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GREEN MINE RECLAMATION STRATEGY TO PROTECTION ACID MINE

DRAINAGE; FUNDAMENTALLY SCENARIO TO DETERMINE

OF SUSTAINABLE MINING OPTIMIZATION IN

COAL MINING PROJECT

(CASE STUDY: SOUTH BLOCK AREA LAMIN SITE PT MEGA ALAM SEJAHTERA

EAST OF BORNEO INDONESIA)

1Rahmat Muallim, 2Abdul Rahim Sya’ban

1. Intitution of Engineers Indonesia (IEI) & PT Mega Alam Sejahtera

2. Department of Public Health and Environmental, Mandala Waluya College Kendari

ABSTRACT: Mining activity has been a huge contributor of human environmental disaster mostly in one decades in

earth. The consequences of technology approach and natural resources to complete people daily need showed the

implication about the effect of mining area which contacting to human directly that would be created unbalance system

among mining and human life which the source problem was Acid Mine Drainage (AMD). AMD has been the ultimate

cases in mining production in the world that effects to environmental pol lution and prior catalyst caused the flawed of

production target in number of mining companies. Green mine reclamation strategy was developed to cut the one of

influence agents namely water, oxidation and sulfide minerals which those problems should be se parated at the

sources of indication forming area so that it could be found the scenarios of sustainable mining optimization to

implement it. South Block Area Lamin Site PT. Mega Alam Sejahtera has been conducted by number of scenarios

method were vadoze zone coal expose identification, waste management AMD by encapsulation of material balancing

and water monitoring point management which all scenarios used MINESCAPE 4.119 to support modeling AMD

protector simulation so that could be described detail the pattern of plan level from preparation, mining and mining

closure in simultaneous relationship concept until back in natural earlier. Therefore, as the fundamentally resulted it

would be got the best AMD protection formula for entire of coal mining project in the world to resolve a discourse

among mining and human life so that both of cases will be running together.

Keywords: Acid Mine Drainage, Green Mine Reclamation Strategy, Scenario,Sustainable mining Optimization,

MINESCAPE 4.119

1. PREFACE

Successful of reclamation strategy does not necessarily

end with the aesthetic restoration of local landscape.

Mining operation create the unbalanced integration

between environmental and human life because

continuously plan did not show various sustainable plan

from pre mining, mining and post mining (Gentile et al,

1997). The main problem of coal mine strategic to

dissolved the discourses namely Acid Mine Drainage

(AMD). There are number of innovation research and

technology from geology and mining innovation recently

but have not been already done to break this case. In

hence, geology and mining focus to describe about

mineral resources and mineral reserves without thinking

about environmental so that the assessment of AMD

always could not existed as a main problem in long term

optimization plan but would be a dilemmatic decision

among mining business and environmental human life.

This research will consider the part pattern by AMD

scenario to show some interest interaction among mining

and geological evaluation within environmental

sustainable plan so that will establish an optimization

modeling plan to protect AMD beyond mining operation

activity in coal project area.

Mega Alam Sejahtera coal mining company has been

determine number of scenario to represent interaction

process green mine reclamation strategy identification.

South Block Area located in young labanan formation in

Berau East Kalimantan showed number of challenges

Geology and hydrogeological engineering characterizes.

Based on data it place have number of parameters namely

coal reserve separation in Strike 170o and Dip 5o was

explained that coal modelling occurs is flat coal

sequences, lithology structure consist of sand 49%, clay

31%, soil 8% and mud 12% (soil laboratory, 2015) was

explained the implication of drift coal process which it

has been made this area so wet and geological structure

is unstable for mining architect plan so that engineering

management design to handle of material movement

should be obstruction, and also high of rainy weather in

3,405.10 mm/m2 per two reply period in year which it

was indicated that this area has already done to prepare

water monitoring point strategy for long term planning in

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early to start this project. All parameters would be

integrated in one system that it called Green Mine

Reclamation Strategy Plan (Engineering Department,

2014).

The following discussion attempts to point out about

Water which has a direct controlling influence on acid

mine drainage because It is a reactant in the formation on

sulfuric acid from the natural rocks sulfide formation

with it comes in contact (Hanna, 1964) . As Dr. S. A

Braley stated in his Summary Report of the

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1954) “Acid drainage

is never discharged from dry mine nor will acid be found

in the drainage if the water that enters the mine does not

come in contact with oxidized areas and leach them” thus

water is aptly considered one of the principal chemical

agents involved in sulfuric acid production (Braley,

1954).

AMD protection formula in this project try to evaluate

the occurrence of plan schematic design to mining

extensive operation has been sustainable which it would

be considered to applicable and feasible to reducing acid

water production from inactive and abandoned workings

(Gentile et al, 1997).

Therefore, this project should be established by

systematically with mainly purposed could be represent

mining technically overview and effect analysis to

human beneficially would be run together in one mining

optimization projects.

2. RESEARCH METHODS

Research methods of Green Mine Reclamation Strategy

to Protection Acid Mine Drainage has showed number of

methods were Vadoze zone coal expose identification

which it explained the hierarchy of geological model to

coal refuse area which it place water from surface zone

would be mixed with coal exposed so that water, O2, and

sulfide met in one point that could be caused the

generation forming of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD),

Waste management of AMD by encapsulation of

material balancing was indicated the expansion mining

sequence to beneficially material composition from

sequence to disposal area by determination of material

layer with Potential Acid Forming (PAF) and Non Acid

Forming (NAF) so that water in mine out area could be

trapped in disposal layer which it could be protected

AMD generated forming in water pools on mine out and

coal expose area and Water monitoring point

management was presented schema of scenario water

transportation from sump through drainage to catchment

area and society which it described contaminant water

that excessed of mining operation should be transported

to settling pond and treatment area before collaborated

with natural environment with pH standard so that it

would be recommended to continue sustainable mining

optimization which all methods used MINESCAPE

4.119 to support modeling AMD protection simulation

which it could be elaborated the mainly concept plan

from pre mine, mining, and post mining in interacting

between human life and mining operation.

3. ANALYSIS

3.1. Characteristic Overview of AMD in South

Block Area

Characteristics of AMD in South Block Area Mega Alam

Sejahtera Coal Mining Company has been indicated by

general forming mining activity. It would be presented in

figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2 namely:

Figure 3.1 General interacting overview AMD generating (Grim, 1974)

Figure 3.2 interaction AMD Zone Generating forming

Based on both of figure have been explained that AMD

generating forming in mining operation could be

protected in surface zone and vadoze zone area by

controlling opening layer of mining material movement

so that acid water who drain from surface run off did not

infiltrate in groundwater which it could be minimize an

AMD generating forming caused interaction O2, sulfide

and water acid which it easier would be planted in mining

optimization scenario.

Material balance composition from south Block area was

indicated by performing bore hole DP6RD1 to show of

layer characteristics in research area which it would be

presented in figure 3.3 namely:

Figure 3.3 Bore Hole Lithology layer of AMD (Engineering Dept., 2014)

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Based on figure 3.3 could be developed waste

management AMD of Disposal by dividing of layer

material composition within backfilling area of mine out

boundary so that minimize water in water table (coal

expose) would be disappeared from pit front by

encapsulation mine out area layer by layer until the end

of mining sequences.

Acid water on pit front has not been fully completed over.

In hence, water monitoring point (WMP) should be

existed from pit front throughout catchment area and also

until society environmental lived by transport acid water.

It case could be schemed on figure 3.4 namely:

Figure 3.4 Water Monitoring Point plan in south block area (Mine plan,

2015)

Based on figure 3.4 has been described that Green mine

reclamation strategy to protect Acid Mine Drainage in

south Block area could be occurred by interaction among

mining operation and environmental plan in one package

system sustainable mining optimization.

3.2.Vadoze Zone Coal Exposed Identification

Conceptual model of vadoze zone coal was explained the

relationship among AMD portion scheduling which it

occurred start from rain water initially react with coal

refuse in the surface zone forming the initial AMD. This

AMD should closely match the composition of surface

water run off collected at the site from god

impoundments which secondary leaching reaction

contribute very little TDS (Corruccio, 1981).

Actual data AMD reaction in vadoze zone in south block

area would be showed on table 1.1:

Table 3.1 Average of AMD Parameter on in pit area

Based on table 3.1 has been indicated that AMD has

successfully occurred in actual average pH meter 4.36

than pH plan 6 while actual average of TSD on point 78

from 300 on TSD plan which it presented that on vadoze

zone area the generate forming of AMD parameter would

be resolved by disappear acid water on vadoze zone as

simultaneous of water transportation going out from in

pit area.

Vadoze zone area would be designed in section plan area

on south block area which it could be showed in figure

3.5 and 3.6 namely:

Figure 3.5 Mapping layout Vadoze zone area

Figure 3.6 Vadoze Zone Area section plan

Based on figure 3.5 and figure 3.6 have been showed the

modelling area of mining operation plan which it was

occurred in south block area.

3.3.Waste Management AMD By Encapsulation

Of Material Balancing

Waste management AMD has been emphasized

layering and encapsulation as a solution to protect

generating acid prediction in mine out area. It was

developing potential acid forming (PAF) and Non Acid

Forming (NAF) be sustainable disposal layer who would

be indicated generating acid forming to reduce water acid

in mining front area (Li et al, 1997).

As technically plan those layers consist of underwater

storage has been used for disposing and storing mine

tailings that are potentially acid production, sealing layer

was improved by using sediment layer or organic

material, protective layer has been used sandstone, top

soil and reclamation area (Swanson, 1997) which those

strategy would be simplify by layering method with NAF

and PAF material balancing (Mehling et al, 1997). Those

methods would be showed in figure 3.7 and 3.8 namely:

Figure 3.7 Material layer strategy for AMD protection (Johnson, 2004)

Figure 3.8 Material layer strategy for AMD protection (Gautama, 2012)

Normal Plan Inpit area Actual Inpit area Summary

pH 6 4.36 Acid water

TSD 300 78 under TSD risk value

SampleAMD actual Parameter

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Based on both of figure above thus it could be predicted

layering and encapsulation modelling in MINESCAPE

software 4.119 which it show schematic of material

balance from developing sequences plan to disposal plan

that must composite and balance among cut in

development area and fill in disposal area. It could be

described in figure 3.8 and table 3.2 namely:

Figure 3.9 Mine sequence development plan of AMD test Table 3.2 Material Composition of Development sequences

Based on figure 3.9 and table 3.2 PAF material has high

number of value against NAF material which it indicated

that PAF was an impoundment material should be got a

scenario of material to encapsulate the percentage of

disposal layer. It problem could be analyzed in figure 3.3

namely:

Figure 3.10 Material Balance layer composition Percentage

Based on Figure 3.9 PAF material is 69% and NAF

material is 41% which those has been presented that

Disposal plan would be suitable or fulfill material

composition layer to build the balance design and able to

applicable in South Block Area. It would be showed in

figure 3.11 namely:

Figure 3.11 Waste Management Green Mine Reclamation

Based on figure 3.11 has been showed that cut volume on

mine sequences test and disposal was applicable balance

so that it can be run together into mining operation

activity and AMD protection system so that block

optimization in protection AMD would be occurred an

sustainable interaction in mine plan strategic cases .

3.5. Water Monitoring Point Management Scenario of

South Block

Water monitoring point (WMP) management was a

scenario that focus to reduce water from in pit area would

be gone to catchment area so that pit condition always

dry and water will be caught to recycle area to treat water

be normally and will consume again to the society and

environmental friendly (Ramli, 2013)

WMP strategies consist of 3 steps namely design

parameter would be fulfilled acid water volume in pit

area and out of mining area, pumping ability to calculate

of pump duration of water acid and treatment area to

normally water acid be beneficially to society and

environmental.

Firstly, Design parameter start from to forecast Sump and

catchment area volume and location in south block area.

It will be showed from figure 3.12 and table 3.3 namely:

Figure 3.12 WMP design parameter Table 3.3 Sump VS run off on water acid volume

Based on figure 3.11 and table 3.3 volume run off in pit

and out flow volume have been fulfilled into controlling

water in mining operation area.

Secondly, Pumping ability to transfer water from in pit to

out of pit was a main issues beside to fulfilled plan design

because pump would be kept mining front always dry in

mining excavation. South block area has been used multi

flow pump equipment by specification would be showed

in table 3.4 namely: Table 3.4 Pumping specification of water flow PT MAS

Based on combination data sump volume, catchment

area, multi flow pumping ability south block would be

finished the duration water flow project. It could be

explain in table 3.5 namely: Table 3.5 Duration Multi Flow Pumping ability time

Material Composition of Development Sequences Plan Pit South Block

Material Volume Unit

Soil (NAF) 52684.32 BCM

Clay (NAF) 170669.7 BCM

Sand (PAF) 341339.4 BCM

Mud (PAF) 86882.75 BCM

Total Material movement 651576.17 BCM

Sump Volume (M3) Rainy Run off in pit (M3) Gap Sump and run off (M3) statement

6821.04 3564.88 3256.17 Fulfill run off acid water

Volume water acid in pit area

Type Debit m3/day Debit m3/detik Debit liter/detik

Multiflow MF400/PU-3011                     9,504 0.11 110

Water flow In PT Mega Alam Sejahtera

Second Hour day statement

3256.165 0.11 29601.50 493.36 20.56 acid water maximize pumping time

Out Flow of Pumping Duration from in pit to catchment areaVolume target of pumping (M3) Multi flow (m3/s)

Multi Flow Pumping Ability

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Based on table 3.5 the duration of one multi flow pump

as one year operation would be predicted in 20.56 days

which it would be assumed that only one month in year

we will use pump operation in south block area and

efficiently to protect AMD did not exist in mining

operation.

Thirdly, treatment area for reducing water acid who has

been transferred from in pit to catchment area always

normally before going to the society environmental. It

would be developed by creating a settling pond and lime

storage management water. Both of design area existed

in catchment area that would be indicated in figure 3.13

and figure 3.14 namely:

Figure 3.13 Water management system south block area

Figure 3.14 Flow design water management in South Block

Based on figure 3.13 and figure 3.14 it has been got

Water Monitoring Point management resulted namely:

Table 3.6 Water monitoring point management resulted

Based on Table 3.6 the comparison of water acid

condition in mining operation scenario and society

environmentally have been secured by point pH 7.09

from 6 on normally and TSD 50 from 300.

Therefore, Green Mine reclamation strategy to protection

acid mine drainage would be occurred in long term

optimization plan in south block area Mega Alam

Sejahtera Coal Mining Company and gave a big solution

gap among mining operation and environmental life will

be running together.

4. CONCLUSIONS

Based on the integration Acid Mine Drainage protection

methods were vadoze zone identification, Waste

management of AMD and Water monitoring point

(WMP) management could be founded AMD Protection

Formula design by using MINESCAPE 4.4119 mining

software which would be presented the conclusions of

this research below:

Figure 3.15 AMD Protection Design Formula

Based on Figure 3.15 Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)

would be protected in sustainable mining optimization

namely:

1. Vadoze Zone identification namely water table area

or coal layer limit which it could be mixed among

surface zone and saturated zone to protect water acid

collected in groundwater.

2. Waste management Disposal showed encapsulation

and layering to protect AMD who consist of 4

materials balancing namely soil (NAF) = 8%, Clay

(NAF) = 26%, Sand (PAF) = 53%, and Mud (PAF)

= 13% which all materials have been successfully

balanced between cut volume of mine sequences and

fill volume of Disposal sequences.

3. Water Monitoring Point management showed the

condition water acid flow in pit (Sump area) – water

treatment area (Settling pond and lime storage) –

Society Environmental (Sambarata river) could be

controlled by resulted pH water 7.09 (Saline water)

in sambarata river from 4.3 (acid water) in sump area

and TSD 50 in sambarata river from 78 in sump area.

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Pennsylvania. Industrial Fellowship. Mellon Institute of

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prediction of acid drainages. Journal of The Energy Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers vol. 107,

No. EYI. (3) Engineering Department Report. 2014. Geology and mine

development study Mega Alam Sejahtera Coal Mining Company. Berau, East Kalimantan.

(4) Gautama., R.S. 2012. Acid Mine Drainage mitigation. Indonesia Network for Acid Drainage, Yogyakarta.

Inpit Sambarata River Inpit Sambarata River

pH 6 6 4.36 7.09

TSD 300 300 78 50

AMD Plan effection AMD Actual EffectionSample

Water Management Content on All Location Scenarios

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