine quality standard 02.02 Conduct quality awareness training 02.03 Audit quality standard 02.04 Conduct product failure analysis

02.05 Plan quality improvement 02.06 Set quality standards

02.07 Review quality standards

03.01 Carry out initial Q.C. check

03.02 Determine deviation from standards 03.03 Plan corrective action






KOD DAN NAMA MODUL K10-05-06 QUALITY MANAGEMENT

PENGALAMAN PEMBELAJARAN LE1 SET UP QUALITY STANDARDS PRODUCT


02.01 Determine quality standard 02.02 Conduct quality awareness training 02.03 Audit quality standard 02.04 Conduct product failure analysis

02.05 Plan quality improvement


DETERMINE QUALITY STANDARD GIVEN THE QUALITY DATA AND OPERATION NEEDS AND CONDUCT QUALITY AWARENESS TRAINING GIVEN THE TRANING PROGRAMME AND AUDIT QUALITY STANDARD CONDUCT PRODUCT FAILURE ANALYSIS GIVEN THE FAILURE GUIDE / REPORTS PLAN QUALITY IMPROVEMENT GIVEN THE QUALITY STANDARDS USING THE QUALITY CHECKLIST SO THAT THE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT MEETS SPESIFICATIONS / REQUIREMENTS.


DIAKHIR PEMBELAJARAN PELAJAR MESTI BOLEH :- DETERMINE AND CONDUCT QUALITY STANDARD, AWARENESS TRAINING AND AUDIT THE QUALITY DATA AND OPERATION NEEDS USING THE MANUFACTURER’S QUALITY STANDARD BOOK SO THAT THE QUALITY STANDARD MEETS THE SPECIFICATION. .



TAJUK : QUALITY MANAGEMENT

ARAHAN 1 :

Kumpulan anda ingin menubuhkan sebuah syarikat samada yang mengeluarkan produk atau memberikan perkhidmatan kepada pelanggan. Syarikat akan akan ditubuhkan akan mengamalkan Sistem pengurusan Kualiti. Bincangkan dan hasilkan satu kertas kerja penubuhan sebuah syarikat yang mengamalkan sistem pengurusan kualiti secara menyeluruh. Kertas kerja anda mestilah mengandungi perkara-perkara berikut :

6. Nama Syarikat

7. Carta Organisasi

8. Latarbelakang Syarikat

9. Fungsi/ Jenis Produk atau perkhidmatan yang disediakan kepada pelanggan.

10. Objektif Kualiti Syarikat

11. Visi

12. Misi

13. Pelanggan Anda (Kumpulan Sasaran)

14. Dasar Kualiti

15. Langkah-langkah Penambahbaikkan Kualiti



ARAHAN 2 :

Anda seorang Penyelia Kualiti di sebuah restoran pizza. Berdasarkan rungutan pelanggan serta pemeriksaan kualiti, satu helaian semakan telah dihasilkan seperti rajah di bawah;

MASALAH BILANGAN

Pizza terbalik IIII

Bahagian kerak yang tidak licin IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII II

Hujung/ tepi yang terbakar IIII IIII III

Pelanggan yang menerima pizza yang sejuk

IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII II

Pesanan lambat sampai IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII II

Salah alamat IIII IIII

Salah pesanan IIII IIII IIII IIII

Menu tidak lengkap IIII IIII IIII

Lain-lain IIII II

1. Sediakan Rajah Pareto.

2. Nyatakan masalah yang paling kritikal.

3. Berdasarkan kepada masalah yang paling utama (paling ketara),

Kenalpasti punca-punca/ sebab masalah tersebut berlaku. Gunakan rajah Sebab dan Akibat dalam membuat analisis anda.

RUJUKAN :

1 Information Technology Project Management

2 http://www.learningfirst.org/publications/nclbguide/



SENARAI SEMAK

NAMA PELAJAR

NDP PELAJAR



PROSES KERJA • Menyediakan data-data dari laporan • Analisa data-data dari graf • Plotkan graf dari data-data yang diambil • Buat kiraan dari data didalam graf • Kenalpasti masalah utama dan punca

masalah dari graf • Buat laporan analisa graf




ditetapkan


NAMA PENSYARAH

TARIKH



K10-05-07 TECHNICAL DATA ANALYSIS


MUKASURAT 194


K10-05-07-LE1 Gather Technical And Non-Technical Information

07.01 Gather Technical & Non-Technical Information

07.02 Interpret Test Data

07.03 Confirm Accuracy of Data.

K10-05-07-LE2 Prepare Budgeting

07.04 Prepare Cost Estimation

07.05 Identify Impact On Company

07.06 Determine Causes for Report

07.07 Recommend Corrective Measures






KOD DAN NAMA MODUL K10-05-07 TECHNICAL DATA ANALYSIS

PENGALAMAN PEMBELAJARAN LE1 GATHER TECHNICAL AND NON-TECHNICAL INFORMATION


07.01 GATHER TECHNICAL AND NON-TECHNICAL INFORMATION. 07.02 INTEPERET TEST DATA 07.03 CONFIRM ACCURACY OF DATA


GATHER TECHNICAL AND NON TECHNICALINFORMATION INTERPRET AND CONFIRM ACCURACY OF DATA USING TEST RESULTS SO THAT ACCURACY OF THE REPORT, ESTIMATION, IMPACT AND CORRECTIVE MEASURE CAN BE DETERMINED AND ACHIEVED


DI AKHIR PEMBELAJARAN PELAJAR MESTI BOLEH :- OBTAIN PRODUCT FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT USING PRODUCT CHEMICAL, PRODUCT MATERIAL, PRODUCT QUANTITY AND COSTING SO THAT PRODUCT IS ANALYSED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CUSTOMERS REQUIREMENTS.



TAJUK : ANALISIS KEPERLUAN LATIHAN ARAHAN : Anda dikehendaki menyiapkan satu laporan keperluan latihan ditempat kerja anda bagi

membantu kakitangan syarikat anda mempertingkatkan hasil perkhidmatan yang lebih

berkualiti, efisen dan berdaya saing.

Keperluan analisis mestilah mengandungi perkara-perkara seperti berikut :

1. Nama Syarikat

2. Carta Organisasi

3. Nyatakan jenis strategi yang anda gunakan

4. Penekanan

5. Tindakan

6. Isu-isu utama

7. Latihan dan implikasi

8. Tahap sokongan

9. Komitmen oraganisasi

10. Sumber-sumber



SENARAI SEMAK

NAMA PELAJAR

NDP PELAJAR



PROSES KERJA • Lakaran produk • Senarai keterangan fungsi-fungsi setiap






tujuan persembahan




ditetapkan


NAMA PENSYARAH

TARIKH





KERTAS PENERANGAN KOD DAN NAMA KURSUS K10 DIPLOMA TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF

KOD DAN NAMA MODUL K10-05-07 TECHNICAL DATA ANALYSIS

PENGALAMAN PEMBELAJARAN LE2 PREPARE BUDGETING


07.04 PREPARE COST ESTIMATION 07.05 IDENTIFY IMPACT IN COMPANY 07.06 DETERMINE CAUSES OF REPORT 07.07 RECOMMENDED CORRECTIVE MEASURES


GATHER TECHNICAL AND NON TECHNICALINFORMATION INTERPRET AND CONFIRM ACCURACY OF DATA USING TEST RESULTS SO THAT ACCURACY OF THE REPORT, ESTIMATION, IMPACT AND CORRECTIVE MEASURE CAN BE DETERMINED AND ACHIEVED


DI AKHIR PEMBELAJARAN PELAJAR MESTI BOLEH :- GATHER TECHNICAL AND NON TECHNICALINFORMATION INTERPRET AND CONFIRM ACCURACY OF DATA USING TEST RESULTS SO THAT ACCURACY OF THE REPORT, ESTIMATION, IMPACT AND CORRECTIVE MEASURE CAN BE DETERMINED AND ACHIEVED



TAJUK : PENYEDIAAN BAJET ARAHAN :

Bajet adalah satu agenda rasmi syarikat. Syarikat anda begitu komited tentang

perancangan petunjukbelanjawan. Berdasarkan petunjuk ‘input’, yang diperlukan dan

‘output’ yang dijangkakan. Sediakan satu peruntukan perbelanjaan (Bajet) serta

pembahagiannya (Deviation).

Tunjukkan:

1. Bahagian deviation

2. Peruntukan

3. Peratus keperluan

4. Input

5. Output

3.

RUJUKAN : 1. John r. Wright dan Larry D. Helsel (1999).”Introduction to Material and Processes”,

Penerbit, ISBN No.

2. Alamat web, Tajuk, Tarikh, Masa

Perbezaan hasil dari kebaikan menyediakan bajet



SENARAI SEMAK

NAMA PELAJAR

NDP PELAJAR



PROSES KERJA • Lakaran produk • Senarai keterangan fungsi-fungsi setiap






tujuan persembahan




ditetapkan


NAMA PENSYARAH

TARIKH

3.k10 05 compiled ws

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