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KU-1286 PENGANTAR REKAYASA INFRASTRUKTUR
FAKULTAS TEKNIK SIPIL DAN LINGKUNGANINSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG Lecture 5
INFRASTRUKTUR PANTAI dan LEPAS PANTAI
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FTSL-ITBInfrastructure Definition
The Associated General Contractorsof America (AGCA, 1982):
The nations infrastructure is its system of public facilities, both publicly and privately funded, which provide for the delivery of essential services and a sustained standard of living..
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FTSL-ITBInfrastructure facility categories:
Transportation Water and wastewater Waste management Energy production and distribution Buildings Recreation facilities Communication(Hudson, Haas, Uddin, 1997)
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FTSL-ITBUses of the Ocean
Fisheries and aquaculture Recreation and Tourism Transportation and Telecommunication Human Settlements on the Coast Offshore Oil, Gas and Mining Energy Marine Biotechnology Non-Consumptive Uses Ocean Dumping and Ship Wastes Disposal of Waste from Land
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FTSL-ITBLearning Objective
The objective of this session is to introduce students to types,
function, and management of onshore & offshore infrastructure
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FTSL-ITBLearning Objective
In particular this lecture will discuss:WavesTideCurrentShore Protection StructurePorts & HarborsOffshore StructureSubsea pipelines
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7FTSL-ITBThe Ocean
Over 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by oceans.
The oceans play a major role in weather and climate
The atmosphere picks up most of its moisture and heat from the oceans
The weather patterns and climate are controlled by the oceans.
The oceans vary considerably in their depth. These features effect the circulation of the oceans and the ecosystems that inhabit the oceans.
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm8
FTSL-ITBOcean & Coastal Zone
Coastal zones are continually changing because of the dynamic interaction between the oceans and the land.
Waves and winds along the coast are both eroding rock and depositing sediment on a continuous basis, and rates of erosion and deposition vary considerably from day to day along such zones.
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm
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FTSL-ITBOcean & Coastal Zone
The energy reaching the coast can become high during storms, and such high energies make coastal zones areas of high vulnerability to natural hazards.
Understanding of the interactions of the oceans and the land is essential in understanding the hazards associated with coastal zones.
Tides, currents, and waves bring the energy to the coast
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm10
FTSL-ITBOcean basins
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm
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FTSL-ITBOcean Basins
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FTSL-ITBHeights and Depths
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Tides
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FTSL-ITBTides
Tides are due to the gravitational attraction of Moon and the Sun on the Earth.
Because the Moon is closer to the Earth than the Sun, it has a larger effect and causes the Earth to bulge toward the moon.
At the same time, a bulge occurs on the opposite side of the Earth due to inertial forces
Tides are a product of Gravitational forces andInertial (or Centrifugal) forces
The Moon has about 2x the effect of the Sun
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FTSL-ITBTides
Excess inertial force
MoonCentrifugal forces
Gravitational forces
Center of Mass for the Earth-Moon system
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http://www tulane edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones htm
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FTSL-ITBTides
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The tidal bulges result in a rhythmic rise and fall of ocean surface, which is not noticeable to someone on a boat at sea
The tidal bulges is magnified along the coasts. Usually there are two high tides and two low
tides each day a variation in sea level occur as the tidal bulge
passes through each point on the Earth's surface.
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm
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FTSL-ITBTypes of Tidal Regime
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FTSL-ITBTidal Records (examples)
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Neap Tide22
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Spring Tide
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FTSL-ITBImportant Tidal Elevation
HHWL
LLWL
MLWS
MHWL
MLWL
MSL
MHWS
TidalRange
HHWL Highest High Water LevelMHWS Mean High Water SpringMHWL Mean High Water Level MSL Mean Sea Level MLWL Mean Low Water Level MLWS Mean Low Water SpringLLWL Lowest Low Water Level 24
FTSL-ITBTide Tables
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Oceanic Currents
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FTSL-ITBOceanic Currents
The surface of the oceans move in response to winds blowing over the surface.
The winds, in effect, drag the surface of oceans creating a current of water that is usually no more than about 50 meters deep.
Surface ocean currents tend to flow in patterns similar to the winds, and they are reinforced by the Coriolis Effect.
unlike winds, the ocean currents are diverted when they encounter a continental land mass.
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm
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FTSL-ITBOceanic Currents
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FTSL-ITBOcean Conveyor Belt System
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FTSL-ITBIndonesian Through Flow (ITF)
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Waves in the Ocean
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FTSL-ITBWhat Causes Waves?
Wind Waves are generated by winds that blow
over the surface of oceans.
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FTSL-ITBWind Generation of Waves
The type of wave generated by wind is determined by: Wind velocity Wind duration Fetch (distance over which wind blows)
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FTSL-ITBWind Generation of Waves
wave size increasesas the strength and duration of the wind, and distance over which it blows increases.
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FTSL-ITBProgressive Waves
Wind-generated waves are progressive waves because they travel across the sea surface.
Progressive Wave Types Sea - irregular waves in the area of
generation Swell - more regular waves beyond area of
generation Surf - waves that have reached the coast,
grow in height, and break
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FTSL-ITBTransformation of Shallow-water Waves
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Surfs Up!
depending on the slope of the bottom
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FTSL-ITBWave Refraction
Waves generally do not approach shoreline parallel to shore.
In shallow water, the sea bottom transforms the waves properties.
This leads to wave refraction
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Properties of Ocean Waves
An ocean wave is an undulation of the sea surface. Wave crest Wave trough Wave height Wave length Wave period
Progressive wavesmove across the sea surface.
Standing waves oscillate about a fixed point.
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Wave Parameters
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FTSL-ITBWave Motions
Two basic motions associated with an ocean wave The forward movement of the wave form. The orbital motion of water particles
beneath the wave. It is wave energy not water particles that
moves across the sea surface.
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FTSL-ITBDeep Water Waves
In a wave, water particles travels in loops. Since the surface is the area affected, the
diameter of the loops decreases with depth.
The diameters of loops at the surface is equal to wave height (H).
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Deep Water Waves
Waves DO NOT interact with the seafloor. Orbits of the water particles are circular.
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FTSL-ITBShallow Water Waves
When waves approach shore The water depth decreases and the wave
will start feeling bottom. Because of friction,
the wave velocity decreases, period (T) remains the same Thus, the wavelength (L) will decrease.
as the wave "feels the bottom", the circular loops of water motion change to elliptical shapes
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FTSL-ITBShallow Water Waves
Waves DO interact with the seafloor.Orbits of the water molecules become elliptical.
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FTSL-ITBBreaker
As the wavelength (L) shortens, the wave height (H) increases.
Eventually the steep front portion of wave cannot support the water as the rear part moves over, and the wave breaks.
This results in turbulent water of the surf, where incoming waves meet back flowing water.
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Transformation of Waves
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Wave Erosion Rigorous erosion of sea floor takes place in the surf zone( between shoreline and breakers )
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Coastal Zone
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FTSL-ITBCoastal Zone
A coastal zone is the interface between the land and water.
These zones are important because a majority of the world's population inhabit on coastal zones.
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm50
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http://earthtrends.wri.org/
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http://earthtrends.wri.org/52
FTSL-ITBTop Ten Largest Cities
Tokyo, Japan - Coastal Mexico City, Mexico - Inland Mumbai, India - Coastal So Paulo, Brazil - Inland New York City, USA - Coastal Shanghai, China - Coastal Lagos, Nigeria - Coastal Los Angeles, USA - Coastal Calcutta, India - Coastal Buenos Aires, Argentina - Coastal
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Coastal Erosion and Sediment Transport
Coastlines are zones along which water is continually making changes.
Waves can both erode rock and deposit sediment.
Because of the continuous nature of ocean currents and waves, energy is constantly being expended along coastlines and they are thus dynamically changing systems
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm54
FTSL-ITBTransport of Sediment by Waves
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FTSL-ITBRocky Coasts
rocky coasts with cliffs along the shoreline. Due to resistance to erosion, a wave cut bench
and wave cut cliff develops. The cliff may retreat by undercutting and
resulting mass-wasting processes.
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm56
FTSL-ITBProtection of the Shoreline
Shoreline protection can be divided into two categories:
hard stabilization in which structures are built to reduce the action of the waves
soft stabilization which mainly refers to adding sediment back to a beach as it erodes away.
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm
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FTSL-ITBHard Stabilization
Seawalls Interrupts the force of the waves. built parallel to the coastline to protect
structures on the beach. usually built of concrete or piles of large
rocks. Waves crash against the seawall and are
prevented from running up the beach.
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm58
FTSL-ITBHard Stabilization
Breakwaters Interrupts the force of the waves. built slightly offshore preventing the force of the waves from
reaching the beach Protect ports and harbors from waves
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm
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FTSL-ITBHard Stabilization Attached BW
cause sediment to be redistributed along the shoreline.
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm60
FTSL-ITBHard Stabilization Detached BW
cause sediment to be redistributed along the shoreline.
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm
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FTSL-ITBHard Stabilization
groins and jetties, Interrupts the flow of sediment along the
beach. built at right angles to the beach to trap sand
and widen the beach.
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm62
FTSL-ITBHard Stabilization - Jetty
cause sediment to be redistributed along the shoreline.
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm
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FTSL-ITBHard Stabilization - Groin
cause sediment to be redistributed along the shoreline.
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FTSL-ITBSoft Stabilization
primarily accomplished by adding (filling) sediment to the coastline
usually by dredging sediment from offshore and pumping it onto the coastline.
Addition of sediment will need to be periodically repeated.
Combination with Hard Stabilization to avoid/reduce periodic sediment filling.
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm
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FTSL-ITBSubmerge Breakwater
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Offshore Oil and Gas Production
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FTSL-ITBExploration
Looking for a location of oil or gas trap. The task of geologists. (Using seismic survey vessel)
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FTSL-ITBExploratory Drilling
to confirm weather oil or gas is exist or not.
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Offshore Operation Exploratory Drilling
JackUp Rig
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FTSL-ITBType of Offshore Platform
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FTSL-ITBComponent of Offshore Platform
Topside Top portion of Platform as
a place for all equipments to drilling and production of oil or gas.
Other terminology : Deck , Upper Structure
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FTSL-ITBComponent of Offshore Platform
Supporting Structure To support deck/topsides
and withstand/protect from loads and environmental such as wave, current, winds and earthquake.
Other terminology : Sub Structure
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FTSL-ITBType of Supporting Structure
selection is based on : Water depth & environment condition Platform function and topside loads.
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FTSL-ITBFix Structures
Structure directly supported to seabed. Designated to shallow to medium water
depth (50 m 412 m). Examples :
Jacket, Concrete Gravity Structure.
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FTSL-ITBJacket Platform
Fixed Platform types. supported directly by
piles which is driven to seabed up to some depth.
For shallow to medium water depth up to 1353 ft / 412 m (Bullwinkle 1991, GOM).
Commonly used around the world.
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FTSL-ITBJacket Platform
Topside Facility(Upper structure/Deck)
Jacket (Sub structure)
Piles / Foundation
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FTSL-ITBFix Structures jacket structure installation
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FTSL-ITBFix Structures gravity base structure
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Fix Structures gravity base structure
installation
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FTSL-ITBFloating Structures
Structure floats in sea water and moored to seabed by mooring/tendon.
Designated to deep water (500 m 3000 m).
Examples : SPAR FPSO Tension Leg Platform (TLP).
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FTSL-ITBFloating Structures deep water system
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FTSL-ITBTension Leg Platform (TLP)
Floating Platform type. Designated for deep water, 1000 ft - 4700 ft (Magnolia 2004, GOM).
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PipelineEngineering
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FTSL-ITBWhat is Pipeline actualy
Pipeline
Piping
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Pipeline Design
Flowchart
PIPELINE DESIGN
FORMULATEDESIGN CRITERIA
DATA GATHERING
OPERATIONALENVIRONMENTALSURVEYOTHERS
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
WALL THICKNESSBUCKLING CHECK
STABILITY DESIGN
PIPELINE MATERIALAND STEEL GRADE
SELECTION
PIPELINE PROPERTIES
NATURAL BENDSPANNINGTHERMAL
CROSSINGS
INPLACE DESIGN
CORROSION COATANODE DESIGN
CORROSIONPIPELINE MATERIAL
DESIGN PROTECTIONEVALUATEHAZARDS
ISPIPELINE
SAFE
DESIGN ADDITIONALSTABILIZATION
NO
PIPELAYLIFTING
ISPIPELINELAYABLE
DESIGNREPORT
INSTALLATIONDESIGN
YES
YES
NO
INCREASE WALLTHICKNESS OR
MATERIAL GRADE
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FTSL-ITBHydrodynamic Load
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FTSL-ITBCross Section of Line Pipe
Concrete coating Corrosion coating
Polypropelene Adhesive FBE
Steel pipe
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FTSL-ITBRoute Selection
Routing Design Criteria Minimize cost Minimize risk Minimize impact
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FTSL-ITBFree Span
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FTSL-ITBOffshore Installation Methods
Laybarge Method S-Lay or J-Lay technique Laybarges (S-Lay) differentiated by generation
Reelbarge Method Horizontal reel or vertical reel
Towing Method Bottom Off-Bottom Mid-Depth (Controlled Depth Tow Method) Surface and Near Surface
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FTSL-ITBLay Barge Method
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FTSL-ITBLay Barge Method
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FTSL-ITBLay Barge Method
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FTSL-ITBReel Barge Method
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FTSL-ITBTowing Method
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FTSL-ITBTowing Method
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FTSL-ITB
TerimaKasih