syed ahmad khan.pdf

7/25/2019 Syed Ahmad Khan.pdf

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Syed Ahmad Khan

Sir Syed Ahmad KhanCSI(Urdu:

; 17October 1817 27 March 1898), commonly known asSir Syed, was anIndian Muslim pragmatist,[1] Islamicmodernist,[2][3] philosopherand social activist of nine-teenth century India. He worked for theBritish EastIndia Company and was one of the founders of theAligarh Muslim University. In 1842,Mughal EmperorBahadur Shah ZafarIIconferred upon Sir Syed the titleofJavad-ud Daulah, maintaining the title originally con-ferredupon SirSyeds grandfather Syed Hadi byEmperor

Shah Alam IIaround the middle of the 18th century.In addition, the Emperor added the title of Arif Jang. Theconferment of these titles was symbolic of Sir Syeds in-corporation into the nobility of Delhi.[4]

Born into nobility, Sir Syed earned a reputation as a dis-tinguishedscholar while working as a jurist for theBritishEast India Company'srule in India. During theIndianRebellion of 1857, he remained loyal to theBritish Em-pireand was noted for his actions in saving Europeanlives.[5] After the rebellion, he penned the booklet TheCauses of the Indian Mutiny a daring critique, at thetime, of British policies that he blamed for causing the re-

volt. Believing that the future of Muslims was threatenedby the rigidity of theirorthodox outlook, Sir Syed beganpromotingWesternstyle scientific educationby found-ing modern schools and journals and organising Mus-lim entrepreneurs. Towards this goal, Sir Syed foundedMuhammadan Anglo-Oriental Collegein 1875 with theaim of promoting social, scientific, and economic devel-opment ofIndian Muslimswhich later developed into thefamousAligarh Muslim University.

Influential Hindu and Muslim politicians of his timeviewed Sir Syed with great suspicion, since he calledupon Muslims to loyally serve theBritish Empire. He

denounced nationalist organisationssuch as the IndianCongressfor giving only token representation to the In-dian Muslim community. Sir Syed promoted the adop-tion of Urdu as the lingua francaof allIndian Muslims,and mentored a rising generation of Muslim politiciansand entrepreneurs. Prior to theHindiUrdu controversy,he was interested in the education of both Muslims andHindus, and visualised India as a beautiful bride, whoseone eye was Hindu and, the other, Muslim. As a resultof this view, he was regarded as a reformer andnationalistleader.

There was a sudden change in Sir Syeds views after

theHindiUrdu controversy: his education and reformistpolicies became Muslim-specific and he fought for the

status of Urdu. His biographer,Hali, wrote, One dayas Sir Syed was discussing educational affairs of Mus-lims with Mr. Shakespeare the then Commissioner ofBanaras Mr. Shakespeare looked surprised and askedhim, This is the first time when I have heard you talk-ing specifically aboutMuslims. Before this you used totalk about the welfare of thecommon Indians. Sir Syedthen told him, Now I am convinced that the two com-munitiesMuslims and Hinduswill not put their hearts inany venture together. This is nothingit is just the be-

ginning, in the coming times an everincreasing hatredand animosityappears on the horizon simply because ofthose who are regarded as educated. Those who will bearound will witness it., (Hali, 1993).[6] Overall Sir Syedis hailed as the father of theTwo Nation Theoryand oneof thefounding fathersofPakistan, along withAllamaIqbalandMuhammad Ali Jinnah.[7]

1 Early life

(Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born on 17 October 1817 toa Noble Syedfamily in Delhi, which was the capital of theMughal Empire. His family ancestral roots is said to havecome fromArabia,[8] and then moved to subcontinent[9]

in the ruling times ofMughal emperor AkbarI. Manygenerations of his family had since been highly con-nected with the administrative position in Mughal Em-pire. His maternal grandfather Khwaja Fariduddin servedasWazir(lit. Minister) in the court ofEmperor AkbarII.[10] His paternal grandfather Syed Hadi held amansab(lit. General) a high-ranking administrative positionand honorary name of Jawwad Ali Khan in the court ofEmperor Alamgir II. Sir Syeds father Mir Muhammad

Muttaqi was personally close toEmperor AkbarIIandserved as his personal adviser.[11])

However, Syed Ahmad Khan was born at a time whenrebellious governors, regional insurrections aided and ledby theEast India Company, and theBritish Empirehaddiminished the extent and power of the Mughal state, re-ducing its monarch tofigurehead. With his elder brotherSyed Muhammad Khan, Sir Syed was raised in a largehouse in a wealthy area of the city. They were raisedin strict accordance with Mughal noble traditions andexposed to politics. Their mother Aziz-un-Nisa playeda formative role in Sir Syeds early life, raising him

with rigid discipline with a strong emphasis on moderneducation.[12] Sir Syed was taught to read and understandtheHoly Qur'anby a female tutor, which was unusual at

1
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2 3 CAREER

the time. He received an education traditional to Mus-lim nobility inDelhi. Under the charge of Hamiduddin,Sir Syed was trained inPersian,Arabic,Urduand or-thodoxreligious subjects. He read the works of Muslimscholars and writers such as Sahbai, RumiandGhalib.Other tutors instructed him inmathematics,astronomy

andIslamic jurisprudence.[10][13] Sir Syed was also adeptatswimming,wrestlingand other sports. He took an ac-tive part in the Mughal courts cultural activities.[14]

His elder brother founded the citys first printing pressin theUrdu languagealong with the journal Sayyad-ul-Akbar. SirSyed pursued the study ofmedicine for severalyears but did not complete the course.[10] Until the deathof his father in 1838, Sir Syed had lived a life customaryfor an affluent young Muslim noble.[10] Upon his fathersdeath, he inherited the titles of his grandfather and fatherand was awarded the title of Arif Jungby the emperorBahadur Shah Zafar.[15] Financial difficulties put an end

to Sir Syeds formal education, although he continued tostudy in private, using books on a variety of subjects. [14]

Sir Syed assumed editorship of his brothers journal andrejected offers of employment from the Mughal court.[14]

2 Genealogy

1. Abu Talib

2. Imam Ali al Murtaza

3. Imam Husayn al Shaheed4. Imam Zayn ul Abideen

5. Imam Muhammad Baqir

6. Imam Jafar Sadiq

7. Imam Musa Kazim

8. Imam Ali Raza

9. Imam Muhammad Taqi

10. SyedMusa al-Mubarraqa

11. Syed Abu Abdullah Ahmad

12. Syed Muhammad al Eraj

13. Syed Muhammad Ahmad

14. Syed Ahmad al Naqib

15. Syed Musa

16. Syed Ahmad

17. Syed Muhammad

18. Syed Ali

19. Syed Jafar

20. Syed Muhammad

21. Syed Isa

22. Syed Abul Fateh

23. Syed Ali

24. Syed Yar Husayn

25. Syed Kazimuddin Hasan

26. Syed Jafar

27. Syed Baqir

28. Syed Musa

29. Syed Sharfuddin Husayn

30. Syed Ibrahim

31. Syed Hafiz Ahmad

32. Syed Abdul Aziz

33. Syed Dost Muhammad

34. Syed Burhanuddin

35. Syed Imaduddin

36. Mir Syed Hadi

37. Mir Syed Muttaqi

38. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

3 Career

Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Justice Syed

Mahmood, he was the first Muslim to serve as a High Court judge

in the British Raj.

Having recognized the steady decline in Mughal politicalpower, Sir Syed decided to enter theEnglish civil ser-

viceand started attending theEast India Company Col-legewhere he graduated with a degree in law and judicialservices.[16] He was appointedSerestadar(lit. Clerk) at
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the courts of law inAgra, responsible for record-keepingand managing court affairs.[16] In 1840, he was promotedto the title of munshi. In 1858, he was appointed to ahigh-ranking post at the court inMuradabad, where hebegan working on his most famous literary work.

Acquainted with high-ranking British officials, Sir Syedobtained close knowledge about British colonial politicsduring his service at the courts. At the outbreak of theIndian rebellion, on 10 May 1857, Sir Syed was serv-ing as the chief assessment officer at the court inBijnor.Northern India became the scene of the most intensefighting.[17] The conflict had left large numbers of civil-ians dead. Erstwhile centres of Muslim power such asDelhi, Agra, LucknowandKanpur were severely af-fected. Sir Syed was personally affected by the violenceand the ending of the Mughal dynasty amongst manyother long-standing kingdoms. Sir Syed and many otherMuslims took this as a defeat of Muslim society.[18] He

lost several close relatives who died in the violence. Al-though he succeeded in rescuing his mother from the tur-moil, she died inMeerut, owing to the privations she hadexperienced.[17]

Social reforms in the Muslim society were initiated byAbdul Latifwho founded The Mohammedan LiterarySociety in Bengal. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan establishedtheMAO Collegewhich eventually became theAligarhMuslim University. He opposed ignorance, superstitionsand evil customs prevalent in Indian Muslim society. Hefirmly believed that Muslim society would not progresswithout the acquisition of western education and science.

As time passed, Sir Syed began stressing on idea of prag-matic modernism and started advocating for strong inter-faith relations betweenIslam and Christianity.

4 Causes of the Indian Revolt

Sir Syed supported the British during the1857 uprising,a role which has been criticised by some nationalists suchasJamaluddin Afghani. In 1859 Sir Syed Published thebooklet Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind(The Causes of theIndian Revolt) in which he studied the causes of the In-dian revolt. In this, his most famous work, he rejectedthe common notion that the conspiracy was planned byMuslim lites, who were insecure at the diminishing in-fluence of Muslim monarchs. He blamed the BritishEastIndia Companyfor its aggressive expansion as well as theignorance of British politicians regarding Indian culture.Sir Syed advised the British to appoint Muslims to assistin administration, to prevent what he called haramzadgi(a vulgar deed) such as the mutiny.[19]

Maulana AltafHussain Hali wrote in the biography of SirSyed that:

As soon as Sir Syed reached Murad-abad, he began to write the pamphlet enti-

tled The Causes of the Indian Revolt (Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind), in which he did his bestto clear the people of India, and especially theMuslims, of the charge of Mutiny. In spiteof the obvious danger, he made a courageousand thorough report of the accusations people

were making against the Government and re-fused the theory which the British had inventedto explain the causes of the Mutiny."{{[20]}}

When the work was finished, without waiting for an En-glish translation, Sir Syed sent the Urdu version to beprinted at the Mufassilat Gazette Press in Agra. Withina few weeks, he received 500 copies back from the print-ers. His friend warned him not to send the pamphlet toParliament or to the Government of India. Rae ShankarDas, a great friend of Sir Syed, begged him to burn thebooks rather than put his life in danger. Sir Syed repliedthat he was bringing these matters to the attention of theBritish for thegood of hisown people, of hiscountry, andof the government itself. He said that if he came to anyharm while doing something that would greatly benefitthe rulers and the subjects of India alike, he would gladlysuffer whatever befell him. When Rae Shankar Das sawthat Sir Syeds mind was made up and nothing could bedone to change it, he wept andremained silent. After per-forming a supplementary prayer and asking Gods bless-ing, Sir Syed sent almost all the 500 copies of his pam-phlet to England, one to the government, and kept the resthimself.

When the government of India had the book translatedand presented before the Council, Lord Canning, thegovernor-general, andSir Bartle Frereaccepted it as asincere and friendly report. The foreign secretaryCecilBeadon, however, severely attacked it, calling it 'an ex-tremely seditious pamphlet'. He wanted a proper inquiryinto the matter and said that the author, unless he couldgive a satisfactory explanation, should be harshly dealtwith. Since no other member of the Council agreed withhis opinion, his attack did no harm.

Later, Sir Syed was invited to attend Lord Canningsdurbarin Farrukhabad and happened to meet the foreignsecretary there. He told Sir Syed that he was displeasedwith the pamphlet and added that if he had really had thegovernments interests at heart, he would not have madehis opinion known in this way throughout the country; hewould have communicated it directly to the government.Sir Syed replied that he had only had 500 copies printed,the majority of which he had sent to England, one hadbeen given to the government of India, and the remain-ing copies were still in his possession. Furthermore, hehad the receipt to prove it. He was aware, he added, thatthe view of the rulers had been distorted by the stress andanxieties of the times, which made it difficult to put even

the most straightforward problem in its right perspective.It was for this reason that he had not communicated histhoughts publicly. He promised that for every copy that
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4 6 SCHOLARLY WORKS

could be found circulating in India he would personallypay 1,000 rupees. Atfirst, Beadon was not convinced andasked Sir Syed over and over again if he was sure that noother copy had been distributed in India. Sir Syed reas-sured him on this matter, and Beadon never mentioned itagain. Later he became one of Sir Syeds strongest sup-

porters.

Many official translations were made of the Urdu text ofThe Causes of the Indian Revolt. The one undertaken bythe India Office formed the subject of many discussionsand debates.[21] The pamphlet was also translated by thegovernment of India and several members of parliament,but no version was offered to the public. A translationwhich had been started by a government official was fin-ished by Sir Syeds great friend, Colonel G. F. I. Graham,and finally published in 1873.[22]

5 Sir Syed and Mirza Ghalib

The court of Akbar, an illustration from a manuscript of the Ain-

e-Akbari

In 1855, he finished his highly scholarly, very well re-

searched and illustrated edition of Abul Fazls Ai'n-e Ak-bari, itself an extraordinarily difficult book. Having fin-ished thework to his satisfaction, and believingthat Mirza

Asadullah Khan Ghalibwas a person who would appreci-atehis labours, Syed Ahmad approached the great Ghalibto write ataqriz(in the convention of the times, a lauda-tory foreword) for it. Ghalib obliged, but what he didproduce was a short Persian poem castigating the Ai'n-eAkbari, and by implication, the imperial, sumptuous, lit-

erate and learned Mughal culture of which it was a prod-uct. The least that could be said against it was that thebook hadlittle value even as an antique document. Ghalibpractically reprimanded Syed Ahmad Khan for wastinghis talents and time on dead things. Worse, he praisedsky-high the sahibs of England who at that time heldall the keys to all the ains in this world. [23]

The poem was unexpected, but it came at the timewhen Syed Ahmad Khans thought and feelings them-selves were inclining toward change. Ghalib seemed to beacutely aware of a European[English]-sponsored changein world polity, especially Indian polity. Syed Ahmad

might well have been piqued at Ghalibs admonitions, buthe would also have realized that Ghalibs reading of thesituation, though not nuanced enough, was basically accu-rate. Syed Ahmad Khan may also have felt that he, beingbetter informed about the English and the outside world,should have himself seen the change that now seemed tobe just round the corner.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan never again wrote a word in praiseof the Ai'n-e Akbariandin fact gaveup takingactive inter-est in history andarchealogy. He did edit another two his-torical texts over the next few years, but neither of themwas anything like theAi'n: a vast and triumphalist docu-

ment on the governance of Akbar.[24]

6 Scholarly works

While continuing to work as a junior clerk, Sir Syed be-gan focusing on writing, from the age of 23 (in 1840),on various subjects (frommechanicsto educational is-sues), mainly in Urdu, where he wrote, at least, 6000pages.[25][26] His career as an author began when he pub-lished a series of treatises in Urdu on religious sub-jects in 1842. He published the book Ansar-as-sanadid(Great Monuments) documenting antiquities of Delhi dat-ing from themedieval era. This work earnedhimthe rep-utation of a cultured scholar. In 1842, he completed theJila-ul-Qulub bi Zikr-il Mahbuband the Tuhfa-i-Hasan,along with the Tahsil fi jar-i-Saqilin 1844. These worksfocused on religious and cultural subjects. In 1852,he published the two works Namiqa dar bayan masalatasawwur-i-Shaikhand Silsilat ul-Mulk. He released thesecond edition of Ansar-as-sanadidin 1854.[27] He alsostarted work on a commentary on theBible the first

by a Muslim in which he argued that Islam was theclosest religion toChristianity, with a common lineagefromAbrahamic religions.[10] He began withGenesisand
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6.2 Religious works 5

First issue of the journalMuhammadan Social Reformerdated

24 December 1870, it was a pioneering publication initiated by

Sir Syed to promote liberal ideas in Muslim society.

Matthew, the first books of the Old and New Testament,but quit his project beforeeven completing those first two.His other writings such as Loyal Muhammadans of In-dia, Tabyin-ul-Kalamand A Series of Essays on the LifeofMuhammad and Subjects Subsidiary Therein helpedto create cordial relations between the British authoritiesand the Muslim community.[10]

Throughout his life Syed Ahmad found time for literaryandscholarlypursuits. Therangeofhis literaryandschol-arly interests was very wide: history, politics, archae-ology, journalism, literature, religion and science. The

scope of his major writings is indeed amazing, majorityare listed as follows:[28]

6.1 Legal works

1. Act No. 10 (Stamp Act) 1862.

2. Act No. 14 (Limitation) Act 18591864.

3. Act No. 16 (Regarding registration docu-ments) Allyson, 1864.

4. Act No. 18 (Regarding womens rights)1866.

6.2 Religious works

4. Ahkam Tu'am Ahl-Kitab, Kanpur, 1868.

5. Al-Du'a Wa'l Istajaba, Agra, 1892.

6. Al-Nazar Fi Ba'z Masa'il Imam Al-

Ghazzali, Agra.

7. Izalat ul-Chainas Zi'al Qarnain, Agra, 1889.

8. Zila al-Qulub ba Zikr al-Mahbub, Delhi,1843.

9. Khulq al-Insan ala ma fi al-Quran, Agra,1892.

10. Kimiya-i-Sa'dat, 2 fasl, 1883.

11. Mazumm ba nisbat tanazzul ulum-i-diniyawa Arabiya wa falsafa-i-Yunaniya, Agra, 1857.

12. Namiqa fi Bayan Masala Tasawwur al-Shaikh, Aligarh, 1883.

13. Rah-i-Sunnat dar rad-i-bid'at, Aligarh,1883.

14. Risala Ibtal-i-Ghulami, Agra, 1893.

15. Risala ho wal Mojud, 1880.

16. Risala Tahqiq Lafzi-i-Nassara, 1860.

17. Tabyin-ul-Kalam fi Tafsir-al-turat-wa'l In-jil ala Mullat-al-Islam (The Mohomedan Com-mentary on the Holy Bible).

18. Tafsir-ul-Qura'n

Vol. I Aligarh, 1880,

Vol. II Aligarh, 1882, Agra, 1903.

Vol. III Aligarh, 1885

Vol. IV Aligarh, 1888

Vol. V Aligarh, 1892.

Vol. VI Aligarh, 1895

Vol. VII Agra, 1904.

19. Tafsir al-Jinn Wa'l Jan ala ma fi al-Qur'an,Rahmani Press, Lahore, 1893, Agra, 1891.

20. Tafsir-a-Samawat, Agra.

21. Tahrir fi Usul al-Tafsir, Agra, 1892.

22. Tarjama fawa'id al-afkar fi amal al-farjar,Delhi 1846.

23. Tarqim fi qisa ashab al-kahf wal-Raqim,Agra, 1889.

24. Tasfiyad al'Aquid (Being the corre-spondence between Syed Ahmad Khan andMaulana Muhammad Qasim of Deobund).

25. Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind (Reasons forthe Indian Revolt of 1857) 1875
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6 6 SCHOLARLY WORKS

Title page of Commentary of Quran by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

6.3 Historical works

25. A'in-e-Akbari (Edition with Illustration),Delhi.

26. Asar-us-Sanadid (i) Syed-ul-Akhbar,1847, (II) Mata-i-Sultani, 1852.

27. Description des monument de Delhi in1852, D'a Pre Le Texte Hindostani De SaiyidAhmad Khan (tr. by M. Garcin De Tassy),Paris, 1861.

28. Jam-i-Jum, Akbarabad, 1940.

29. Silsilat-ul-Muluk, Ashraf ul Mataba',Delhi, 1852.

30. Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi (Edition), Asiatic So-

ciety, Calcutta, 1862.

31. Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri (edition Aligarh, 1864).

6.4 Biographical works

32. Al-Khutbat al-Ahmadiya fi'l Arab wa'ISirat al-Muhammadiya : Aligarh, 1900, En-glish translation, London, 186970.

33. Sirat-i-Faridiya, Agra, 1896.

34. Tuhfa-i-Hasan, Aligarh, 1883.

6.5 Political works

: 35. Asbab-i-Bhaghwat-i-Hind, Urdu 1858 and En-

glish edition, Banaras.

36. Lecture Indian National Congress MadrasPar, Kanpur, 1887.

37. Lectures on the Act XVI of1864, delivered

on 4 December 1864 for the Scientific Society,Allygurh, 1864.

38. Musalmanon ki qismat ka faisla (taqarir-e-Syed Ahmad Khan wa Syed Mehdi Ali Khanetc.) Agra, 1894.

39. On Hunters :Our Indian MussulmansLondon, 1872.

40. Present State of Indian Politics (Consistingof lectures and Speeches) Allahabad, 1888.

41. Sarkashi Zilla Binjor, Agra 1858.

6.6 Lectures

42. Iltimas be Khidmat Sakinan-i-Hindustandar bad tarraqi ta' lim ahl-i.Hind, Ghazipore,1863.

43. Lecture dar bab targhib wa tahris talimitfal-i-Musalmanan, in 1895, Agra 1896.

44. Lecture Madrasaat ul-Ulum Aligarh Key

Tarikhi halat aur jadid Waqi'at Par, Agra.1889.

45. Lecture Ijlas Dahum Muhammadan Edu-cational Conference, Agra, 1896.

46. Lecture Muta'liq Ijlas Yazdahum Muham-madan Educational Conference, Agra, 1896.

47. Majmu'a Resolution Haye dah sala (Res-olutions passed by the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Educational Conference from 1886 to1895) ed. by Sir Syed Ahmad, Agra, 1896.

48. Report Salana (Annual Report of the

Boarding House of Madrasat-ul-Ulum 18791880).


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6.9 Journals, reports, and proceedings 7

Sir Syed with his sonSyed Mahmood, grand son Syed Ross Ma-

sood, and some admirers.

6.7 Collected works

49. Khutut-i-Sir Syed, ed Ross Masud, 1924.

50. Majuma Lecture Kaye Sir Syed ed. Mun-shi Sirajuddin, Sadhora 1892.

51. Maqalat-i-Sir-Syed ed. by 'AbdullahKhvesgri, Aligarh, 1952.

52. Maqalat-i-Sir Syed, ed. By MuhammadIsmail, Lahore,

53. Makatib-i-Sir Syed, Mustaq Husain,Delhi, 1960.

54. Maktubat-i-Sir Syed, Muhammad IsmailPanipati, Lahore, 1959.

55. Makummal Majumua Lectures waspeeches. ed. Malik Fazaluddin, Lahore,1900.

56. Muktubat al-Khullan ed. Mohd. UsmanMaqbul, Aligarh 1915.

57. Tasanif-i-Ahmadiya (Collection of SyedAhmad Khans works on religions topics) in 8parts.

58. stress on Holy Quran.

59.Reformation of Faith.

6.8 Miscellaneous

58. On the Use of the Sector (Urdu), Syed-ul-Akbar, 1846.

59. Qaul-i-Matin dar Ibtal-i-Harkat i Zamin,Delhi, 1848.

60. Tashil fi Jar-a-Saqil, Agra, 1844.

61. Ik Nadan Khuda Parast aur Dana dunyadarKi Kahani, Badaon, 1910.

62. Kalamat-ul-Haqq, Aligarh

6.9 Journals, reports, and proceedings

1.Tehzeeb-ul-Ikhlaq.

2.Aligarh Institute Gazette.

3. Proceedings of the Muhammadens Educa-

tional Conference.4. An Account of the Loyal Muhammadans ofIndia, Parts I, II, III, Moufussel Press, Meerut,1860.

5. Proceedings of the Scientific Society.

6. By-Laws of the Scientific Society.

7. Addresses and speeches relating to theMuhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Ali-garh (18751898) ed. Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Aligarh, 1898.[29]

7 Muslim reformer

See also:Aligarh MovementWarning: Page usingTemplate:Infobox universitywithunknown parameter profess (this message is shownonly in preview).Warning: Page usingTemplate:Infobox universitywithunknown parameter fightsong (this message is shownonly in preview).Warning: Page usingTemplate:Infobox universitywithunknown parameter telephone (this message is shownonly in preview).Warning: Page usingTemplate:Infobox universitywithunknown parameter tagline (this message is shownonly in preview).Warning: Page usingTemplate:Infobox universitywithunknown parameter publictransit (this message isshown only in preview).Warning: Page usingTemplate:Infobox universitywithunknown parameter Motto (this message is shown onlyin preview).

Through the 1850s, Syed Ahmed Khan began develop-ing a strong passionfor education. While pursuingstudiesof different subjects including European [jurisprudence],Sir Syed began to realise the advantages of Western-styleeducation, which was being offered at newly establishedcolleges across India. Despite being a devout Muslim,Sir Syed criticised the influence of traditional dogma andreligious orthodoxy, which had made most Indian Mus-lims suspicious of British influences.[30] Sir Syed beganfeeling increasingly concerned for the future of Muslimcommunities.[30] A scion of Mughal nobility, Sir Syedhad been reared in the finest traditions of Muslim liteculture and was aware of the steady decline of Muslimpolitical power across India. The animosity between the

British and Muslims before and after the rebellion (Inde-pendence War) of 1857 threatened to marginalise Mus-lim communities across India for many generations.[30]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh_Movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh_Institute_Gazettehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehzeeb-ul-Ikhlaqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Masoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Masoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Mahmood


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8 8 ADVOCACY OF URDU

Sir Syed intensified his work to promote co-operationwith British authorities, promoting loyalty to theEmpireamongst Indian Muslims. Committed to working forthe upliftment of Muslims, Sir Syed founded a modernmadrassain Muradabad in 1859; this was one of the firstreligious schools to impart scientific education. Sir Syed

also worked on social causes, helping to organise relieffor the famine-struck people of North-West Province in1860. He established another modern school inGhazipurin 1863.

Upon his transfer to Aligarhin 1864, Sir Syed beganworking wholeheartedly as an educator. He foundedtheScientific Society of Aligarh, the first scientific as-sociation of its kind in India. Modelling it after theRoyal Societyand theRoyal Asiatic Society,[13] Sir Syedassembled Muslim scholars from different parts of thecountry. The Society held annual conferences, disbursedfunds for educational causes and regularly published a

journal on scientific subjects inEnglishand Urdu. SirSyed felt that the socio-economic future of Muslims wasthreatened by their orthodox aversions to modern sci-ence and technology.[30] He published many writings pro-moting liberal, rational interpretations ofIslamic scrip-tures. However, his view of Islam was rejected by Mus-lim clergy as contrary to traditional views on issues like

jihad,polygamyand animal slaughtering. Clerics of theDeobandiandWahhabischools condemned him harshlyas akafir.[31] In face of pressure from religious Muslims,Sir Syed avoided discussing religious subjects in his writ-ings, focusing instead on promoting education.[32]

8 Advocacy of Urdu

See also:Hindi-Urdu controversyThe onset of the Hindi-Urdu controversyof1867 saw the

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in Punjab

emergence of Sir Syed as a political leader of the Muslimcommunity. He became a leading Muslim voice oppos-ing the adoption ofHindias a second official languageof theUnited Provinces(nowUttar Pradesh). Sir Syedperceived Urdu as thelingua francaof Muslims. Havingbeen developed by Muslim rulersof India, Urdu was used

as a secondary language to Persian, the official languageof the Mughal court. Since the decline of the Mughal dy-nasty, SirSyed promotedthe useofUrdu through hisownwritings. Under Sir Syed, the Scientific Society translatedWestern works only into Urdu. The schools establishedbySirSyed impartededucation in the Urdu medium. Thedemand for Hindi, led largely by Hindus, was to Sir Syedan erosion of the centuries-old Muslim cultural domina-tion of India. Testifying before the British-appointed ed-ucation commission, Sir Syed controversially exclaimedthat Urdu was the language ofgentryand Hindi that ofthe vulgar.[33] His remarks provoked a hostile response

from Hindu leaders, who unified across the nation to de-mand the recognition of Hindi.

The success of the Hindi movement led Sir Syed to fur-ther advocate Urdu as the symbol of Muslim heritage andas the language of all Indian Muslims. His educationaland political work grew increasingly centred around andexclusively for Muslim interests. He also sought to per-suade the British to give Urdu extensive official use andpatronage. His colleagues such asMohsin-ul-MulkandMaulvi Abdul Haqdeveloped organisations such as theUrdu Defence Associationand theAnjuman Taraqqi-i-Urdu, committed to the perpetuation of Urdu. All these

colleagues led efforts that resulted in the adoptionof Urduas the official language of theHyderabad Stateand as themedium of instruction in theOsmania University.[34] ToMuslims in northernandwesternIndia, Urdu hadbecomean integral part of political and cultural identity. How-ever, the division over the use of Hindi or Urdu furtherprovoked communal conflict between Muslims and Hin-dus in India.

On 1 April 1869 he went, along with his sonSyed Mah-mood, toEngland, where he was awarded theOrder ofthe Star of Indiafrom the British government on 6 Au-gust. Travelling across England, he visited its colleges

and was inspired by the culture of learning established af-ter theRenaissance. Sir Syed returned to India in the fol-lowing year determined to build a MuslimCambridge.Upon his return, he organised the Committee for theBetter Diffusion and Advancement of Learning amongMuhammadans" (Muslims) on 26 December 1870. SirSyed described his vision of the institution he proposedto establish in an article written sometime in 1872 and re-printed in theAligarh Institute Gazetteof 5 April 1911:

I may appear to be dreaming and talkinglike Shaikh Chilli, but we aim to turn this

MAO College into a University similar to thatofOxfordor Cambridge. Like the churches ofOxford and Cambridge, there will bemosques
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxfordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh_Institute_Gazettehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Mahmoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Mahmoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmania_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_Statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjuman_Taraqqi-i-Urduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjuman_Taraqqi-i-Urduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_Defence_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulvi_Abdul_Haqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohsin-ul-Mulkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urdu_controversyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urdu_controversyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deobandihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Holy_Bookshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Holy_Bookshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Society_of_Aligarhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazipurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrassahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire


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9

attached to each College... The College willhave a dispensary with a Doctor and a com-pounder, besides a Unani Hakim. It will bemandatory on boys in residence to join thecongregational prayers (namaz) at all the fivetimes. Students of other religions will be ex-

empted from this religious observance. Mus-lim students will have a uniform consisting of ablackalpaca, half-sleeved chugha and a red Fezcap... Bad and abusive words which boys gen-erally pick up and get used to, will be strictlyprohibited. Even such a word as a liar will betreated as an abuse to be prohibited. They willhave food either on tables ofEuropean styleoronchaukisin the manner of theArabs... Smok-ing of cigarette or huqqaand the chewing ofbetelsshall be strictly prohibited. Nocorporalpunishmentor any such punishment as is likely

to injure a students self-respect will be per-missible... It will be strictly enforced thatShiaandSunniboys shall not discuss their religiousdifferences in the College or in the boardinghouse. At present it is like a day dream. I prayto God that this dream may come true.

Signatures of Sir syed

By 1873, the committee under Sir Syed issued propos-als for the construction of a college in Aligarh. He be-gan publishing the journal Tahzib al-Akhlaq(Social Re-

former) to spread awareness and knowledge on modernsubjects and promote reforms in Muslim society. SirSyed worked to promote reinterpretation of Muslim ide-ology in order to reconcile tradition with Western educa-

tion. He argued in several books on Islam that the Qur'anrested on an appreciation of reason and natural law, mak-ing scientific inquiry important to being a good Muslim.

Sir Syed established a modern school in Aligarh and, ob-taining support from wealthy Muslims and the British,laid the foundation stone of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Collegeon 24 May 1875. He retired from hiscareer as a jurist the followingyear, concentratingentirelyon developing the college and on religious reform. [13] Sir

Syeds pioneering work received support fromthe British.Although intensely criticised by orthodox religious lead-ers hostile to modern influences, Sir Syeds new institu-tion attracted a largestudent body, mainly drawn from theMuslim gentry and middle classes.[31] The curriculum atthe college involved scientific and Western subjects, aswell as Oriental subjects and religious education.[13] ThefirstchancellorwasSultan Shah Jahan Begum, a promi-nent Muslim noblewoman, and Sir Syed invited an En-glishman, Theodore Beck, to serve as the first collegeprincipal.[31] The college was originally affiliated withCalcutta Universitybut was transferred to theAllahabad

Universityin 1885. Near the turn of the 20th century,it began publishing its own magazine and established alaw school. In 1920, the college was transformed into auniversity.

9 Political career

In 1878, SirSyed was nominated to the ViceroysLegisla-tive Council.[35] He testified before the education com-mission to promote the establishment of more collegesand schools across India. In the same year, Sir Syed

founded the Muhammadan Association to promote po-litical co-operation amongst Indian Muslims from differ-ent parts of the country. In 1886, he organised theAllIndia Muhammadan Educational Conferencein Aligarh,which promoted his vision of modern education and po-litical unity for Muslims. His works made him the mostprominent Muslim politician in 19th century India, ofteninfluencing the attitude of Muslims on various nationalissues. He supported the efforts of Indian political lead-ersSurendranath BanerjeeandDadabhai Naorojito ob-tainrepresentationfor Indians in the government and civilservices. In 1883, he founded the Muhammadan CivilService Fund Association to encourage and support the

entry of Muslim graduates into theIndian Civil Service(ICS).[13][36] While fearful of the loss of Muslim polit-ical power owing to the communitys backwardness, SirSyed was also averse to the prospect of democratic self-government, which would give control of government tothe Hindu-majority population:[37][38]

At this time our nation is in a bad statein regards education and wealth, but God hasgiven us the light of religion and the Quran ispresent for our guidance, which has ordainedthem and us to be friends. Now God has made

them rulers over us. Therefore we should cul-tivate friendship with them, and should adoptthat method by which their rule may remain
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10 12 REFERENCES

permanent and firm in India, and may not passinto the hands of theBengalis... If we join thepolitical movement of the Bengalis our nationwill reap a loss, for we do not want to becomesubjects of the Hindus instead of the subjectsof the "people of the Book...[38]

9.1 All-India Muslim League

Ahmad Khan helped form theAll-India Muslim League(AIML). His educational proposals and political activisminspired Muslim elites to support the AIML. AhmadKhan originally founded the All India Muhammadan Ed-ucational Conference in 1886 in order to uplift Westerneducation, especially science and literature, among In-dias Muslims. The conference, in addition to generatingfunds for Ahmad Khans Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental

College, motivatedMuslim elites to proposeexpansionofeducational uplift elsewhere, known as the Aligarh Move-ment. In turn this new awareness of Muslimneedshelpedstimulate a political consciousness among Muslim elitesthat went on to form the AIML.[39]

10 Legacy and Knighthood

Sir Syeds house in the university campus

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan lived the last two decades of hislife in Aligarh, regarded widely as the mentor of 19th-and 20th century Muslim entrepreneurs and politicians.He remained the most influential Muslim politician in In-dia, with his opinions guiding the convictions of a largemajority of Muslims. Battling illnesses and old age, SirSyed died on 27 March 1898. He was buried besidesSir Syed Masjidinside the campus of the Aligarh univer-sity. His funeral was attended by thousands of students,Muslim leaders and British officials. Sir Syed is widelycommemorated across South Asia as a great Muslim re-

former and visionary.[13][36] At the same time, Sir Syedsought to politically ally Muslims to the British govern-ment. An avowed loyalist of theBritish Empire, Sir Syed

was nominated as a member of the Civil Service Com-mission in 1887 byLord Dufferin. In 1888, he estab-lished theUnited Patriotic Associationat Aligarh to pro-mote political co-operation with the British and Muslimparticipation in the government.

Syed Ahmed Khan wasknightedby the British govern-ment in 1888 and was awardedKnight Commander ofthe order of Star of India[40] for his loyalty to the Britishcrown, through his membership of the Imperial Legisla-tive Council[41] and in the following year he received anLL.D.honoris causafrom theEdinburgh University.[13]

The university he founded remains one of Indias mostprominent institutions. Prominent alumni of Aligarh in-clude Muslim political leadersMaulana Mohammad Ali,Abdur RabNishtar, MaulanaShaukatAli and MaulviAb-dul Haq, who is hailed inPakistanas Baba-e-Urdu(Fa-ther of Urdu). The first twoPrime Ministers of Pakistan,

Liaquat Ali KhanandKhawaja Nazimuddin, as well asthe lateIndian President Dr. Zakir Hussain, are amongstAligarhs most famous graduates. In India, Sir Syed iscommemorated as a pioneer who worked for the socio-political upliftment of Indian Muslims. Sir Syed is alsohailed as a founding father of Pakistan for his role in de-veloping a Muslim political class independent of Hindu-majority organisations.

11 See also

Aligarh Muslim University

Womens College

Aligarh Movement

Sheikh Abdullah

Islamic Modernism

Khwaja Muhammad Yusuf

NawabMuhammad Hayat Khan

British Pakistanis

List of British Pakistanis

12 References

[1] http://www.academia.edu/2501127/Enlightenment_

and_Islam_Sayyid_Ahmad_Khans_Plea_to_Indian_

Muslims_for_Reason

[2] Glasse, Cyril, The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Altamira

Press, (2001)

[3] Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World,Thompson

Gale (2004)

[4] http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/

srf/srf_sirsayyid.pdf
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/srf_sirsayyid.pdfhttp://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/srf_sirsayyid.pdfhttp://www.academia.edu/2501127/Enlightenment_and_Islam_Sayyid_Ahmad_Khans_Plea_to_Indian_Muslims_for_Reasonhttp://www.academia.edu/2501127/Enlightenment_and_Islam_Sayyid_Ahmad_Khans_Plea_to_Indian_Muslims_for_Reasonhttp://www.academia.edu/2501127/Enlightenment_and_Islam_Sayyid_Ahmad_Khans_Plea_to_Indian_Muslims_for_Reasonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Pakistanishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Pakistanishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Hayat_Khanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Muhammad_Yusufhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Modernismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullah_(educationalist)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh_Movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%2527s_College,_Aligarhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_(politician)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Presidenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba-e-Urduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulvi_Abdul_Haqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulvi_Abdul_Haqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulana_Shaukat_Alihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdur_Rab_Nishtarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulana_Mohammad_Alihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Patriotic_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Avahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Syed_Masjidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh_Movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh_Movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_Leaguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_the_Bookhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people


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[5] Glasse, Cyril, The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Altamira

Press, (2001)

[6] Akhtar, Altf usain l ; Talkh, Salim (1993).

No%3A%099693501861-Author%3A%09ALTAF-

HUSSAIN-HALI.html ayt-i jved Check |url=

value (help). Lhaur: Sang-i Ml Pablikeshanz. ISBN9693501861.

[7] Akram, Shaikh Muhammad. Mauj-e-kausar(in Urdu).

Lahore. pp. 86, 85.

[8] Hayaat-e-Javaid, Maulana Altaf Husain Haali, Vol. 1, pp.

26, Arsalaan Books, Allama Iqbal Road, Azad Kashmir

[9] GRAHAM, George Farquhar (1885). The Life and Work

of Syed Ahmed Khan, C. at S. L. Black wood. p. 1.

[10] period =P001 Sir Syed Ahmad KhanCheck |url= value

(help). Story of Pakistan. Retrieved 2006-10-14.


of Syed Ahmed Khan, C. S. L. Blackwood. p. 4.

[12] Syed Ziaur Rahman, Sir Syed and His Family Back-

ground,The Aftab Magazine, Aligarh Muslim University,

Aligarh, 199899, p. 17-19; We and You(Special Issue),

Aligarh, SeptOct., 1999, p. 10

[13] Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.Encyclopedia of World Biogra-

phy(2nd ed.). Gale Research. 1997. pp. 17 vols.

[14] Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. Nazaria-e-Pakistan. Story of

Pakistan, Sir Syed. Retrieved 27 March 2014.



[16] Hayat-i-Javed (A Biography of Sir Sayyid) by Altaf Hu-

sain Hali (1901), translated by David J. Matthews (New

Delhi: Rupa and Company, 1994)

[17] Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Chronology.Sir Syed Univer-

sity of Engineering and Technology.

[18] MUHAMAD, Dr. Shan (1978). The Aligarh Movement.

Meerut: Meenakshi Prakashan. pp. IX.

[19] Hoodbhoy, Pervez (9 Feb 2013).WhySir Syed loses andAllama Iqbal wins in Pakistan. The Pakistan Tribune.

Retrieved 30 July 2015.

[20] Hayat-i-Javed (A Biography of Sir Sayyid) by Altaf

Husain Hali (1901), translated by David J. Matthews

(New Delhi: Rupa and Company, 1994), pp. 92-95

|date=December 2011

[21] See, for instance, chapter 2 of Raja, Masood Ashraf.

Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise

of Muslim National Identity, 18571947, Oxford 2010,

ISBN 978-0-19-547811-2

[22] Hayat-i-Javed(A Biography ofSir Sayyid) byAltaf HusainHali (1901), translated by David J. Matthews (New Delhi:

Rupa and Company, 1994), pp. 9295

[23] The word ain can mean all or any of the following: char-

acter, convention, temperament, habit, rule, path, law(ec-

clesiastical or secular), creed, praxis, quality, intention,

organization, management, system, decoration, beauty.

(Lughat Nama-e Dehkhoda). There are about eighty

meanings in all. These meanings seem to have developed

over the centuries. Most were available to Abul Fazl; allwere available to Ghalib.

[24] Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman. From Antiquary to Social

Revolutionary: SyedAhmadKhan and the ColonialExpe-

rience(PDF).Shamsur Rahman Faruqi, work in English.

Columbia University. Retrieved 12 December 2015.

[25] John W. Wilder(2006),Selected essays by Sir Sayed Ah-

mad Khan, p. 34

[26] Johannes Marinus Simon Baljon(1964),The reforms and

religious ideas of Sir Sayed Ahmad Khan, p. 13

[27] Sir Syed Ahmed Khan >> Chronology

[28] http://aligarians.com/mehfil/index.php/topic,59.0.html

[29] Compiled by: Ashraf A. Shah, 1980

[30] KUMAR, S (2000). Educational Philosophy in Modern

India. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 59. ISBN 81-

261-0431-7.

[31] Nazeer Ahmed (2000). Islam in Global History. Xlibris

Corporation. p. 231.ISBN 0738859664.

[32] ALI, Engineer Asghar (2001). Rational Approach to Is-

lam. Delhi: Gyan Publishing House. p. 191. ISBN

8121207258.

[33] Hindi Nationalism, Alok Rai, Orient Blackswan, 2001

[34] ABBASI, Yusuf (1981). Muslim Politics and Leader-

ship in the South Asian Sub-continent. Institute of Is-

lamic History, Culture and Civilization, Islamic Univer-

sity (Islamabad). p. 90.



[36] MAJUMDAR, RC (1969). Struggle for Free-

dom. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 1967. ASIN:

B000HXEOUM.

[37] BAIG, MRA (1974). The Muslim Dilemma in India.

Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. pp. 512.

[38] KUMAR, S (2000). Educational Philosophy in Modern

India. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 60. ISBN 81-

261-0431-7.

[39] Abdul Rashid Khan, All India Muhammadan Educa-

tional Conference and the Foundation of the All India

Muslim League, Journal of the Pakistan Historical So-

ciety(2007) Vol. 55 Issue 1/2, pp 6583.

[40] Ikram, S.S.Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan: Muslim Scholar. En-

cyclopedia Brittanica. Retrieved 30 July 2015.

[41] Mondal, Puja. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Aligarh

Movement. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/history/sir-syed-ahmed-khan-and-the-aligarh-movement/23145/http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/history/sir-syed-ahmed-khan-and-the-aligarh-movement/23145/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Sayyid-Ahmad-Khanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-0431-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-0431-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabadhttps://books.google.com/books?id=fmnpssOM_3kC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=Urdu+was+the+language+of+gentry+and+Hindi+that+of+the+vulgar&source=bl&ots=qYJzARaHiI&sig=sUvDhRokxc7PfrU6dm4TdZpX1bw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=varoUYTLNKbG0AX1uIGwDA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Urdu%2520was%2520the%2520language%2520of%2520gentry%2520and%2520Hindi%2520that%2520of%2520the%2520vulgar&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8121207258https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0738859664https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-0431-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-0431-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://aligarians.com/mehfil/index.php/topic,59.0.htmlhttp://aligarians.com/mehfil/index.php/topic,59.0.htmlhttp://www.ssuet.edu.pk/stidemo/ssuet/Chronology.htmhttp://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/srf_sirsayyid.pdfhttp://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/srf_sirsayyid.pdfhttp://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/srf_sirsayyid.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195478112https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masood_Ashraf_Rajahttp://tribune.com.pk/story/504576/why-sir-syed-loses-and-allama-iqbal-wins-in-pakistan/http://tribune.com.pk/story/504576/why-sir-syed-loses-and-allama-iqbal-wins-in-pakistan/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeruthttp://storyofpakistan.com/sir-syed-ahmad-khan/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ziaur_Rahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_urlhttp://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._M._Ikramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9693501861https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_urlhttp://www.urdu-booksonline.com/products/HAYAT%25252dI%25252dJAVED-,-%2509--ISBNhttp://www.urdu-booksonline.com/products/HAYAT%25252dI%25252dJAVED-,-%2509--ISBN


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12 14 EXTERNAL LINKS

13 Further reading

The Glowing Legend of Sir Syed A CentennialTribute (1998), Ed. Syed Ziaur Rahman, Non-Resident Students Centre, Aligarh

Muslim University (Aligarh)

Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan. Sir Syed aur FaneyTameer(Aligarh)

Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan.Muslim University ki Ka-hani, Imarton ki zubani(Aligarh)

Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan. Sir Syed aur ScientificSociety(Aligarh)

Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan. Sir Syed tahreek ka siyasiaur samaji pas manzar(Aligarh)

Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan. Sir Syed House ke MahWasal (Aligarh)

Prof. Iftikhar AlamKhan.Sir Syed Daroon e Khana(Aligarh*

Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan " Sir Syed aur JadeedyatPub. by Educational Publications, Delhi 012.

Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan " Sir Syed aur HindustaniNizam-e-zaraat " Ed. Pub. Delhi.

Graham, George Farquhar Irving. The Life and Work ofSir Syed Ahmed Khan(Karachi:Oxford University Press,1974)

Encyclopedia of World Biography Syed Ahmed

Khan, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. (Gale Research) asBaba-e-Urdu(Father of Urdu)an,nandnn,S K S K,P,S KS K,P

14 External links

Comprehensive detail about Aligarh Movement Sir Saiyad Ahmad, Khan Bahadur, L.L.D,

K.C.S.I. By Afzal Usmani

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan short biography. officialwebsite of Aligarh Muslim University.

Sir Syed Today: A Source of Literary Work of SirSyed Ahmad Khan.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (18171898)". Story ofPakistan.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. Pioneers of Freedom.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. Sir Syed University of En-gineering & Technology.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. Cyber AMU.

Upadhyay, R. Aligarh Movement. South AsiaAnalysis Group.

The Rich Legacy of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (GulfNews)

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan His Life and Contribution(NewAgeIslam)
http://www.newageislam.com/books-and-documents/azhar-mohammed-k/sir-syed-ahmed-khan-his-life-and-contribution/d/9085http://www.newageislam.com/books-and-documents/azhar-mohammed-k/sir-syed-ahmed-khan-his-life-and-contribution/d/9085http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/the-rich-legacy-of-sir-syed-ahmad-khan-1.1090105http://www.saag.org/papers7/paper611.htmlhttp://www.cyberamu.com/ulc/sirsyed.phphttp://www.ssuet.edu.pk/stidemo/ssuet/sirsyed/main.htmlhttp://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/sir_syed_ahmad_khan.htmlhttp://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P001http://www.sirsyedtoday.org/http://www.sirsyedtoday.org/http://www.amu.ac.in/ssah.htmhttp://aligarhmovement.com/sir_syedhttp://aligarhmovement.com/sir_syedhttp://www.aligarhmovement.com/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Syed_Government_Girls_Collegehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Syed_University_of_Engineering_and_Technologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Syed_Government_Girls_Collegehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Syed_University_of_Engineering_and_Technologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba-e-Urduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba-e-Urduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ziaur_Rahman


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13

15 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

15.1 Text

Syed Ahmad Khan Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan?oldid=721945106 Contributors: SimonP, Leandrod,Ixfd64, Ahoerstemeier, Vanished user 5zariu3jisj0j4irj, Shafei, Robbot, Auric, Timrollpickering, DigiBullet, Mattflaschen, Andries, SyedAtif Nazir, Ragib, Marriex, Aurevilly, Antandrus, MisfitToys, Kesac, Soman, D6, YUL89YYZ, MeltBanana, Quiensabe, Ibagli, Pavel

Vozenilek, Bender235, IFaqeer, Jag123, Rajah, Alansohn, Skud, Dark Shikari, Grenavitar, LFaraone, Awais141, Henry W. Schmitt,BDD, SteinbDJ, Oystertoadfish, Tariqabjotu, Woohookitty, FeanorStar7, Mr Tan, RHaworth, Tutmosis, Graham87, Melesse, Rjwilmsi,Angusmclellan, Akv, Seraphimblade, Matt Deres, Yahoo1, AbsarShah, Cheimilane, DTOx, Bgwhite, Wavelength, Crotalus horridus,Deeptrivia, RussBot, Mithridates, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, Member, Tanzeel, Shreshth91, Siddiqui, Metonyme, Rjensen,Stallions2010, Misza13, Tony1, Davidsteinberg, Tachs, Theodolite, Nikkimaria, Mercenary2k, Danny-w, Yazid97, Tajik, Kungfuadam,Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Kaaashif, YellowMonkey, InvictaHOG, Spasage, Yamaguchi, PeterSymonds, Gilliam, Hmains, M.Imran,Sahirshah, Gracenotes, Ramas Arrow, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Jinxed, Neo139, Kneale, Insineratehymn, DMacks, Nishkid64, Kuru,BuckyRea, Aleenf1, Optimale, Stizz, Plattler01, Deepak D'Souza, Shivashree, Dl2000, Iridescent, Falcon007, Brain101, Belgium EO, Ka-malesh9, RaviC, CmdrObot, Tobateksingh, Basawala, GHe, Chicheley, Lee Bailey, Cydebot, Tkynerd, Kozuch, Gimmetrow, Islescape,Anshuk,JustAGal,Deipnosophista, LunaSantin,[email protected], IndianGeneralist,TexMurphy,Gdo01, Spencer, Myanw,Wahabi-jaz, Phil153, Ekabhishek, Andonic, Longhairandabeard, Demophon, Magioladitis, VoABot II, Askari Mark, AtticusX, Mouchoir le Souris,Wikiality123, Tuncrypt, Spellmaster, Glen, Pax:Vobiscum, Keith D, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, DrKay, JamesR, Ginsengbomb, SufiyanAhmed, MezzoMezzo, Dskluz, Naniwako, MKoltnow, WJBscribe, CommunistStyle?, TopGun, Nomi887, Inwind, Shan80, VolkovBot,Hersfold, BoogaLouie, Kyle the bot, Jsalims80, TXiKiBoT, Pahari Sahib, GimmeBot, Hairy beast, AlexDenney, Qxz, Sniperz11,Lou.weird, Cbxzcm, Bao3k, Paysog, Eatmemehwish, Randomaster, Edit khi, Zenmanman, Noor Aalam, Dirkbb, Synthebot, Sami 0811,Cnilep, AlleborgoBot, Roland zh, Arjun024, Tresiden, Aguenther, Meerhet, Flyer22 Reborn, Grimey109, Mimihitam, Aumnamahashiva,Marrigreat, ImageRemovalBot, ClueBot, EoGuy, Niceguyedc, Auntof6, Grandpallama, SamuelTheGhost, DragonBot, Tripping Nam-biar, Muhandes, Muro Bot, DumZiBoT, AlanM1, EastTN, Feinoha, Avoided, Salam32, Felix Folio Secundus, Addbot, TutterMouse,Nath1991, LemmeyBOT, Tassedethe, Ben Ben, Yobot, Themfromspace, Fraggle81, Sstripling, Vicharak, Gobbleswoggler, THEN WHOWAS PHONE?, AjitDongre, AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, Jim1138, AdjustShift, Kingpin13, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Rocko-prem, ArthurBot, Abbascon, BrockLobster, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Arslan-San, Averroist, Enders Shadow Snr, J04n, Omnipaedista, Gorge-CustersSabre, RibotBOT, Uzairbilal2009, FrescoBot, HRoestBot, Jazzy83, Calmer Waters, RedBot, ContinueWithCaution, Ole.Holm,Greenerydata, Tim1357, Just4web, Ale And Quail, GregKaye, Maudahtena, Jethwarp, Smartk1987, Rain drop 45, DARTH SIDIOUS2, TjBot, Mutazila, Zaraleimai1, Super48paul, GoingBatty, Solarra, Savh, Ibnsinaacademy, Hashemi1971, Josve05a, Noorulainf2345,Rjrya395, Irfan0552007, Chewings72, Captain Assassin!, ChuispastonBot, Ramansoz, ClamDip, Justice007, 19thPharaoh, JanetteDoe,Manuactive, ClueBot NG, Akhil.bharathan, Neljack, Widr, Saeng Petchchai, North Atlanticist Usonian, Helpful Pixie Bot, Titodutta,BG19bot, ZonMusicStar, Sahara4u, Vamiqsalman, PhnomPencil, ElphiBot, MusikAnimal, Dhananikunj, IluvatarBot, The Almightey Drill,Sjukhus, Singhshrutika, Maurice Flesier, Enver Masud, Jawad physics, BoltAlig, Hmainsbot1, GreatGuruMaster, Makecat-bot, Delljvc,VIAFbot, Jamesx12345, Peacetech, Faizan, Epicgenius, Maliwiki12, LouisAragon, Saladin1987, Ugog Nizdast, Tangentplaneinvolute,Sam Sailor, Notthebestusername, TCMemoire, JaconaFrere, PROUDYY PAKISTANI, Nauriya, EdwaedKenway911, Sheikh MuhammadFarjad, Monkbot, Amna pak, Abeed1122, Usmanulfat, SheriffIsInTown, Nimrainayat6290, Photoncharger, Awasim94, Waquarhaidry,

Zakatindia, Smart ahad, Righteous.12, Grimmles, Mediavalia, Muziburrahman34, Human3015, Vivek Shet, KasparBot, 786wiki, MohdWaseem Ansari, Sayed jawad, EyThink, DanyalAminMalik, Abuhamza1979, Bob chasm, Yamamura Sadako, InspireTheWorld, Winterys-teppe, Twales14, Jawadjafri786, Mohammad hashaam, Hamzasawgeel and Anonymous: 383

15.2 Images

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File:Library_amu.jpg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Library_amu.jpgLicense:CC BY-SA 4.0 Con-tributors:Own workOriginal artist:Tarique012
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14 15 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Muhammadansocialreformer.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Muhammadansocialreformer.jpgLicense:Public domain Contributors:Sir Syed Album, by Khaliq Ahmad Nizami, published by Idara-I Adabiyat, Delhi, 1983. Originalartist:Sir Syed Album, by Khaliq Ahmad Nizami, published by Idara-I Adabiyat, Delhi, 1983.

File:SirSyedHouse.jpgSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/SirSyedHouse.jpgLicense:CC BY 3.0 Contrib-utors:Own workOriginal artist:Syed Atif Nazir

File:Sirsyed_with_admirers.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Sirsyed_with_admirers.jpg License:Public domain Contributors:Sir Syed Album, by Khaliq Ahmad Nizami, published by Idara-I Adabiyat, Delhi, 1983. Original artist:Sir Syed Album, by Khaliq Ahmad Nizami, published by Idara-I Adabiyat, Delhi, 1983.

File:Sirsyedinpunjab.jpgSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Sirsyedinpunjab.jpgLicense:Public domainContributors:Sir Syed Album, by Khaliq Ahmad Nizami, published by Idara-I Adabiyat, Delhi, 1983. Original artist:Sir Syed Album, byKhaliq Ahmad Nizami, published by Idara-I Adabiyat, Delhi, 1983.

File:Sirsyedsignatures.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Sirsyedsignatures.jpgLicense: Public do-main Contributors:Sir Syed Album, by Khaliq Ahmad Nizami, published by Idara-I Adabiyat, Delhi, 1983. Original artist:Sir SyedAlbum, by Khaliq Ahmad Nizami, published by Idara-I Adabiyat, Delhi, 1983.

File:Siryedazam.jpg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e2/Siryedazam.jpgLicense: ? Contributors:Averroist(talk)21:45, 15 February 2010 (UTC)Original artist:A fan of Sir SyedAverroist(talk) 21:45, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

File:Star-of-India-silver-centre.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Star-of-India-silver-centre.svg Li-cense:Public domain Contributors:? Original artist:?

File:Tafseer.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Tafseer.jpgLicense:Public domain Contributors: SirSyed Album, by Khaliq Ahmad Nizami, published by Idara-I Adabiyat, Delhi, 1983. Original artist:Sir Syed Album, by Khaliq Ahmad

Nizami, published by Idara-I Adabiyat, Delhi, 1983. File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svgLicense:CC BY-SA 3.0

Contributors:Own workOriginal artist:User:Bastique,User:Ramacet al.

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15.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
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