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Jurnal Arsitektur – NALARs Volume I, Nomor Perdana, Januari 2002

ARs TeMA – Arsitektur Teknik Muhammadiyah Jakarta

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THE APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) IN DESIGN AND PLANNING

Ari Widyati Purwantiasning

Dosen Jurusan Arsitektur FT UMJ

ABSTRAK Geographic Information Systems (GIS) merupakan salah satu teknologi yang dapat

digunakan untuk penelitian ilmiah, manajemen sumber daya alam dan perencanaan pengembangan. Dalam perencanaan dan pengembangan suatu wilayah, GIS ditemukan sebagai teknologi yang sangat membantu dalam pemecahan berbagai masalah yang berkaitan dalam masalah perencanaan. Sebagai contoh GIS dapat membantu emergency planner dengan mudah untuk mendapatkan respon yang darurat pada saat terjadi bencana alam, atau GIS dapat juga digunakan untuk mengidentifikasikan kondisi tanah yang memerlukan perlindungan dari polusi. Dalam situasi yang mendesak, GIS merupakan sistem komputer yang mampu untuk menyimpan data, memanipulasi dan juga mendisplay informasi geografis seperti halnya mengidentifikasikan data dan informasi sesuai dengan lokasi yang bersangkutan. Hal yang spesifik mengenai GIS adalah data-data dan peta-peta yang disimpan merupakan hal yang mungkin untuk memberikan analisa yang kompleks. GIS itu sendiri mempunyai fungsi diantaranya sebagai information retrieval; topological modelling; networks; overlay; data output. Dan sampai saat ini, aplikasi penggunaan GIS sudah memasuki berbagai disiplin ilmu diantaranya arsitektur dan perencanaan. Dalam kedua disiplin ilmu ini, GIS dapat diaplikasikan untuk pembuatan peta, pemilihan site atau lokasi lahan, respon darurat dalam perencanaan, dan pengidentifikasian dampak-dampak pada lingkungan.

A. INTRODUCTION

This essay is attempt to stimulate and discuss about the advantages and disadvantages of adopting a GIS - based approach in addressing the research topic. Moreover it will assume the involvement of the use of a proprietary system, such as Arc Info or ArcView. Finally, this essay will be concluded by identifying the three most important benefits which gained from the usage of GIS (ArcView or ArcInfo)- based approach.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have the capability to handle and stimulate the necessary economic, environmental and political constraints. They can play an important role as a decision support tool regarding optimum potential site locations.

Baban defined there are three relevant capabilities of GIS which extract from Guptill, 1989: (Baban: 1998, p.142)



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maintenance of data, i.e.: storage and versatile data structures

manipulation of data to extract necessary information, i.e.: combining mapped attributes, calculating distances, travel time and generating statistics

the utilisation of gathered information in the decision-making process, i.e.: simulating various management scenarios and determining the appropriateness of land for specific types of development and utilisation

ArcView as one of GIS’ tools, is a mapping software tool that provides geographic information/ data which allows to be explored, analysed, queried and visualised.

Generally, GIS and overlay operations, can assist with a substantive part of planning activities involving land-based spatial analysis and modelling. And in particular, GIS can address area monitoring; regional potential and feasibility analysis; growth monitoring; land parcel mapping; permit tracking; land use zoning; plan presentation; plan evaluation; and generation of alternative plans, site selection studies, land suitability analysis and environmental impact assessment.

As mention above about the purpose of this essay, from the general and particular function of GIS as well, this essay will discuss which one of those benefit will use and appropriate with the case study of research.

B. CASE STUDIES

The topic chosen is one of the research topic which has been conducted in Planning Project 2 course. This project will be used as a case study in using of the Geographic Information System as approach to fully handed the issues in the research.

Before this essay discuss forward about the benefit of GIS in relation to research approach, first of all, this section will define the aims and objective of the research which will help to extract the adopting the GIS’ approach.

The research study has been conducted with the following objective: Does the designation of a central urban areas as a Conservation Area have a negative effect on commercial development within it?

And in order to address the above objective, it was decided that two separate areas should be employed which are an office quarter in Liverpool City Centre and retails area in Chester City Centre. To fulfil the objective, five separate aims have been administered in the following:



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to gain an appreciation of the physical environment and the level of commercial activity within the two case study areas prior to designation

to gain an understanding of the purpose of designation in two areas

to examine the changes in the physical and commercial environments since designation

to determine the degree to which external factors have influenced commercial activity within areas under consideration; and

to guage the influence of designation on commercial development in Conservation Areas

Unfortunately, not all of the aims could be implemented by GIS approaches, thus the next section will address the approaches to exercise the research. The areas of two case study are as follow:

1. Liverpool Case Study - Office Quarter The two street selected for analysis in Liverpool City Centre, Dale Street and Victoria Street, lie within the Castle Street Conservation Area, which in a much reduced form, was originally designated on 31

st July 1968. This Conservation Area has subsequently

been extended four times, with the first extension bringing Dale Street and Victoria Street within its boundaries on 17

th November 1976 (see figure 1).

Problems adapting older buildings for modern, computer oriented office uses will inevitably be a disincentive for modern businesses to locate in such area which more accessible out-of-town sites. This approach could be defined by using GIS approach to which identify and hunting for new location in conservation area with considering the restrictions of conservation areas.

A survey of the number of vacant premises and premises to let gives the result which shows that Victoria Street is suffering more than Dale Street, as quarter of its premises. This survey could be define by using GIS approach as well to define the number of those premises.



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Figure 1: Ordnance Survey Plan of Liverpool



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2. Chester Case Study - Retails Area Chester is what has traditionally been regarded as a ‘historic’ city. The rich architectural and historical heritage of Chester made it an ideal candidate for the testing of conservation policies. The two street chosen for analysis are Bridge Street and Eastgate Street (see figure 2). Both are located within central shopping area and City Centre Conservation Area. Medieval rows are found along the sides of the two street and the majority of buildings date from the Victorian or Georgian periods, although there are a number of twentieth century developments.

In the late 1960s Chester was regarded as ‘a thriving tourist and commercial city’ that displayed ‘….all the problems of these accelerated ‘growing pains’’ (Insall: 1968)

The city architectural heritage and close proximity to the North Wales countryside made it the ideal destination for day-trippers from the nearby Manchester and Liverpool conurbation. Though it had been part of the local economy for several decades, rising car ownership meant that tourism was becoming increasingly popular. This condition could be define by using GIS approach to which identify the flow of tourist and visitors who come every year within conservation area. The City’s street were becoming choked by traffic and there was a demand for more car parking.

C. APPROACHES

Baban found that GIS usages can be classified into 4 areas: inventory; modelling; land suitability mapping and a possible solution.

The appropriate approach in GIS to which relate to the case study about conservation and economic development in inner areas, is inventory approach. This approach is the collection of base-line data and their subsequent storage in a GIS, for monitoring and management purpose. (Baban: 1998) For example is the store data on conservation areas and abstraction licences for individual ‘reaches’ within catchments and subcatchments (Annand: 1991)

To see the development either of commercial (retails) areas and office quarter in inner cities, the GIS approach can be used by using the land suitability mapping which has a function as a technique that can be used to find the optimal location for any development action given a set of goals and other criteria.



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Figure 2: Ordnance Survey Plan of Chester-Study Area: A. Browns, B. Grosvenor Precinct, C. Eastgate Street, D. Bridge Street, and E. Owen Owen



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Several researcher (Lyle & Stutz:1983) have developed computerised land suitability mapping criteria, based on combining a numbers of maps containing environmental, social and economic data that relate to each constraint, using either a weighted overlay process of Boolean logic functions. The final output is computerised map showing the most and least suitable locations for the development action.

1. Defining Designation Area Within Case Study Before all process of analyse and research begin, first of all, in this research will need to define the location of designation area to which chosen as ‘Conservation Area’. In this context, they will be Liverpool Office Quarter in Castle Street Conservation Area and Chester Retails Area in City Centre Conservation Area. In the term to address those available case studies, GIS will approach the research by defining the designation area of conservation. This stage will use ArcView. These approach will produce the conservation zones within case studies (see figure 3)

Those above approach can be shown in the following diagram/ flow chart in figure 3, which describes the relation and networking of the approach by using GIS to implement the research, by defining the designation area of conservation within city centres. (Adopted from Heywood, etal: 1998)

2. Identifying Commercial Activities and The Location of Commercial Area ArcInfo as one of Geographic Information System, might be useful in this approach, to identify the existing commercial activities (retails and office) in city centres, (see figure 4). A typical database created by ArcInfo contains record with and without spatial characteristic, for example, the position of retails within area, and the ownership, occupancy and value of those retails. ArcInfo differs from an ordinary relational database since the spatial characteristic can be used in analysing the stored data and information, for example, to find how may retails in conservation area within study area (City Centre Area). Also, ArcInfo has capability to input map features and for the manipulation and display of these features.

In the context of the available case study, this approach can be helpful to define the location of the offices/ retails, ownership, occupancy, and their values within case studies. This approach also can help to define a number of the vacant premises and premises to let to which explore the commercial and economic development within conservation area as an impact of designation.



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Figure 3: Using GIS to identify conservation zones in Case Studies

Identify relevant data

Topographic maps

Ditigize

Overlay to identify sensitive zones

Commercial sensitive zones

Overlay to identify sensitive zones for consideration as

conservation zones

Decide which zones

to implement

Designation conservation zones

established

Paper commercial maps from field work (city centre

area)

Ditigize commercial

zones

Extracted from

nature conservation

database

Nature

conservation sites

NO

YES

Remote sensing

data

Extract land cover maps

Extracted from cencus

database

Tourists and population

number



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Figure 4: Using GIS to identify retail locations and the development within area of Case Studies

Retail site location identified

CHESTER

LIVERPOOL

Bridge Street

Eastgate Street

Victoria Street

Dale Street

Appropriate geographical data sets identified from which a spatial picture of the criteria can be developed

Map showing Bridge Street

location pre designation

Map showing Eastgate Street


Map showing Victoria Street


Map showing Dale Street


GIS procedures used to create maps which show the proximity of all locations in the search area

Map showing Bridge Street

location post designation

Map showing Eastgate Street


Map showing Victoria Street


Map showing Dale Street


GIS procedures used to weight the significance change of each map from prior to post designation

Composite map produced which provides

a spatial picture of the significance physical

change of the area case studies

Overlay to identify the physical

changes in both area

Decide to look the physical changes and location of the

retails

view physical changes

YES

NO



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3. Defining Significance External Factors The economic development within case study area, not just pushed from conservation action since designation, but also there are some external factors which affect the development of commercial activities within area. According to field survey available, there are factors from tourist and visitors which make the car parking demand increase. Another factor is the increasing population within area could make the demand of car parking, open spaces, and retails increase as well.

The GIS approach of this research could be implemented by identifying and defining the number of tourists and population within in area to visit and do activities to which support the commercial activities within designation areas.

4. Exploring Economic Development The approach of the research by using GIS could be started as well by analysing and collecting data about economic development within area case studies which is related to commercial activities within it. This approach could be addressed with exploring data of income within area per year each retails or data of occupancy and vacancy rate premises of office and retails. By exploring these approach, hopefully this research will define the economic development as an impact of designation of conservation.

All those above approaches will address and exercise to fully handed the issues and aims of the research about the impact of designation area to commercial development within case study’s areas

D. CONCLUSION

Finally as conclusion. It can be concluded, that by using GIS approach to solve the issues in case study, is economical and practical. The main objective and several aims could be solve by using GIS approach. There are most important benefits gained from use of a GIS- based approach, as follow:

GIS have capabilities to manage and analyse the volume of diverse multidisciplinary data needed in the application, in this context GIS have capabilities to analyse and provide data and information about tourists’, visitors’ and population’s flow within study areas which involve in this research.

GIS have functionality to perform ‘what if’ scenarios which can be used either to evaluate the effects of different planning policies and to select the most suitable, or to find the optimum landfill site amongst a number of potential sites for development purpose, which is in commercial quarter city centres.

GIS have ability to be used for ‘modelling impacts’ of proposed, operational and abundant sites and suggesting modifications to minimise impact



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GIS have ability to identify designation study areas of conservation which are protected and managed within city centre.

GIS have ability to identify location of commercial activities within study areas of conservation and also could define the occupancy, ownership, vacant premises and premises to let within study area

REFERENCES REVIEW Annand, K. Guarding the Water Environment with GIS, in: J. Gadoux-Hudson & DI Heywood

(Eds). The Association for Geographic Information Yearbook 1991. Pp. 94-96. Taylor and Francis: London. 1991

Baban, SMJ and Flannagan, J. Developing and Implementing GIS-assisted Constraints Criteria for Planning Landfill Sites in the UK - Planning Practice and Research. Volume 13, No. 2, pp. 139-151. Carfax Publishing Ltd. United Kingdom. 1998.

GeoInformation International. Getting to Know ArcView. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. United States of America. 1996. Heywood, I et.al. An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems. Longman

Limited. England. 1998. Thorp, M. ArcView. Computing Services Department. The University of Liverpool. May 1998. Thorp, M. Using ArcInfo. Computing Services Department. The University of Liverpool. January

1998.

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