Download - Kromatin
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STRUKTUR KROMOSUM
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Kromosum Eukaryot
• Terlihat saat kondensasi kromatin saat mitosis
Modified from Figure 8-4, Page 248 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
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Organisasi Genom
• Prokaryot
–DNA telanjang sirkular yang berikatan dengan membran
• Eukaryot
–DNA berikatan dengan protein membentuk kromatin
–Kromosum: satu unit kromatin
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• Interfase vs. Kromosum mitotik
Modified from Figure 8-7, Page 251 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
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Jumlah Kromosum
• Haploid 1N Sel Kelamin
• Diploid 2N Sel Tubuh
» Satu salinan dari induk jantan
dan satu induk betina
• Tetraploid 4N Sel Mitosis
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Modified from Figure 8-3, Page 248 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Berbagai Kromosum
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Daerah Khusus dalam Kromosum
Modified from Figure 8-5, Page 249 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
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Modified from Figure 8-2, Page 247 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Kromosum Manusia* 46 Kromosum (interfase)
- 23 pasang
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Pengepakan DNA
• Kenapa perlu?–Panjang DNA = 2 meters;
ukuran inti = 5 µm
–Perlu pemisahan serat saat pembelahan sel
–Perlu akses untuk transkripsi
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Tahap Pengepakan DNA
1 Nukleosum
2 Serat solenoid 30 nm
3 Loops
4 Rossettes
5 Kromosum
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Nukleosum
Modified from Figure 8-9, Page 252 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
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Modified from Figure 8-, Page 251 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Nukleosum
“Untaian Manik-Manik”
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Gabungan Nukleosum: Solenoid
Modified from Figure 8-10, Page 253 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Nucleosome
Serabut 30 nmSolenoid
Histone H1
Histone H1
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Dari Solenoid ke Loop
Modified from Figure 8-10, Page 253 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Solenoid
Loops
MatriksInti
Gen Aktif
KromatintidakAktif (“DNA sampah”/ “junk DNA”)
Daerah DNA yang melekat dengan matriks (Matrix Attachment Regions (MARS)
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Dari Loop membentuk Rosset
Modified from Figure 8-10, Page 253 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Rossettes
Loops
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Rosset menjadi Kromosum
Modified from Figure 8-10, Page 253 from: Essential Cell Biology by Alberts et al. 1997, Garland Publishing Inc. New York, NY
Rossettes
Chromosome
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DNA, Histon, Nukleosum, Kromatin
• Molekul DNA saling berpilin (supercoil) yang dipertahankan oleh protein histon. Ikatan antara DNA-protein disebut kromatin, sedangkan struktur yang terbentuk antara serat DNA dengan satu protein histon disebut nukleosum.
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Pengepakan Kromosum: Loop
• kromosum yang dikemas dengan sempurna disekeliling protein. Kantong-kantong kecil seperti itu selanjutnya dikemas menjadi satu oleh protein yang lain menjadi kromatid.
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Model Kromosum Metafase
• Kromosum seperti ini terbentuk dari dua molekul DNA yang identik yang dikemas dengan sangat efisien dalam kromatid.
• Efisiensi pengemasan ini sangat luar biasa. Kromosum 1 manusia panjangnya hanya 10 mikron, sementara DNA didalamnya, kalau dibentangkan, mencapai 7 cm.