development of sampling mixer for ultra- wideband …
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DEVELOPMENT OF SAMPLING MIXER FOR ULTRA- WIDEBAND APPLICATIONS
Ezwan Bin Muhamad
Tx 5103.4 E99 2009
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Electronics and Computer Engineering)
2009
UN1VERSITI INIALAYSIA SARAWAK
R13a
ßORANC PENCESAIIAN STATUSTESIS
. ILI(ILII: Development of Sampling Mixer for Ultra-Wideband Applications
SESI PENGA. IIAN: 2008/2009
Sava E"1. NN'AV BIN MUHAMAD (IIF'FiL'F BESAR)
mcngaku mcmhenarkan tcýis * ini disimhan di Pusat Khidmat Makluniat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Saraýwk dcngan svarat-svarat kcgunaan scherli hcrikut:
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This Final Year Project attached here:
Title : Development of Sampling Mixer for Ultra-Wideband
Applications
Student Name : Ezwan Bin Muhamad
Matric No : 13999
has been read and approved by:
(at 6 (oÖ01
Rohana Sapawi Date
(Supervisor)
4-Us::: 1'iLi.. aa181 aviü: lualat r. Y: tucä:: 3r. UNIVEkSiTI MAL. yYSLr1 SATcAWAK
DEVELOPMENT OF SAMPLING MIXER FOR ULTRA-
WIDEBAND APPLICATIONS
EZWAN BIN MUHAMAD
This project is submitted in partial fulfilment of The requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Electronics and Computer Engineering)
Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
2008/2009
To my beloved family, friends and the one who need it
11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor,
Rohana Sapawi for her patience encouragement and best guidance to me in
preceding my final year project. My thanks also go to Faculty of Engineering,
University Malaysia Sarawak for the facilities and support provided.
Also special thanks to my family and to all my friends for their understanding
encouragement and support while I was completing my project.
III
AB S TRAK
Tesis ini ditulis bertujuan untuk membuat kajian tentang CMOS sampel signal
digabungkan bersama LNA yang kurang gangguan untuk diaplikasikan pada
rangkaian jalur lebar. Litar yang dicadangkan ini direka untuk berfungsi pada jalur
lebar berfrekuensi 4GHz dengan menggunakan transistor berteknologi CMOS 0.18
µm. Teknik suis dua peringkat digunakan untuk mencapai penambahan kuasa yang
tinggi, suis yang pantas dan bergangguan rendah. Daripada keputusan yang
diperolehi menunjukan nilai ganguan adalah bersamaan dengan 3dB dan
persampelan frekuensi mampu mencapai sehingga 250MHz dengan menggunakan
voltan 1.8 V. Perisian PSpice digunakan untuk membuat simulasi litar dan
memperolehi keputusan simulasi.
IV
ABSTRACT
This thesis aims to study the design of a low-noise CMOS sampling mixer with
integrated switching LNA for ultra-wideband. The proposed circuit is designed to
work at a wideband frequency of 4 GHz using CMOS 0.18 µm transistor
technologies. A two stage switching technique is implemented to achieve low noise
figure, high gain and fast sampling. The obtained results show a noise figure equal to
3 dB and sampling frequency up to 250 MHz with I. 8. V do supply voltage. The
simulation and result were obtained by using PSpice software.
V
kusai [11ti(LLIl[L týtyA. ý. Lat4: uLLü, iLjj UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SA WAK
LIST OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Project Objective
1.3 Thesis Outline
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Ultra Wideband
2.1.1 Type of UWB Signals
2.1.2 Time Domain Design
2.1.3 Difficulties in using DSP technology
Page
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1
3
4
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2.1.4 Networking Issues 12
2.1.5 Future Direction 13
2.2 Noise 14
2.2.1 Thermal Noise 14
2.2.2 Shot Noise 16
2.2.3 Contact Noise 17
2.2.4 Popcorn Noise 19
2.2.5 Noise Factor 20
2.3 Mixer Theory 23
2.3.1 Resistive Mixers 23
2.3.2 Active Mixers 25
2.4 Fundamental Considerations 26
2.4.1 Conversion Gain 26
2.4.2 Isolation 27
2.4.3 Linearity 28
2.4.4 Nonlinear and Sampling Mode 31
2.4.5 Passive and Active Mixers 32
2.4.6 Balun 33
2.4.7 CMOS Transistor 35
2.5 Mixer Circuit Examples 37
2.5.1 Diode Double-Balance quad Mixer 37
2.5.2 Double-Balance Switching FET Mixer 39
2.5.3 Double-Balance Gilbert Mixer 40
2.5.4 Sampling Mixer 41
2.5.4.1 Charge Injection 43
vii
2.5.4.2 Clock Feedthrough
2.6 Low Noise Amplifier
2.6.1 CMOS LNA
2.7 Time-varying Source
Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Project Overview
3.3 Design Process
3.4 Sampling Mixer Design
3.5 Switching LNA Design
3.6 VPULSE
3.7 Noise Figure Determination
3.8 Bandwidth Determination
3.9 Simulation
Chapter 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Measurement Result
4.3 Performance Comparison
Chapter 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendations
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50
52
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59
61
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65
67
68
75
76
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REFERENCES 78
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Pages
2.1 Summary of FCC restriction on UWB operation 7
2.2 A comparison and summarized between nonlinear mode 31
and sampling mode of a mixers.
2.3 The differentiation between passive mixers and active mixers. 32
3.1 The defined parameters for the sampling mixer with integrated LNA. 65
4.1 Performance comparison of published sampling mixer. 73
IX
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Pages
2.1 Comparison of the Fractional Bandwidth of a Narrowband 10
and Ultra-wideband communication system.
2.2 Typical gain compression characteristic for non-linear mixer, 29
showing the measurement of the 1 dB compression point.
2.3 IM3 gain compression characteristic, the IM3 intercept point is 30
approximately 10dB above the 1 dB compression point.
2.4 Use of a wire-wound on the output of a push-pull amplifier stage 34
to provide a balanced to unbalanced conversion.
2.5 Cross section of NMOS transistor. 35
2.6 Diode Double-Balance quad mixer. 37
2.7 Double-Balance Switching FET mixer. 39
2.8 Double-Balance Gilbert mixer. 40
2.9 Simplest sample and hold circuit in MOS technology. 42
2.10 Sampling or switching mixer. 45
2.11 Sampling or switching mixer output. 46
2.12 Ideal sample and hold operation output waveform. 47
2.13 (a) Common source stage with resistive load,
(b) conversion of load to current source.
2.14 Resistive tenninations by inductive degeneration.
2.15 Definition for time-varying source VPULSE.
51
52
53
2.16 Definition for the time-varying source VSIN. 54
X
3.1 The overall project sequence that was followed during the studied. 56
3.2 Design Process guideline. 57
3.3 Schematic of the sampling mixer with integrated switching LNA. 59
3.4 VPULSE 1 parameter. 61
3.5 VPULSE 2 parameter. 61
3.6 The proposed circuit simulated on PSpice. 66
4.1 Simulated noise figure of the sampling mixer. 69
4.2 RF input. 70
4.3 Time domain waveform of first pulse and second pulse. 71
4.4 Drain current of M3. 72
4.5 The sampling mixer output waveform 74
X1
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADC - Analog to Digital Converter
ASIC - Application Specific Integrated Circuit
Clk - Clock
CMOS - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
dB - Decibel
dc - Direct Current
DSP - Digital Signal Processing
FCC - Federal Communication Commission
FET - Field Effect Transistor
FPGA - Field Programmable Gate Array
GHz - Giga Hertz
I-UWB - Impulse Ultra Wideband
IC - Integrated Circuit
IF - Intermediate Frequency
lIP3 - Third Order Input Intercept Point
IMD - Intermodulation Distortion
JFET - Junction Field Effect Transistor
L - Length
LNA - Low Noise Amplifier
LO - Local Oscillator
LPI - Low Probability of Intercept
MAC - Medium Access Control
MDS - Minimum Discernable Signal
xii
MOS - Metal Oxide Semiconductor
MOSFET - Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
MHz - Mega Hertz
MC-UWB - Multicarrier Ultra Wideband
NF - Noise Figure
RF - Radio Frequency
RFIC - Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit
RFID - Radio Frequency Identification
Rms - Root Mean Square
SNR - Signal to Noise Ratio
Spurs - Spurious Signal
S102 - Silicon Dioxide
S/H - Sample and Hold
UWB - Ultra Wideband
W - Width
WPAN - Wireless Personal Area Network
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
RF mixer is an essential part of wireless communication systems such as cellular
phones, global-positioning systems, and wireless broadband Internet. These are things
that need to be considered in designing RF mixer such as conversion gain, linearity,
input impedance, port to port isolation and noise figure. RF mixer is placed between
low-noise amplifier (LNA) and analog to digital converter (ADC) of the receiver and
also known as down conversion mixer. The function of the mixer is to perform
frequency translation by multiplying two signals together, and produce an output
containing both original signals, and new signals that have the sum, and difference of the
fi-equency of the signals. Mixers have been implemented in a wide variety of ways. The
most popular are diode mixers, Gilbert mixers, FET mixers and sampling mixers.
1
The diode mixer is a very popular design and available in a wide variety of
frequency bandwidth and distortion specs. The main disadvantages of diode mixer are
large LO power is required. With this much LO power and even with good isolation,
there may be significant LO in the IF output. At large RF signal power, the RF voltage
modulates the diode conduction, thus lots of distortion will result in this situation. Diode
mixer also limited by baluns. FET mixer is not as well known but it has a good
performance. The conversion loss will be similar to the diode mixer and large LO drive
voltage is needed. Gilbert mixer is very widely used active mixer because it has better
isolation than the diode and FET mixers, and it also require less LO power than the
passive mixers. Its main liability is large signal handling capability because IIP3 is much
lower than passive mixers. The sampling mixer is preferred because it generates fewer
spurs. It also done in low frequency and has low power consumption.
In telecommunication systems, noise figure is a measure of degradation of the
signal to noise ratio (SNR). The noise figure is the ratio of the output noise power of a
device to the thermal noise in the input at standard noise temperature (290K). Basically,
the noise figure is the difference in decibels (dB) between the noise output of the actual
receiver to the noise output of an ideal receiver with the same overall gain and
bandwidth. This make the noise figure a useful figure of merit for terrestrial systems
where the antenna effective temperature is usually near the standard 290K. In this case,
one receiver with a noise figure 2dB better than another will have an output signal to
noise ratio that is about 2dB better than the other.
2
Due to demanding performance requirements for wireless systems, several
technologies have been considered for replacing the current wireless systems which is
ultra-wideband (UWB). Ultra-wideband is a radio technology that can be used at very
low energy levels for short range high bandwidth communications by using a large
portion of the radio spectrum. This method is using pulse coded information with sharp
carrier pulses at a bunch of center frequencies in logical connections. UWB
communications transmit in a way that does not interfere largely with other more
traditional narrow band and continuous carrier wave uses in the same frequency band. In
particular, UWB wireless system has potentially low power, high data rate and resilience
to multipath fading effect.
In general, this thesis will focus on designing the circuit in reducing the noise figure
of a sampling mixer for ultra-wideband at transceiver part. This analysis is done due to
the characteristic of a sampling mixer itself and future demand of wireless systems.
1.2 Project Objectives
1. To investigate the technique and method used for sampling mixer in order to
decrease noise figure (NF).
2. To design a circuit topology and measure all components of sampling mixer
in order to meet the specifications for ultra wideband (UWB) applications.
3. To gain knowledge of PSpice software and the various type of analysis.
3
1.3 Thesis Outline
Chapter 1 describes the problems statement and the issues for the mixers and the
demanding performance of ultra-wideband. Furthermore it is also listed the main
objectives of the thesis.
Chapter 2, the literature review section describes the theory and fundamental
concept of ultra-wideband, noise, mixer and low noise amplifier. It will explain in more
detail about the design concept approach.
Chapter 3 discusses specification for the design analysis and the selection of the
appropriate circuit technology. It also discusses the sampling mixer and LNA design.
The source determination and simulation results were stated with explanations. Thus, the
design process was explained.
Chapter 4 discussed about the design simulation result and the analysis of the
circuit. The results are discussed and testified related to the objective of the project.
Chapter 5 summarizes all the analysis for this project. The conclusions are made
in this chapter based on the result and analysis. The recommendation for future
development and improvement are also included in this chapter.
4
Pusat K. hidmat Maklumat Akademij UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Ultra Wideband
Ultra wideband (UWB) communication systems can be broadly classified as any
communication system whose instantaneous bandwidth is many times greater than the
minimum required to deliver particular information. This excess bandwidth is the
defining characteristic of bandwidth. The very first wireless transmission, via the
Marconi Spark Gap Emitter was essentially a UWB signal created by the random
conductance of a spark. The instantaneous bandwidth of spark gap transmission vastly
exceeded their information rate. Users of these systems quickly discovered some of the
most important wireless system design requirements which are providing a method to
allow a specific user to recover a particular data stream and allowing all the users to
efficiently share the common spectral resource.
5
In February 2002, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) legalizes Ultra
Wideband (UWB) for commercial use with 7.5 GHz of unlicensed spectrum, allocated at
3.1 to 106 GHz frequency band. This opens a lot of commercial exploitation in short
range high data rate wireless communication, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID),
automotive sensor and through wall imaging. UWB allows up to a few centimeters
ranging accuracy ranging and involve short discrete transmission pulses instead of
continuously modulating a code into a carrier signal. This technology offers high data
rates for radio communications, extremely high accuracy for location systems and good
resolution for radars which using an inherently low cost architecture and only milli-watts
of power. UWB has been the focus of much research and development recently. UWB
offers solutions to applications such as see-through-the-wall, security applications,
family communications and supervision of children, search and rescue, medical imagine,
which makes UWB an ideal candidate for wireless home network [3].
UWB has several features that differentiate it from conventional narrowband systems;
i) Large instantaneous bandwidth enables fine time resolution for network time
distribution, precision location capability or use as radar.
ii) Short duration pulses are able to provide robust performance in dense
multipath environments by exploiting more resolvable paths.
iii) Low power spectral density allows coexistence with existing user and has a
Low Probability of Intercept (LPI).
6
iv) Data rate may be traded for power spectral density and multipath
performance.
UWB systems are unique because of their large instantaneous bandwidth and the
potential for very simple implementations. Additionally, the wide bandwidth and
potential for low-cost digital design enable a single system to operate in different modes
as a communication device, radar or locator. Taken together, these properties give UWB
systems a clear technical advantage over other more conventional approaches in high
multipath environments at low to medium data rates.
Table 2.1: Summary of FCC restriction on UWB operation [3].
Application Frequency Band for
Operation
User Restriction
Communications and 3.1 - 10.6 GHz (different None
measurement systems emission limits for indoor
(sensors) and outdoor systems)
Vehicular radar for collision 24 - 29 GHz None
avoidance, airbag activation
and suspension system
control
7
Ground penetrating radar to 3.1 - 10.6 GHz and below Law enforcement, fire and
see or detect buried objects 960MHz rescue, research institution,
construction
Wall imaging systems to 3.1 - 10.6 GHz and below Law enforcement, fire and
detect objects contained in 960 MHz rescue, construction
walls
Through wall imaging 1.99 - 10.6 GHz and below Law enforcement, fire and
systems to detect location or 960 MHz rescue
movement of objects
located on the other side of
a wall
Medical system for imaging 3.1 - 10.6 GHz Medical personnel
inside people and animals
Surveillance systems for 1.99 - 10.6 GHz Law enforcement, fire and
intrusion detection rescue, public utilities and
industry
8