[ieee 2012 ieee asia-pacific conference on applied electromagnetics (apace) - melaka, malaysia...

Complementary Structure of Quadruple P-Spiral Split Ring Resonator (QPS-SRR) on Modified Minkowski

Patch Antenna Design

F. Malek School of Electrical Systems Engineering

Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) Perlis, Malaysia

[email protected]

H. Nornikman Center for Telecommunication Research and Innovation

Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM)

Melaka, Malaysia [email protected]

M. S. Zulkifli Faculty of Electrical System Engineering

Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) Perlis, Malaysia [email protected]

N. A. Mohd Affendi School of Electrical System Engineering


[email protected]

H. M. Mat Faculty of Electronics and Computer Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

Perlis, Malaysia [email protected]

L. Mohamed School of Electrical System Engineering


[email protected]

N. Saudin Faculty of Electronics and Computer Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

Perlis, Malaysia [email protected]

A. A. Ali School of Electrical System Engineering


[email protected]

Abstract—In this work, a modified Minkowski patch antenna had been designed for 2.4 GHz of resonant frequency, fr for wireless local area network (WLAN) application. The proposed complimentary structure of quadruple P-spiral split ring resonator (QPS-SRR) into the patch antenna had been increasing the gain performance. Other parameters that had been considered in this work are return loss, bandwidth, radiation pattern and directivity. This paper also discussed on the effect of single, double and triple sets of quadruple P-shape of the Minkowski patch antenna. This Minkowski patch antenna potentially can be operating the frequency range between 2.362 GHz to 2.427 GHz with a resonant frequency at 2.394 GHz and bandwidth of 65 MHz. The return loss of this Minkowski patch antenna is - 26.072 dB at frequency of 2.4 GHz while the gain is 2.555 dB at frequency of 2.4 GHz.

Keywords-Minkowski patch antenna; split ring resonator; metamaterial; return loss

I. INTRODUCTION In telecommunication research area, patch antenna is the

common antenna design that had been fabricated because it easy to fabricate. An antenna is the device that has potential to use for transmit and receive electromagnetic waves. There are many types of patch antenna shapes had been introduced by the researcher. The simple shapes are square, circular, rectangular, triangular, and elliptical. There are also many unique and continuous shapes can be used like, bow-tie, meander line, and fractal and others.

Many researchers had been improved the parameter result to give better performance and efficiency of the patch antenna design. The parameters that can be considered to improve are return loss, gain, directivity and bandwidth. This improvement work can use many types of various shapes of antenna, the

2012 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Applied Electromagnetics (APACE 2012), December 11 - 13, 2012, Melaka, Malaysia

9978-1-4673-3115-9/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE 142

additional special structure into the patch antenna or attach of RF component or integrated circuit into the patch antenna.

The term of fractal was originally introduced by Mandelbrot in 1983 [1]. Fractals are generally composed by multiple copies of the similarity structure with different scale and size. This fractal design will decrease the resonant frequency. The reduction of the resonant frequency can be effect to miniaturize the patch antenna size. In this work, Minkowski patch antenna with modified design had been used [2-4]. This is one the examples of the fractal geometry that been used by other researchers. The other examples of fractal geometry are Koch [5-6], Sierpinski [7-8], Hilbert [9] and others.

There are many techniques that can be improving the performance of the patch antenna. The example techniques are slot, parasitic patch, short-circuit pin, and metamaterial structure. Metamaterial is the artificial material that had been implemented to miniaturize the patch antenna size by reducing the resonant frequency. Split ring resonator (SRR) [10] is an example of a metamaterial structure beside photonic band gap (PBG) [11], electronic band gap (EBG) [12] and artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) [13]. In 1968, Veselago had been introduced the combination of the conducting wire and split ring resonator structure into his design [14].

The basic structure of split ring resonators is edge couple split ring resonator (EC-SRR). The other researcher had been introduced many types of split ring resonator such as double H-shaped SRR (DH-RR) [15], Omega SRR (O-SRR) [16], tunable SRR (T-SRR) [17] and others. Different types of SRR structure also can be found in these technical papers [18-20].

III. QPS-SRR DESIGN The complementary structure of quadruple P-spiral SRR

had been attached at the upper part of the FR-4substrate. It consists a combination of two main parts – straight line part and spiral part. The location of this complimentary QP-SRR is at the center of the modified Minkowski patch antenna. Figure 2 shows the single and the quadruple P-spiral split ring resonator structure.

(a) (b)

Figure 2: (a) Single P-spiral split ring resonator, (b) Quadruple P-spiral split ring resonator

Table 2 shows the dimension of the QPS-SRR structure. The width of the single P-spiral SRR structure is 1.78 mm at the left and 0.81 mm at the right. The width dimension of this split ring resonator structures are 1.13 mm at the top side and 1.46 mm at the bottom side. The gap of the split ring resonator structure is 0.16 mm.

TABLE I. DIMENSION OF THE QUADRUPLE P-SPIRAL SPLIT RING RESONATOR (QPS-SRR) STRUCTURE

Part Symbol Dimension (mm)

SRR width 1 Ws1 1.13

SRR width 2 Ws2 1.46

SRR length 1 Ls1 1.78

SRR length 2 Ls2 0.81

SRR gap Gs 0.16

II. ANTENNA DESIGN The modified Minkowski antenna was designed using FR-4

substrates with dielectric constant or relative electric permittivity of �r = 4.3. The final dimension of the modified Minkowski patch antenna is 34.0 mm width and 45.0 mm length. The thickness of this substrate is 1.6 mm. Computer Simulation Technology (CST) simulation software had been used as the simulator.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of modified Minkowski patch antenna with complimentary structure quadruple P-spiral split ring resonator structure

Table 1 shows the dimension of the modified Minkowski patch antenna. This patch antenna is consisting of four parts –

Wp

Lp

Lf

Lc

Wf

Wc

Ls1

Ls2

Ws2

Gs

Ws1


143

minkowski patch, feed line, feed end line and complimentary part of quadruple P-spiral split ring resonator. The Minkowski patch antenna part had been located at the top of feed line. The dimension of this part is 28.86 mm width x 28.86 mm length. The feed line length is 14.5 mm. This patch antenna has the feeding structure of a 50 ohm microstrip line.

TABLE II. DIMENSION OF THE MODIFIED MINKOWSI PATCH ANTENNA

Part Symbol Dimension (mm)

Patch width Wp 28.86

Patch length Lp 28.66

Feed width Wf 0.50

Feed length Lf 9.95

Feed end width Wc 2.81

Feed end length Lc 4.55

Figure 3 shows the different stage of the modified Minkowski patch antenna. There are four stages that considered in this work – Stage 0 (S0), Stage 1 (S1), Stage 2 (S2) and Stage 3 (S3). Stage 0 represents the modified Minkowski patch antenna without any addition of the split ring resonator while Stage 2 represents the modified Minkowski patch antenna with single QP-SRR. Stage 2 shows double QPS-SRR on the modified Minkowski patch antenna while Stage 3 shows triple QPS-SRR on the modified Minkowski patch antenna. Triple sets of QPS-SRR structure had been compared with the double sets and single set of QPS-SRR structure.

Figure 3: Different antenna stage of modified Minkowski patch antenna with complimentary structure quadruple P-shape split ring resonator structure, (a) Stage 0 - antenna with QPS-SRR, (b) Stage 1 - single QPS-SRR, (c) Stage 2 -

double QPS-SRR, (d) Stage 3 - triple QPS-SRR

IV. RESULT The parameters that are considered in this work are

resonant frequency, return loss, bandwidth, gain and directivity of the antenna. Return loss is a convenient step to character the input and output signal source. Figure 4 represents the return loss from 2.2 GHz to 2.6 GHz frequency range of modified Minkowski patch antenna (without QPS-SRR structure).

Return Loss of Modified Minkowski Patch Antenna (without QPS-SRR)

Frequency, dB2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

Retu

rn lo

ss, d

B-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

Modified Minkowski

Figure 4: Return loss of modified Minkowski patch antenna (without QPS-SRR structures

TABLE III. RESONANT FREQUENCY, RETURN LOSS IN RESONANT FREQUENCY AND RETURN LOSS AT 2.4 GHZ OF FREQUENCY POINT WITH

DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE MODIFIED MINKOWSI PATCH ANTENNA

Antenna stage

Resonant frequency,

fr (GHz)

Return loss (dB)

at fr

Return loss (dB) at 2.4

GHz S0 2.402 - 47.990 - 33.140

S1 2.404 - 26.761 - 24.112

S2 2.392 - 31.106 - 20.789 S3 2.394 - 26.072 - 22.425

Table 3 shows the resonant frequency (fr), return loss in resonant frequency and return loss at 2.4 GHz of frequency point with different stages of the modified Minkowsi patch antenna. It shows that the addition of QPS-SRR will effect the resonant frequency of the Minkowski patch antenna. It will shift the resonant frequency to the left or the right of the return loss graph. For example, the addition of tripe unit of QPS-SRR will shift the resonant frequency from 2.402 GHz to 2.394 GHz. When the resonant frequency had been shifted to the left side, it can effect the size of the antenna. The antenna size can be smaller when optimizing the resonant frequency into 2.4 GHz or 2.402 GHz. Figure 5 shows the return loss of modified Minkowski patch antenna with different number of QPS-SRR (different stage of Minkowski patch antenna design).

The addition of QPS-SRR will be reduce the return loss of the antenna. As the comparison, the Minkowski patch antenna without QPS-SRR had been resonating at 2.402 with - 47.990

(a) (b)

(c) (d)


144

dB while the addition of triple QPS-SRR had been decreased to only - 26.072 dB. This is also acceptable to Stage 1 and Stage 2. The return loss values are only - 26.761 dB and - 31.106 dB

Return Loss of Modified Minkowski Patch Antenna with different number of QPS-SRR

Frequency, GHz2.30 2.35 2.40 2.45 2.50

Ret

urn

loss

, dB

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

no QP-SRR (S0)single QP-SRR (S1)double QP-SRR (S2)triple QP-SRR (S3)

Figure 5: Return loss of modified Minkowski patch antenna with different number of QPS-SRR structures

Table 4 shows the bandwidth values for different stages of the modified Minkowksi patch antenna. The addition of the QPS-SRR into the modified patch antenna only give small effect to the bandwidth value. It had been reduced the bandwidth by the addition of this structure. From the graph it shows that the bandwidth of the Stage 0 is 69 MHz with operating frequency between 2.368 GHz to 2.437 GHz. The bandwidth had been reduced to only 66 MHz for Stage 1 and 65 MHz for both Stage 2 and Stage 3.

TABLE IV. BANDWIDTH VALUE FOR DIFFERENT STAGE OF THE MODIFIED MINKOWSKI PATCH ANTENNA

Antenna stage

Bandwidth (MHz) between

f1-f2

f1-f2 (GHz)

S0 69 2.368 – 2.437

S1 66 2.372 – 2.438

S2 65 2.359 – 2.424 S3 65 2.362 – 2.427

Table 5 shows the gain at resonant frequency, gain at 2.4 GHz, directivity at the resonant frequency and directivity at 2.4 GHz performance values for different stages of the modified Minkowksi patch antenna. From the table it shows that the gain of the Minkowski patch antenna had been improved by the addition of the QPS-SRR structure. The gain performance of the normal Minkowski antenna is 2.445 dB at the resonant frequency of 2.402 GHz while 2.448 dB of gain at the 2.4 GHz of frequency.

The highest gain at resonant frequency had been achieved by Stage 1 of antenna design with 2.573 dB while the highest gain at the targeted frequency (2.4 GHz) is Stage 3 antenna design with 2.555 dB. The gain value of Stage 2 antenna design is 2.536 dB at resonant frequency of 2.392 GHz while the gain at the 2.4 GHz is 2.547 dB. From the table it shows that the resonant frequency point not necessarily had been achieved the maximum gain performance result. It can be at other frequency point.

TABLE V. GAIN AT RESONANT FREQUENCY, GAIN AT 2.4 GHZ OF THE FREQUENCY AND DIRECTIVITY WITH DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE MODIFIED

MINKOWSI PATCH ANTENNA

Antenna stage

Gain (dB) at fr

Gain (dB) at 2.4 GHz

Directivity (dBi) at fr

Directivity (dBi) at 2.4

GHz

S0 2.445 2.448 5.540 5.539

S1 2.573 2.553 5.548 5.545

S2 2.536 2.547 5.535 5.540 S3 2.540 2.555 5.537 5.541

The directivity performance at resonant frequency in the normal stage is 5.540 dBi while directivity at 2.4 GHz of frequency point is 5.539 dBi. From the table, the addition of the QPS-SRR structure did not give the higher impact to the directivity performance of the modified Minkowski patch antenna. As the comparison, the directivity for Stage 1, Stage 2 and Stage 3 are 5.545 dBi, 5.540 dBi, and 5.541 dBi.

Figure 6: Surface current for modified Minkowski patch antenna with triple

QPS-SRR at 2.4 GHz, (a) at 00, (b) at 1800

(a)

(b)


145

Figure 7: 3D radiation pattern at 2.4 GHz for modified Minkowski patch

antenna with triple QPS-SRR

The surface current at 2.4 GHz for modified Minkowski

patch antenna had been shown in Figure 6. From the result, it shows that the surface current had been concentrated on the QPS-SRR structure location with maximum value of 49.1 A/m. Figure 7 represents the 3D radiation pattern at 2.4 GHz of targeted frequency for modified Minkowski patch antenna with triple QPS-SRR structures.

Figure 8: 2D radiation pattern of the modified Minkowski patch antenna with rectangular patches parasitic element at 2.4 GHz. (a) phi = 00, (b) phi = 900

Figure 8 shows the 2D radiation pattern of the modified Minkowski patch antenna with the rectangular patches parasitic element. The angular width (3 dB) for phi = 0 is 121.60 while the angular width (3 dB) for phi = 900 is 121.70.

V. CONCLUSION From the simulation work in CST Microwave Studio

simulation software, the quadruple P-spiral split ring resonator (QPS-SRR) had been improved the gain of the Minkowski patch antenna design. The incorporated of this structure had been given effect to the resonant frequency of the Minkowski patch antenna design. From the simulation, it had been shifted to the frequency in the range between 0.002 GHz to 0.008 GHz to the new frequency location depends on the number of QPS-SRR structures.

This rhombic complimentary SRR structure also had potential to miniaturize the size of the patch antenna. The different addition numbers of QPS-SRR also had been given different result to resonant frequency, return loss, bandwidth and directivity.

REFERENCES

[1] Voldman, J., Mandelbrot, B., Hoevel, L. W., Knight, J., Rosenfeld, P., Fractal Nature of Software-Cache Interaction, IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vo. 27, Issue 2, pp. 164 - 170, 1983

[2] E. C. Lee, P. J. Soh, N. B. M. Hashim, G. A. E. Vandenbosch, H. Mirza, I. Adam, S. L. Ooi, “Design of a flexible Minlowski-like pre fractal (MLPF) antenna with different ground planes for VHF LMR,”, 2011 International Workshop on Antenna Technology, pp. 298-301, 2011

[3] S. N. Shafie, I. Adam, P. J. Soh, “Design and Simulation of a Modified Minkowski Fractal Antenna for Tri-Band Application,” 2010 Fourth Asia International Conference on Mathematical/Analytical Modeling and Computer Simulation (AMS), pp. 567-570, 2010

[4] E.C. Lee, P. J. Soh, N. B. M. Hashim, G. A. E. Vandenbosch, V. Volski, I. Adam. H. Mirza, M. Z. A. A. Aziz, “Design and Fabrication of a Flexible Minkowski Fractal Antenna for VHF Application,” Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), pp. 521-524, 2011

[5] Karim, M.N.A., Rahim, M. K. A., Masri, T., Ayop, O., Analysis of Fractal Koch Dipole Antenna for UHF Band Application, IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference (RFM 2008), pp. 318 - 321, 2008

[6] A. Ismahayati, P. J. Soh, R. Hadibah, G. A. E. Vandenbosch, “Design and Analysis of a Multiband Koch Fractal Monopole Antenna,” 2011 IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference, pp. 58-62, 2011

[7] Waqas, M., Ahmed, Z., Bin Ihsan, M., Multiband Sierpinski Fractal Antenna, IEEE 13th International Multitopic Conference (INMIC 2009), pp. 1 - 6, 2009

[8] P. J. Soh, S. J. Boyes, G. A. E. Vandenbosch, Y. Huang, Z. Ma, “Dual-band Sierpinski Textile PIFA Efficiency Measurements,” 2012 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), 3322-3326, 2012

[9] Oraizi, H., Hedayati, S., Wideband Monopole Fractal Antenna with Hilbert Fractal Slot Patterned Ground Plane, 2011 41st European Microwave Conference (EuMC), p. 242 - 245, 2011

[10] H. Nornikman, B. H. Ahmad, M. Z. A. Abdul Aziz, F. Malek, H. Imran, A. R. Othman, “Study and Simulation of an Edge Couple Split Ring Resonator (EC-SRR) on Truncated Pyramidal Microwave Absorber,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research, vol. 127, pp. 319-334, 2012

(a)

(b) (b)


146

[11] Poh Sok Hui, Alphones, A., Microstrip Patch Antenna with Annular Ring PBG, 2000 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, pp. 1347 - 1351, 2000

[12] Kanso, A., Chantalat, R., Thevenot, M., Naeem, U., Bila, S., Monediere, T., Multifeed EBG Dual Band Antenna to Feed a Reflector Antenna, 2011 41st European Microwave Conference (EuMC), pp. 866 - 869, 2011

[13] Elsheakh, D.N., Elsadek, H.A., Abdallah, E.A., Iskander, M.F.;, Elhenawy, H., Ultrawide Bandwidth Umbrella-Shaped Microstrip Monopole Antenna Using Spiral Artificial Magnetic Conductor (SAMC), IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 8, pp. 1255 - 1258, 2009

[14] Veselago, V. G., The Electrodynamics of Substances with Simultaneously Negative Values of permittivity and permeability, Soviet Physics USPEKI, Vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 509 - 514, 1968.

[15] Jiankang Xiao, Shiwei Ma, Ying Li, A Novel H-Shaped Microstrip Resonator and Its Design to Filter using Defected Ground Structure, 2005 Conference on High Density Microsystem Design and Packaging and Component Failure Analysis, pp. 1 -4, 2005

[16] L. Huangfu, L. Ran, H. Chen, X. Zhang, K. Chen, T. M. Grzegorczyk, J. A. Kong, Experimental Confirmation of Negative Refractive Index of a Metamaterial Composed of Omega-Like Metallic Patterns, Applied Physics Letter, Vol. 84, pp. 1537–1539, 2004.

[17] Nikfalazar, M., Sazegar, M., Yuliang Zheng, Maune, H., Mehmood, A., Jakoby, R., Tunable Split Ring Resonators (SRR) Filter Based on Barium-Strontium-Titanate Thick Film, 2012 The 7th German Microwave Conference (GeMiC), pp. 1 -4, 2012

[18] Baena, Equivalent-Circuit Models for Split-Ring Resonators and Complementary Split-Ring Resonators Coupled to Planar Transmission Lines

[19] Nornikman, H., Malek, F., Soh, P. J., Azremi, A. A. H., Design a Rice Husk Pyramidal Microwave Absorber with Split Ring Resonator, The Asia-Pacific Symposium on Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics (APSAEM 2010), 2010

[20] Pradeep, A., Mridula, S., Mohanan, P., Design of an Edge-Coupled Dual-Ring Split-Ring Resonator, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 53, Issue 4, pp. 45 - 54, 2011


147

[ieee 2012 ieee asia-pacific conference on applied electromagnetics (apace) - melaka, malaysia...

Documents