akhir tahun sbp 07 (2)

SEKTOR SEKOLAH BERASRAMA PENUHBAHAGIAN SEKOLAH

KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA

PEPERIKSAAN AKHIR TAHUN (DIAGNOSTIK) TINGKATAN 4 2007

FIZIKKERTAS 2

Dua jam tiga puluh minit

(Anda dinasihatkan untuk memperuntukkan masa 90 minit untuk Bahagian A,30 minit untuk Bahagian B dan 30 minit untuk Bahagian C)

JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA DIBERITAHU.

Untuk Kegunaan Pemeriksa

Bahagian Soalan Markah Penuh Markah

1 4

2 5

3 6

4 7

5 8

6 8

7 10

A

8 12

Jumlah Bahagian A 60

9 20B

10 20

11 20C

12 20

Jumlah Besar

1. Kertas soalan ini mengandungi tiga bahagian :Bahagian A, Bahagian B dan Bahagian C

2. Jawab semua soalan dalam Bahagian A, satu soalandaripada Bahagian B dan satu soalan daripadaBahagian C.

3. Jawapan kepada ketiga-tiga bahagian ini hendaklahdiserahkan bersama-sama.

4. Jawapan kepada Bahagian A hendaklah ditulis dalamruang yang disediakan dalam kertas soalan.

5. Jawapan kepada Bahagian B dan Bahagian Chendaklah dituliskan pada ruang jawapan yangdisediakan dalam kertas soalan ini. Walaubagaimanapun kertas tulis tambahan sekiranyadigunakan, perlulah diikat bersama dengan bukusoalan ini. Dalam jawapan anda, persamaan, gambarrajah, jadual, graf dan cara lain yang sesuai untukmenjelaskan jawapan anda boleh digunakan.

6. Rajah tidak dilukis mengikut skala kecuali dinyatakan.7. Markah maksimum yang diperuntukkan ditunjukkan

dalam kurungan pada hujung tiap-tiap soalan ataubahagian soalan.

8. Penggunaan kalkulator saintifik yang tidak bolehdiprogramkan dibenarkan.

Kertas ini mengandungi 23 halaman bercetak4531/2 SULIT

Nama : ……………………………….............................. Tingkatan : ………………

4531/2FizikKertas 2OKTOBER20072 ½ Jam

SULIT

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

2

The following information mat be useful. The symbols have their usual meaning.

1. v2 = u2 + 2as

2. a =t

uv

3. s = ut +2

1at2

4. Momentum = mv

5. F = ma

6. Kinetic Energy = ½ mv2

7. Gravitational Potential Energy = mgh

8. Elastic Potential Energy =2

1Fx

9. F = kx

10. ρ =V

m

11. Pressure in liquid, P = hg

12. Pressure, P=A

F

13. Heat, Q = mc

14. Heat, Q = mℓ

15. P1V1 = P2V2

16.2

2

1

1

T

V

T

V

17.2

2

1

1

T

P

T

P

18.T

PV= constant

19. g = 10 ms-2

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

3

Section A

[60 marks]

Answer all question

1 Diagram 1 shows velocity – time graph for the motorcycle moving along a straight line.

Diagram 1

(a) From Diagram 1, state the base quantity.

……………………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 mark ]

(b) Name the physical quantity which is represented by the gradient of the line OA.

……………………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 mark ]

(c) Which part of the graph that the motorcycle moves with constant velocity.

……………………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 mark ]

(d) Descibe how the distance travelled by the motorcycle can be determined fromthe graph.

……………………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 mark ]

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

A B

C

D

2 4 6 8t / hours

v / km h-1

[Lihat sebelahSULIT

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

4

2 Diagram 2.0 below shows a metal block of mass 0.5 kg which is put into 0.1 kgof hot water. Initial temperature of the metal block is 25 0C. After a few minutes,the metal block and the water achieved the same temperature of 480 C.

[ specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 C-1]

Diagram 2.0

(a) Why does the temperature of the metal block increase?

………………………………………………………..……………………………...[ 1 mark ]

(b) (i) Explain why the final temperature of both substances are equal?

………………………………………………………..……………………………...

………………………………………………………..……………………………...[ 2 marks ]

(ii) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal block.

[ 2 marks ]

Metal block

water

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

5

3 Diagram 3.1 shows a helix spring, S. The spring will compressed when a Force, Fexerts on it.

Diagram 3.2 shows the relationship between the force, F and the extension of thespring, x.

(a) A law states that;

The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied if theelastic limit of the spring is not exceeded.

Name this law.

…………………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 mark ]

(b) Name the physical quantity that can be determined from the gradient of thegraph?

………………………………………………………..……………………………...[ 1 mark ]

(c) Mark with a cross (x) the elastic limit of the spring on Diagram 3.2

[ 1 mark ]

Diagram 3.1

F/N

x/m

Diagram 3.2

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

[Lihat sebelah

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

6

Diagram 3.3

(d) Calculate the energy stored in the spring when it is compress by 0.04 m.

[ 2 marks ]

(e) Another spring, identical to spring S, is added to the arrangement inDiagram 3.3. The experiment is then repeated.

Sketch the graph of F against x on diagram 3.2. [ 1 mark ]

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

7

4 Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2 show a boy looking at his image through twoconvex mirrors of different radii of curvature.

(a) State the light phenomenon that causes the image to be formed in the mirror.

………………………………………………………..……………………………... …[ 1 mark ]

(b) (i) Based on the image formed by the two mirrors, choose which mirror has abigger radius of curvature .Explain.

………………………………………………………..……………………………... …

………………………………………………………..……………………………... …[ 2 marks ]

(ii) Relate the radius of curvature of the mirror to the size of the image.

………………………………………………………..……………………………...[ 1 mark ]

(iii) In the diagram below, the arrow represents the face as the object of themirror. Complete the ray diagram by drawing the required rays to locate theposition of the image.

Convex mirror [ 3 marks]

[Lihat sebelah

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

8

5 Diagram 5.1 shows a car that had collided into a tree.Diagram 5.2 shows another car that had collided into a pile of sand.Both cars have the same mass of 1000 kg and were driven at thesame speed of 25 ms-1.

(a) What is meant by speed?

………………………………………………………..…………………………………[ 1 mark ]

(b) Using the diagram 5.1 and diagram 5.2,

(i) compare the damage of the two cars

…………………………………………………………………………………...[ 1 mark ]

(ii) compare the change of momentum between the two cars

…………………………………………………………………………………...[ 1 mark ]

Diagram 5.1

Diagram 5.2

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

9

(c) State the relationship between the time of impact with the damage of the car

……………………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 mark ]

(d) (i) If the time of impact of the collisions of the car in Diagram 5.1 is 0.2 s,calculate the rate of change of momentum of the car.

[ 2 marks ]

(ii) State the physics concept which affect the collision of the car.

…………………………………………………………………………………...[ 1 mark ]

(iii) State the relationship between the time of impact with the answerfrom (d) (ii)

………………………………………………………………………………….[ 1 mark ]

[Lihat sebelah

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

10

6 A sheet of paper is stuck onto an air conditioner.Diagram 6.1 shows the situation of the paper before and after the air conditioner isswitched on.Diagram 6.2 shows the situation of an aeroplane before and after take off.

Diagram 6.1

Diagram 6.2

(a) Based on Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2 :

(i) State two similarities for the situations observed in Diagram 6.1 andDiagram 6.2.

1 ………………… ………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………

2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………[ 2 marks ]

(ii) compare the speed of the air above and below the paper when the airconditioner is switched on.

……………………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 mark ]

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

11

(iii) Compare the air pressure above and below the aeroplane when it takes off.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 mark ]

(iv) Relate the speed of air to the pressure of the air.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 mark ]

(b) State the type of the shape of the wing and the aeroplane.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 mark ]

(c) An aeroplane moves with uniform velocity at the altitude of 3000 m.

(i) What happen to the altitude if the aeroplane travels through a low density area.

……………………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 mark ]

(ii) Give one reason for your answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 mark ]

[Lihat sebelah

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

12

7 Diagram 7.1 shows a simple hydraulic jack.

Diagram 7.1

The surface area of the small piston is 20 cm2 and the surface area of the biggerpiston is 800 cm2.

(a) Name the principle which is involved in the operation of this hydraulic system.

..............................................................................................................................[ 1 mark ]

(b) The handle L is then pulled backwards.State what happens to valve A and valve B as L is pulled backwards.

Tick for the appropriate box.

Open Close

Valve A

Valve B

[ 2 marks ]

Handle, L

Big piston

Big cylinder

Release valve

hole

tankValve ACylinder PSmall piston

pull

Valve B

Handle L

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

13

(c) A force of 100 N is exerted on the small piston.

(i) Calculate the force produced at the bigger piston

[ 2 marks ]

(ii) When the small piston moves forward at the distance of 60.0 cm,calculate the distance of the bigger piston.

[ 2 marks ]

(d) State the advantage of using oil in the hydraulic jack compared to thewater.

..............................................................................................................................[ 1 mark ]

(e) Suggest one modification at the bigger piston if it is used to push the lorryupwards. Give your reason.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[ 2 marks ]

[Lihat sebelah

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

14

8 Diagram 8.1 shows a man pulling a trolley on soft ground.Diagram 8.2 shows the man pushing the trolley at the same place.The force acted on the trolley is 40 N. The trolley has a mass of 20 kg.

Diagram 8.1 Diagram 8.2

(a) In Diagrams 8.1 and 8.2, mark the force acted on the trolley.[ 1 mark ]

(b) What is the weight of the trolley ?

……………………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 mark ]

(c) In the space below draw the components of force 40 N for Diagram 8.1 andDiagram 8.2

[ 2 marks ]

(d) (i) Determine the values of the vertical component in each diagram

Diagram 8.1 :

Diagram 8.2 :

[ 2 marks ]

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

15

(ii) Calculate the force acted on the ground for each diagram.

Diagram 8.1:

Diagram 8.2 :

[ 2 marks ]

(e) Based on your answer (d)(ii), which method is easier to move the trolley on thesoft ground ? Give one reason for your answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

[ 2 marks ]

(f) If the resistance of the ground is 2 N, what is the resultant force of thehorizontal components ?

[ 2 marks ]

[Lihat sebelah

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

16

Section B

[ 20 marks ]

Answer any one question

9. Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 shows a rubber balloon with its neck open.Balloon B will move faster.


(a) What is meant by momentum.[ 1 mark ]

(b) i) Using Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2, compare the mass of airdischarged and the velocity of the balloon.

ii) State the relationship between the velocity of the balloon with the massof air discharged from the balloon.

iii) State one similarity for the situation in Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2.

iv) Name the principle involved.

[ 5 marks ]

air

Balloon B

air

Balloon A

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

17

Diagram 9.3

(c) Diagram 9.3 shows a boy jumps out of the boat onto the river bank. By usingthe relevant physics concept, explain why the boat moves away from the jettyas he jumps.

[ 4 marks ]

(d) You are representing your school in a water rocket tournament.Diagram 9.4 shows the basic structure of a water rocket that is being used inthe competition.

Diagram 9.3

As a participant, you are asked to design and construct a water rocket using aplastic container. Based on the relevant physics concepts, state and explainthe important features that have to be considered in the construction of thewater rocket.

In your explanation, emphasise the following aspects:i) the acceleration of the rocketii) the structure of the rocketiii) the upthrust of the rocket

[ 10 marks ]

Bekas plastik

water

Plastic container

[Lihat sebelah

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

18

10 Diagram 10.1 and diagram 10.2 show the readings of two identical thermometers,one placed in a beaker containing 500g of water, and another in 500g of cooking oilwhich have been heated for 2 minutes. Both liquids are heated at the same rate ofheat. The initial temperature for both liquids were 28 0C.


(a) (i) What is the meaning of specific heat capacity?[ 1 mark ]

(ii) Using Figures 10.1 and 10.2, compare the temperature, the rate of heat flowand specific heat capacity.Relate the specific heat capacity with the rise of temperature to deduce aphysic concept.

[ 5 marks ]

(b) In the day time, the wind blows from the sea to the land. Explain why thisphenomenon happens?

[ 4 marks ]

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

19

(c) Diagram 10.3 shows the features of a car engine radiator that is used toabsorb the heat from the car engine.

Cooling coil

Fin bladeCooling liquid

Fan

Diagram 10.3

Using your knowledge on the features of cooling liquid and the design of thecar engine radiator, explain how you would design a radiator that can absorb alarge quantity of heat in a short time.

[ 10 marks ]

[Lihat sebelah

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

20

Section C

[20 marks]

Answer any one question

11 Diagram 11 shows two pairs of shoes used by a lady. The shoes in Diagram 11.1 isused when she is going for work in office and the shoes in figure 11.2 is used whenshe went for jogging.


(a) What is meant by pressure?[ 1 mark ]

(b) The shoes in Diagram11.2 is more suitable to used for jogging along the beachcompared to the shoes in Diagram 11.1. Explain why?

[ 4 marks ]

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

21

(c) Diagram 11.3 shows a pair of outdoor shoes suitable for mountain trekking.

Diagram 11.3

Table 11.1 shows the characteristics of five types of materials that can be usedfor making the soles of the trekking shoes.

Type ofmaterial

Density(Kg/m -3)

Number of studs x Areaof 1 stud

Expansioneffect

Ability tostretch

P 820 6 x 30 cm2 Low GoodQ 700 8 x 30 cm2 Low GoodR 720 5 x 30 cm2 Medium AverageS 750 4 x 30 cm2 High PoorT 880 3 x 30 cm2 High Poor

Table 11.1

You are asked to study the characteristics of the materials shown inTable 11.1. Explain the suitability of each characteristics in Table 11.1 and thendetermine the most suitable material to be used. Give a reason for your choice.

[ 10 marks ]

d) A man of mass 60kg runs along a dirt track. The soles of his shoes is 20 cm2.He exerts a forward force 0f 100N while the total frictional force from the dirttrack against his running shoes is 20N.

(i) What is the pressure exerted?[ 2 marks ]

(ii) Find the acceleration of the man?[ 3 marks ]

[Lihat sebelah

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

22

12 (a) Diagram 12.1 shows a cargo ship floats on sea water .The water level is at R as indicated by the Plimsoll line.

Diagram 12.1

(i) Why does an iron nail sink in water but a cargo ship with a huge massfloats?

[ 2 marks ]

(ii) What is the function of Plimsoll line?[ 2 marks ]

(b) The mass of the ship is 9 x 106 kg and the volume of sea water displaced is7200 m3.

(i) What is meant by density?[ 1 mark ]

(ii) Calculate the buoyant force of the ship.[ 3 marks ]

(iii) Calculate the density of the sea water.[ 2 marks ]

SULIT 4531/2

4531/2 SULIT

23

(c) You are asked to investigate the characteristics of hot air balloon as below.Explain the suitability for each characteristic for the hot air balloons and thendetermine which hot balloon will move up the fastest into the air. Give a reasonfor your choice.

[ 10 marks ]Hot air balloon R

Volume of the balloon , V = 1700 m3

Density of the balloon material, ρ = 1200 kg m-3

Gas temperatureT = 85 oC

Total of massm = 50 kg

Hot air balloon S





Hot air balloon T





Hot air balloon R





END OF QUESTION PAPER

SEKTOR SEKOLAH BERASRAMA PENUHBAHAGIAN SEKOLAH

KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA

PEPERIKSAAN DIAGNOSTIK TINGKATAN 4TAHUN 2007

FIZIK

PERATURAN PERMARKAHAN

KERTAS 2

2

SECTION A

Section Answer schemes

1 a) Time 1

b) Acceleration 1

c) Part AB 1

b) Calculate the area under the graph. 1

Total 4

2 a) Heat is absorbed by the metal block1

b) i The rate of heat flows between metal block and the water is the same.The water and the metal block achieve thermal equilibrium.

11

ii. mwater x cwater x θwater = mmetal block x cmetal block x θmetal block

cmetal block = 0.1 x 4200 x (48-28)0.5 x (48-28)

= 840 J kg-1 C-111

Total 5

3 a) Hooke’s law 1

b) Spring constant 1

c) At coordinate (0.05, 1.0) 1

d) Energy stored = ½ F x= ½ (0.8) (0.04 )= 0. 16 J

11

e) On graph 3.2, the gradient is higher 1

Total 6

3

4 a) Reflection 1

b) i. Diagram 4.1The size of virtual image is smaller

11

ii The bigger the curvature of the mirror, the smaller is the size of its image 1

iii Ray parallel to principal axis diverge from the focal pointRay from top of the object to the centre of curvature,C ,a straight line.The virtual image behind the mirror, upright and diminished.

111

Total 7

5. a) The rate of change of a distance 1

b) i. The damage of the car in diagram 5.1 is greater than the damage of the car indiagram 5.2 1

ii Same 1

c) The shorter the time of impact,the greater the damage of the car. 1

d) i. F = 1000 ( 0 – 25)0.2

= 125000 @ 1.25 x 105 N

1

1

ii. Impulsive force 1

e) The longer the time of impact,the lower the impulsive force. 1

Total 8

4

6 a) i. 1. Before the air conditioner is switched on ,the paper is at rest.Before it takes off, the aeroplane moves at the same height

2. After the air conditioner is switched on ,the paper liftedAfter it takes off, the aeroplane moves upwards.

1

1

ii. The air speed above the paper is higher than the air speed below the paper 1

iii. The air pressure above the aeroplane is lower than the air pressure below theaeroplane when it take off.

1

iv. The higher the speed of the air,the lower the pressure of the air. 1

( b) Aerofoil 1

(c)i Altitude decrease 1

ii Upthrust force decrease // less air molecules moving 1

Total 8

7 a) Pascal’s principle 1

b) Valve A : close ( √ )Valve B : open ( √ )

11

c) i. 100 = FB

20 800FB = 100 x 800

20= 4000 N.

11

ii. 60 x 20 = d x 800d = 60 x 20

800= 1.67 cm

11

d) Oil is difficult to evaporate/ / not easier to compress 1

e) Increase the surface area of bigger piston.Produce a higher force on the bigger piston.

11

Total 10

8 a) Diagram 8.1 diagram 8.21

b) 200 N 1

c)

1

1

d) i. Diagram 8.1FY = Cos 6040FY = 40 x 0

Diagram 8.2FY = Cos 6040FY = 40 x 0

ii. Diagram 8.1200 – 20 =

Diagram 8.2200 + 20 =

e) Method in dThe force ac

40 sin 300

40 sine 300

300

40 cos 300

:

.5 = 20 N

:

.5 = 20 N

:180 N

:220 N

iagram 8.1ts to the ground is lower.

40 cos 300

300

5

1

1

1

1

11

6

f) The horizontal components of force 40 N= 40 x cos 30= 40 x 0.866= 34.64 N

Resultant force = 34. 64 – 2 = 32. 64 N.

1

1

Total 12

SECTION B

9.a) Product of mass and velocity 1

b) Mass of air discharged in diagram 9.2 > diagram 9.1Balloon B has bigger velocity.When the mass of air discharged increased,the velocity of the balloon alsoincreased.The direction of the balloon movement is opposite to the direction of airdischarged.The Principle of conservation of momentum.

11

1

11

c) When the boy jumps onto the riverbank,his momentum is forward.Using the Principle of conservation of momentum,the total momentum before and after jumping is equal.The boat moves backward to balance the forward momentum.

1111

d)Aerodynamics / cone shape attop

Reducing of air friction 2

Small mass Higher rate of acceleration 2Enough space for increasing airpressure

2Less than half of the bottlefilled with water

Big buoyant force 23 or 4 wings The stability of the rocket. 2

TOTAL 2010.a)i Specific heat capacity

-The amount of energy that must be transferred to change the temperature ofone kilogram material by 1oC or 1K. 1

a)ii The temperature of the water/in diagram 10.1 is lower than the temperature ofthe cooking oil/in diagram 10.2.Both are heated at the same rate of heat.The rise/increase of temperature in diagram 10.2 is faster.

111

7

The specific heat capacity for water is higher than the specific heat capacity forcooking oil.The higher the specific heat capacity of a material,the rate of increase oftemperature slower.

1

1

b) During the day,the land and the sea receive the same amount of heat from thesun.Water has a higher specific capacity than the land.The land is heated to a higher temperature than the sea/The density of the airabove the sea is higher than the density of the air above the land.The air above the land flows up and the air above the sea flows towards theland.

11

1

1

c) Modification ExplainationUse a larger fan Can cool down a larger areaIncrease the number of fin blades Can cool down easilyUse the cooling liquid with higherboiling point.

It won’t boil easily.

Use the cooling liquid with higherspecific heat capacity

Can absorb a larger amount of heat.

Increase the length/area of coolingcoil

Can transfer a larger amount ofheat to the surrounding/Can transfer the heat faster to thesurrounding.

1 + 11 + 1

1 + 1

1 + 1

1 + 1

TOTAL 20

SECTION C

11.a) Pressure-The force acting normally per unit area. 1

b) The area in contact with the ground for the shoes in figure 11.2 is larger thanthe the shoes in figure 11.1.The pressure exerted by the shoes in figure 11.2 is lower than the shoes infigure 11.1.The shoes in figure 11.2 is difficult to sink into the ground compared to theshoes in figure 11.1.So,it is easier to run using the shoes in figure 11.2.

1

1

11

8

c)Characteristic Reasons

Low density Small mass/lightMany/fewer/very few studs Gives extra/higher gripExpansion effect is low Always fits/Does not loosen when

hot.Ability to stretch is good Less stress on the feet/

Can be pushed in all directions/Can walk on uneven surface.

The most suitable material is QBecause it has a low density,many studs,low expansion effect and good abilityto stretch.

1 + 11 + 1

1 + 1

1 + 1

1

1

d)i P = 60 x 10 @ P = 60 x 1020 x 10-4 20

= 300,000 @ 3.0 x 105 Pa = 30 Ncm-211

ii. a = Fm

= 100 - 2060

= 1.33 ms-2

111

TOTAL 2012 a)i. A cargo ship displaces a larger volume of water.

The buoyant force acted on the ship is higher,11

ii. The function of Plimsoll line.-To indicate the maximum permissible loading levels of the ship in differentregions around the world/To indicate the safety limit. 2

b) i. The mass devided with volume 1

ii. Buoyant Force = Weight= 9 x 106 x 10= 9 x 107 N

11

iii. Buoyant Force = ρVg ρ = 9 x 107

7200 x 10= 1250 kgm-3

1

11

9

c)Characteristic Explaination

Volume of the balloon is high Displace a larger amount of air/Produce a higher buoyant force.

Density of the balloon material islow

Lower mass/Light

Gas temperature is high Produce a maximum expansion ofballoon.

Total of mass is low Upwards resultant force is higher/Balloon move upwards faster.

The hot balloon will move up fastest is QBecause it has a high volume,the density of the balloon material is low,the gastemperature is high and the total mass is low.

1 + 1

1 + 1

1 + 1

1 + 11

1

TOTAL 20

akhir tahun sbp 07 (2)

Documents