copyrightpsasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/67452/1/fs 2013 66 ir.pdfstruktur fasa kecuali perubahan kecil...

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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

NANOSYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL AND DOSIMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF UNDOPED AND COPPER MANGANESE-

DOPED CALCIUM BORATE THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETERS

MARYAM ERFANI HAGHIRI

FS 2013 66

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NANOSYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL AND

DOSIMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF

UNDOPED AND COPPER MANGANESE-DOPED

CALCIUM BORATE THERMOLUMINESCENT

DOSIMETERS


DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY


2013

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NANOSYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL AND DOSIMETRIC

CHARACTERISTICS OF UNDOPED AND COPPER MANGANESE-DOPED

CALCIUM BORATE THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETERS

By


Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia

in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

July 2013

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DEDICATION

In appreciation of their love sacrifices faith and eternal goodness

I would like to dedicate my thesis to my dear mother

and

To the memory of my father my grandmother and my beloved fianceacute

Ebrahim

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ii

Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment

of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy


CHARACTERISTICS OF UNDOPED AND MANGANESE COPPER-DOPED


By


July 2013

Chairman Professor Elias Saion PhD

Faculty Science

Tissue equivalent thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) are an effective device to

measure low and high absorbed doses of ionizing radiation in protected area medical

and industrial applications or as a personal monitoring dosimeter A number of

commercially available TLDs are common for this purpose where the TL intensity is

proportional to absorbed dose but they are of a narrow dose range In this research

efforts were made to enhance the present TL performance of these materials to a

wider dose range by employment of nanosynthesis method and introducing

impurities to the TL materials The un-doped and Cu-Mn doped calcium tetraborate

nanocrystals (CaB4O7) were fabricated using the combination of co-precipitation and

heat-treatment methods For the un-doped samples 100 ml de-ionized water

containing 02-mol calcium chloride (CaCl2) 05-3 wt of Polyvinyl pyrrolidone

(PVP) were mixed with 100 ml de-ionized water containing 02-mol borax

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iii

(Na2B4O7) drop wise to form fine white precipitations of calcium tetraborate

(CaB4O7) For the doped samples manganese chloride (MnCl2) and copper chloride

(CuCl2) were added into the PVP solution before mixing with borax The

precipitations were then centrifuged (3500 rpm for 10 min) and washed several times

with distill water before drying at 80 oC for 24 h and annealing at temperatures

between 700 to 970 oC and at fixed annealing times of 1 to 5 h The synthesized un-

doped and Cu-Mn doped CaB4O7 nanocrystals were used to investigate the structural

and thermoluminescent characteristics

The XRD patterns of synthesized nanparticles at initial precipitation showed almost

crystalline structure as compared to those undergone thermal treatment at the

annealing temperatures of 750 to 900 oC where the dominant phase structure became

ortothrombic structure Increasing annealing temperature from 700 to 970 oC the

aggregation of the nanoparticles enlarged and the average particle size increased

from 55 to 14 nm as measured by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) The

extension of annealing time did not show a significant change in the conversion of

phase structure except small variation in the peak positions The mono-dispersed and

spherical shape calcium borate nanoparticles were realized using 1-wt PVP

stabilizer to produce the average particle sizes of 55 nm at the initial precipitation

and 8 nm at the optimum annealing temperature of 970 oC for 1 hour annealing time

The manganese doped calcium borate (CaB4O7Mn) nanocrystals showed a single TL

peak at around 149 oC with enhanced TL sensitivity over the un-doped CaB4O7

nanocrystals by 60 times and produced a good linearity response from 005 to 2000

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iv

Gy However it showed high degree of fading of 52 per month and failed to

become a good TLD phosphor The copper doped calcium borate (CaB4O7Cu)

nanocrystals showed two prominent TL peaks located at 114 and 246 oC The TL

sensitivity of low and high temperature peaks of (CaB4O7Cu) nanocrystals increased

by 1 and 3 times compared to un-doped samples respectively The remarkable

feature of this nanophosphor is on its wide range linear dose response from 005 to

3000 Gy for the high temperature peak of 246 oC and its limited range linear dose

response from 005 to 30 Gy for the low temperature peak of 114 oC The fading was

26 in 2 months storaged in a dark room for the high temperature peak and a poor

fading for the low temperature peak after 1 week

The TL response of double doped calcium borate (CaBTCu-Mn) nanocrystal

showed two prominent TL peaks located at 124 and 256 oC The incorporation of

manganese into the host lattice as a co-dopant increased the TL efficiency of low

and high temperature peaks by 230 and 367 times more than un-doped samples

respectively The double doped nanophosphor revealed an excellent linearity dose

respond in the range of 005 to 3000 Gy for both temperature peaks The low

temperature peak displayed a considerable fading after 1 week storage whilst the

high temperature peak presented the fading of 23 after 2 month storage in a dark

room

As a comparative study the TL sensitivity of single and double doped calcium borate

nanocrystals were compared with the one of the standard and commercial TL

dosimeter TLD 100 (LiFMgTi) after exposure to 10 Gy gamma dose The results

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v

demonstrated that the manganese (14 mol) doped calcium borate nanocrystal has

a sensitivity of 275 times higher than the TLD100 However the sensitivity of

copper doped and copper-manganese CaBT nanocrystals at this particular exposure

(ie 10 Gy) is less than that of TLD-100 phosphor by a factor of approximately 004

and 009 times for low temperature peak and 013 and 014 for high temperature

peak respectively

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vi

Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai

memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Doktor Falsafah

SINTISIS NANO DAN CIRI-CIRI STRUKTUR DAN DOSIMETRI

DOSIMETER TERMOLUMINASEN KALSIUM BORATE TANPA DOPAN

DAN BERDOPAN-KUPRUM MANGANAM

Oleh

MARYAM ERFANI

Julai 2013

Pengerusi Profesor Elias Saion PhD

Fakulti Sains

Tisu setara dosimeter thermoluminescent (TLD) adalah suatu alat yang berkesan

untuk mengukur dos terserap sinaran mengion paras rendah dan tinggi dalam

kawasan dilindungi aplikasi dalam perubatan dan industri atau sebagai dosimeter

pemantauan peribadi Beberapa TLD komersial boleh didapati yang lazimnya

digunakan untuk tujuan ini di mana keamatan TL adalah berkadar dengan dos

terserap tetapi mereka mempunyai sela dos terhad Dalam kajian ini usaha telah

dibuat untuk meningkatkan prestasi bahan TL sedia ada kepada sela dos yang lebih

luas dengan mengunakan kaedah sintisis nano dan menambahkan bahan asing dalam

bahan TL Hablur nano kalsium tetraborate (CaB4O7) tanpa dopan dan berdopan Cu-

Mn telah direkabentuk dengan menggunakan kesatuan kaedah pemendakan dan

kaedah rawatan terma Bagi sampel tanpa dopan 100 ml air nyah ion mengandungi

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vii

02 mol kalsium klorida (CaCl2) 05-3 berat polivinil pyrrolidone (PVP) telah

ditambahkan kedalam 100 ml air nyah ion yang mengandungi 02 mol borak

(Na2B4O7) secara pentitisan untuk membentuk mendak putih kalsium tetraborak

(CaB4O7) Bagi sampel berdopan manganam klorida (MnCl2) dan kuprum klorida

(CuCl2) telah ditambah ke dalam larutan PVP sebelum ditambahkan dengan borak

Mendapan itu kemudian kitar (3500 pusingan per minit selama 10 minit) dan dibasuh

dengan air suling beberapa kali sebelum dikeringkan pada suhu 80 oC selama 24 jam

dan penyepuhlindapan pada suhu 700-970 oC dan pada masa penyepuhlindapan

daripada 1 hingga 5 jam Hablur nano CaB4O7 yang disediakan tanpa dopan dan

berdopan Cu-Mn telah digunakan untuk menyiasat ciri-ciri struktur dan

thermoluminesen

Corak XRD zarah nano yang disediakan pada peringkat awal mendakan

menunjukkan struktur hampir hablur berbanding dengan yang menjalani rawatan

terma pada suhu penyepuhlindapan 750-900 oC yang mana struktur fasa menjadi

struktur ortothrombic Dengan meningkatkan suhu penyepuhlindapan 700-970 oC

pengagregatan nanopartikel membesar dan purata saiz zarah meningkat 55-14 nm

seperti yang diukur menggunakan mikroskop elektron transmisi (TEM) Lanjutan

masa penyepuhlindapan tidak menunjukkan perubahan yang ketara dalam pertukaran

struktur fasa kecuali perubahan kecil terhadap kedudukan puncak Kalsium borak

bersifat pelaraian mono dan zarah nano berbentuk sfera telah dihasilkan dengan

menggunakan 1 berat penstabil PVP untuk mendapatkan purata saiz zarah 55 nm

pada mendapan awal dan 8 nm pada suhu penyepuhlindapan optimum 970 oC selama

1 jam masa penyepuhlindapan

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viii

Hablur nano kalsium borak berdopan manganum (CaB4O7Mn) menunjukkan puncak

tunggal TL pada sekitar 149 oC dengan sensitiviti TL dipertingkatkan melebihi

hablur nano kalsium borak tanpa dopan sebanyak 60 kali dan menghasilkan dos liner

05-2000 Gy Walau bagaimanapun ia mempunyai darjah kepudaran yang tinggi

sebanyak 52 sebulan dan gagal untuk menjadi fosfor TLD yang baik Hablur nano

kalsium borak berdopan kuprum (CaB4O7Cu) menunjukkan dua puncak TL yang

menonjol terletak pada 114 dan 246 oC Keamatan puncak TL suhu rendah dan tinggi

(CaB4O7Cu) meningkat masing-masing 1 dan 3 kali berbanding sampel tanpa dopan

Ciri-ciri fosfor nano yang luar biasa ini mempunyai pelbagai sambutan dos linear 05-

3000 Gy untuk puncak suhu tinggi pada 246 oC dan sambutan dos linear dos terhad

05-30 Gy untuk puncak suhu rendah pada 114 oC Bagaimanapun darah kepudaran

adalah 26 untuk puncak suhu tinggi untuk tempoh 2 bulan penyimpanan di dalam

bilik gelap dan darah kepudaran untuk puncak suhu rendah adalah hanya 1 minggu

penyimpanan

Sambutan TL hablur nano kalsium borak berdopan ganda (CaBTCu-Mn)

menunjukkan dua puncak TL yang menonjol terletak di 124 dan 256 oC

Penambahan manganum ke dalam kekisi tuan rumah sebagai dopan bersama

meningkat kecekapan puncak TL suhu rendah dan tinggi masing-masing sebanyak

230 dan 367 kali lebih baik daripada sampel tanpa dopan Fosfor nano pendopan

berganda menonjolkkan sambutan dos linear cemerlang dalam julat 05-3000 Gy

untuk kedua-dua puncak suhu TL Puncak suhu rendah bagaimanapun agak pudar

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ix

selepas penyimpanan 1 minggu manakala puncak suhu tinggi darjah kepudaran

sebanyak 23 selepas 2 bulan simpanan dalam bilik gelap

Sebagai kajian perbandingan sensitiviti TL kalsium yang didopkan secara tunggal

dan berpasangan bersama borate nanokristal dibandingkan dengan salah satu alat

pengukur dos TL yang berpiawai dan komersial iaitu TLD 100 (LIF Mg Ti) selepas

pendedahan kepada dos gamma 10 Gy Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa mangan

(14 mol) yang didopkan bersama kalsium borate nanokristal mempunyai kepekaan

275 kali lebih tinggi daripada TLD100 Walaubagaimanapun kepekaan tembaga

yang didopkan dan tembaga-mangan nanokristal CaBT pada pendedahan dos tertentu

(iaitu 10 Gy) adalah kurang daripada TLD-100 fosfor dengan faktor kira-kira 004

dan 009 kali untuk puncak yang bersuhu rendah dan 013 dan 014 kali untuk puncak

yang bersuhu tinggi masing-masing

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x

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In awareness that this work could not be accomplished without the God willing

hereby Praise be to God the Lord of the World Words cannot explain my love and

gratitude to Him

I sincerely thank my research advisor Prof Dr Elias Saion for his patience guidance

wisdom and encouragements throughout my scientific inquest I would also like to

thank my committee Prof Dr Mansor Hashim and Dr Wan Saffiey Wan Abdullah

for their suggestions and support throughout my graduate career I greatly appreciate

and wish to thank Mr Mohd ZainYusof for his immense help and staff of the Faculty

of Science and the Bioscience Institute of University Putra Malaysia who had

contributed to this work

My Special thanks to my great friends Nayereh and Asra who are always more than

a friend to me Thanks to Nayereh for all the interesting scientific discussion

moments her kind assistance and all her help for initial training me on spectroscopy

instruments and XRD software Thanks to you my dearest friend Asra for all her

kindness and emotional support I always owe you guys May God bless you and

wish you a cheerful and victorious life

I also would like to thank to my good friends Rafieh Ghazaleh Parisa Manizeh

Elham Asma Shahede and Mina for their love and encouragement which keep me

going and wish you all the best in your life

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xi

There is a very important person that without her her care and love I wouldnt

achieve all I have had achieved I am forever indebted to my dear mother for helping

and supporting me achieve my goals I also want to give my deepest acknowledge

and thankfulness to my dearest sisters Mahtab and Mitra

I also owe my thanks to my brothers my nephews and all my family for their

encouragement and love from thousands of miles away I owe you all more than just

my thanks May God‟s graces and blessings be forever yours

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xii

I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on July 2013 to conduct the

final examination of Maryam Erfani Haghiri on her thesis entitled ldquoNanosynthesis

structural and dosimetric characteristics of un-doped and manganese-copper

doped calcium borate thermoluminescent dosimetersrdquo in accordance with the

Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 and the Constitution of the Universiti

Putra Malaysia [PU(A) 106] 15 March 1998 The committee recommends that the

student be awarded the Doctor of Philosophy

Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows

Sidek b Hj Ab Aziz PhD

Professor

Faculty of Science

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Chairman)

Zainal Abidin b Talib PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Internal Examiner)

Md Saion Salikin PhD

Professor

Faculty of Health Science

University Technology Mara Malaysia

(External Examiner)

Seyed Tajammul Hussain PhD Professor

National Centre for Physics

Quaid-i-Azam University

(External Examiner)

______________________________________

SEOW HENG FONG PhD

Professor and Deputy Dean

School of Graduate Studies


Date

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xiii

This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been

accepted as fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

The members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows

Elias Saion PhD Professor

Faculty of Science


(Chairman)

Mansor Hashim PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Member)

Wan Saffiey wan Abdullah PhD

Lecturer

Non-ionizing section

Malaysian Nuclear Agency

(External member)

________________________________

BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT PhD

Professor and Dean



Date

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xiv

DECLARATION

I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations which

have been duly acknowledged I also declare that it has not been previously and is

not concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at

any other institution

_______________________


Date 11 July 2013

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xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ABSTRACT II

ABSTRAK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X

APPROVAL XII

DECLARATION XIV

LIST OF TABLES XVIII

LIST OF FIGURES XXI

LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS XXVII

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1

11 Background of Study 1

12 Significant of study 2

13 Problem statement 3

14 Scope of study 4

15 Study objectives 5

16 Thesis outline 6

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7

21 General History of Thermoluminescence 7

22 Applications of Thermoluminescent Dosimeters 8

221 Personnel dosimetry 8

222 Medical dosimetry 9

223 Environmental dosimetry 9

224 High dose 10

23 Main requirements imposed on materials for TL dosimetry 10

24 Bulk TLDs 12

241 High Zeff materials 12

242 Low Zeff Materials 19

25 Trend of research on thermoluminescent dosimeters 25

26 Nano-TLD Materials 26

261 TL glow peak 27

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xvi

262 Dose response 28

263 Fading Effect 29

264 Nanoparticle size 31

265 Method of preparation 32

27 Borates Compounds 37

271 General features 37

28 Crystal structure of calcium borate 39

3 THEORY 43

31 Absorbed Dose and Kerma 43

32 Charged Particle Equilibrium (CPE) 44

33 Radiation dosimetry 46

34 Type of dosimeters 47

341 Ionization chamber 47

342 Film dosimetry (Radiological film) 48

343 Silicon diode dosimetry 49

344 Luminescence dosimetry 50

35 Thermoluminescence 51

36 Band gap theory and Energy Bands 51

361 Basic equations of Radiation dosimetry by TL 55

37 Theories concerning Thermoluminescence 57

4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 68

41 Introduction 68

42 Synthesis Method 69

421 Materials 70

422 Synthesis of un-doped CaB4O7 nanoparticles (CaBT-NPs) 70

423 Synthesis of doped CaBT-NPs (CaBTMn) and (CaBTCu) 72

424 Synthesis of co-doped CaBT-NPs 73

43 Characterization techniques 75

431 X-ray diffraction 75

432 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 78

433 Transmission electron microscopy 80

434 Thermo gravimetric analysis 85

44 Thermoluminescence characterization 86

441 Radiation source and irradiation procedure 86

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xvii

442 TL analyzer and TL measurements 90

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 97

51 Introduction 97

52 Effect of PVP concentration on properties of un-doped CaBT-NPs 98


522 TEM image 100

523 FTIR spectra 107

524 TGA analysis 109

53 Effect of annealing temperature on the phase formation of CaBT-NPs 112


532 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) 115

533 TEM image 119

54 Effect of annealing time on the phase formation of CaBT-NPs 123



543 TEM images 132

55 Synthesis and Characterization of doped CaBT nanocrystals 138


552 FTIR 140


561 TL response of un-doped calcium tetraborate nanoparticles 143

562 TL response of manganese doped CaBT-NPs (CaBTMn) 151

563 TL response of copper doped CaBT-NPs (CaBTCu) 167

564 TL response of double doped CaBT-NPs (Mn-Cu and Cu-Mn) 184

6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210

BIODATA OF STUDENT 228

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 229

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xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

lrm21 Characteristics of some bulk TL dosimeters [modified from

(Bhatt 2011 Kortov 2007 Portal 1986 Pradhan 1981)]

25

lrm22 The comparison between TL characteristics of bulk and nano

TLDs

31

23 The most common methods of new synthesized nano TLDs 37

lrm51 TEM size of different PVP concentration for two stages of initial

precipitate and heating process

105

52 EDX data of calcium borate nanocrystal with presence of 1 wt

PVP after the heating process at 900 oC

107

lrm53 TGA data of CaBT-NPs at different PVP concentration 112

lrm54 Main diffraction peaks related to dominate phases at different

annealing temperatures at 2 h annealing time

115

lrm55 TEM data of CaBT-NPs synthesized at different annealing

temperatures for fixed time of 2 h and initial precipitate

123

lrm56 Variation of annealing time and phase structure of CaBT-NPs at

700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127

510 Variation of annealing time and phase structure of CaBT-NPs at

970 oC

128

lrm511 TEM data of CaBT-NPs at different annealing times and

temperatures

138

lrm512 The effect of absorbed dose on TL peak of un-doped CaBT

nanophosphor

147

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xix

lrm513 Comparison of sensitivity between TLD 100 and un-doped CaBT

nanophosphor at 10 Gy gamma dose

149

lrm514 Trap parameters data for un-doped CaBT nanophosphor exposed

to 500 Gy gamma dose

151

lrm515 TL response of CaBT nanocrystal doped with different Mn

concentrations irradiated to 500 Gy gamma dose

156


concentrations irradiated to 1 kGy gamma dose

156

lrm517 The effect of absorbed dose on 14 Mn doped CaBT

nanophosphor

159

lrm518 Comparison of sensitivity between TLD 100 and 14 Mn

doped CaBT nanophosphor at 10 Gy gamma dose

162

lrm519 Trap parameters data for CaBTMn nanophosphor exposed to

500 Gy gamma dose

166

lrm520 TL response of CaBT nanocrystal doped with different copper


172

521 TL response of CaBT nanocrystal doped with different copper


172

lrm522 The effect of absorbed dose on low temperature peak of single

doped CaBTCu (2 ) nanophosphor

175

lrm523 The effect of absorbed dose on high temperature peak of single


175

lrm524 Comparison of sensitivity between TLD 100 and 2 Cu doped

CaBT nanophosphor at 10 Gy gamma dose

178

lrm525 Trap parameters data for CaBTCu nanophosphor irradiated to

500 Gy gamma dose

184

lrm526 TL response of CaBTMn-Cu nanophosphor at 50 Gy gamma

dose

186

lrm527 TL response of CaBTCu-Mn nanophosphor at 50 Gy gamma

dose

187

lrm528 TL response of CaBTCu (2 ) nanocrystal co-doped with

different manganese concentrations irradiated to 10 Gy gamma

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xx

dose 190

529 TL response of CaBTCu (2 ) nanocrystal co-doped with


dose

190

lrm530 The effect of absorbed dose on low temperature peak of double

doped CaBTCu-Mn (2-1 ) nanophosphor

194

lrm531 The effect of absorbed dose on high temperature peak of double


194

532 Comparison of TL sensitivity between TLD 100 and double

doped CaBTCu-Mn (2-1 ) nanophosphor at 10 Gy gamma

dose

197

533 Trap parametes data for CaBTCu-Mn nanophosphor irradiated

to 500 Gy

203

534 TL data for single doped and double doped CaBT nanocrystals 204

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xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

21 Basic structural unites for the borate cryatal open and closed circles

are oxygen and boron atoms respectively (Chen et al 1989)

39

22 Schematic diagram of phase formation in calcium borate (Fukuda

et al 1986)

42

lrm31 Charged particles Equilibrium (CPE) diagram 45

lrm32 Energy band diagram for insulatorssemiconductors representing

the filled energy states of the VB the empty states of the CB

52

lrm33 Energy levels in an insulator in equilibrium at absolute zero the

levels below Ef are full of electrons while those above are empty

(McKeever 1988)

54

lrm34 Schematic illustration of the potential distribution ϕ (r) around

defect center (a) Columbic attractive (b) neutral (c) columbic

repulsive (McKeever 1988)

55

35 First order Randal-Wilkins TL peak generated using equation

(lrm336) (black) and second order Garlick-Gibson TL peak generated

using equation (lrm338) (gray) (Clifford Polf 2000)

64

lrm41 Schematic synthesis diagram of calcium borate nanoparticles 72

lrm42 Schematic synthesis diagram of doped calcium borate nanoparticles 73

lrm43 Schematic preparation diagram of CaBT Cu-Mn nanoparticles 74

44 Bragg‟s Law reflection the diffracted X-rays exhibit constructive

interface when the distance between paths ABC and AʹBʹCʹ differs

by an integer number of wavelengths

76

lrm45 The powder XRD method (West 1990) 77

lrm46 Schematic diagram of a double beam dispersive IR spectrometer

(Pavia et al 2009)

80

lrm47 The comparison between light and transmission electron

microscope

82

lrm48 TEM sample support mesh ldquogridrdquo with ultra micrometry sections

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xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83

49 Schematic diagram of Energy dispersive X-ray Spectrometry and

its associated electronics (Santiago et al 1998)

84

410 The schematic diagram of Thermo gravimetric analysis machine 85

411 The decay scheme of 60

Co isotope 86

lrm412 Schematic diagram of photoelectric absorption 88

413 Diagram illustrating Compton interaction with matter 89

lrm414 Instrumentation used in thermoluminescent measurement

(Lancaster 1969)

92

lrm415 Details of sample holder in commercial instrument (Lancaster

1969)

92

lrm416 Definition of various parameters for methods which use the shape

of the glow curve for determining trap depth (Chen 1976)

94

lrm51 The XRD patterns of annealed CaBT-NPs in absence and presence

of PVP

99

lrm52 XRD pattern of annealed CaBT-NPs at different PVP concentration

of 0-3 wt

100

53 TEM images of CaBT-NPs with 0 wt PVP for initiate precipitate

and annealed samples

102

lrm54 TEM images of CaBT-NPs with 05 wt PVP for initiate

precipitate and annealed samples

103

lrm55 TEM images of CaBT-NPs with 1 wt PVP for initiate precipitate


104

lrm56 TEM images of CaBT-NPs with 3 wt PVP for initial precipitate


104

57 EDX pattern of synthesized CaBT nanocrystal with presence of 1

wt PVP after the annealing procedure

107

lrm58 FTIR spectrum for (a) Pure PVP and synthesized CaBT NPs at

stage of (b) initial precipitation and (c) annealing process at 900 oC

for 1 h

108

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xxiii

lrm59 TGA analysis of synthesized CaBT NPs for initial precipitation 109

lrm510 TGA analysis of synthesized CaBT NPs for annealed samples at

900 oC for 1 h heating

111

lrm511 The XRD pattern of CaBT-NPs at different temperatures for fix

time of 2h

113

lrm512 The IR spectra of synthesized CaBT-NPs at different annealing

temperature for fixed time of 2 h

1157

lrm513 The IR spectra of calcium tetraborate for initiate precipitate and

annealing temperature of 970 oC

119

514 TEM image and size distribution histograms of CaBT-NPs

annealed at different temperatures

122

515 The XRD pattern of CaBT-NPs annealed at 700 oC for different

annealing times

124


annealing times

125

lrm517 The XRD pattern of CaBT-NPs annealed at 800 oC for different

annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126

lrm520 The FTIR spectra of CaBT-NPs annealed at 700 oC for 2-5 h

annealing times

129

521 The FTIR spectra of CaBT-NPs annealed at 750 oC for 2 -5 h

annealing time

130

lrm522 The FTIR spectra of CaBT-NPs annealed at 800 oC for 2 -5 h

annealing times

130

lrm523 The FTIR spectra of CaBT-NPs annealed at 900 oC for 1 and 2 h

annealing times

131


annealing time

131

lrm525 TEM image and particle size distribution of CaBT-NPs at 700 oC

from 2 to 5 h annealing times

133

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xxiv



134



135


for 1 h and 2 h annealing times

136

529 TEM image and particle size distribution of CaBT-NPs at 970 oC


136

lrm530 XRD patterns of calcium tetraborate doped with different molar

ratio of manganese (01-2 )

139

531 XRD patterns of calcium tetraborate doped with different molar

ratio of copper (1-3 )

139

lrm532 XRD patterns of 2 mol copper doped calcium tetraborate co-

doped with different molar ratio of manganese (05-2 )

(CaBTCu-Mn)

140

lrm533 The FTIR spectra of CaBT nanocrystal doped with different molar


141

lrm534 The FTIR spectra of annealed CaBT nanocrystal doped with

different molar ratio of copper (1-3 )

141

lrm535 The FTIR spectra of different molar ratio of manganese (05-2

mol) co-doped at CaBTCu (2 ) nanocrystal

142

lrm536 TL glow curve of un-doped CaBT nanocrystal irradiated by 100 Gy

gamma dose emitted from the 60

Co gamma source

144

lrm537 Glow curve patterns for the synthesized un-doped CaBT

nanocrystals irradiated to A) low doses B) high doses

146

538 The linearity dose response of synthesized un-doped CaBT

nanophosphor for wide range of exposure from 005 to 1000 Gy

148

lrm539 TL response of LiFMgTi after irradiation to gamma dose of 10Gy

149

lrm540 Deconvolution of un-doped calcium borate nanophosphor after 500

Gy gamma dose exposures

151

lrm541 TL glow curves of un-doped and CaBTMn nanocrystals exposed to

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gamma dose of 100 Gy 153

lrm542 Glow curve patterns for different manganese concentration (01 - 2

) exposed by gamma doses of 500 Gy and 1 kGy

155

lrm543 TL glow curves of 14 Mn doped CaBT nanocrystal exposed to

different gamma doses

158

lrm544 Schematic multilevel TL model for competing trapping and

luminescent centres

161

lrm545 The linearity dose response of CaBTMn nanophosphor in the range

of 005 -2000 Gy

161

546 Reproducibility of synthesized CaBTMn nanophosphor after six

cycle of bdquoread-anneal‟

163

lrm547 Fading of synthesized nanocrystalline CaBTMn for period of 30

days

164

lrm548 The light sensitivity of manganese doped CaBT nanpcrystalline for

a period of 15 min to 3 h

165

lrm549 Deconvolution peaks for manganese doped calcium borate

nanophosphor irradiated to 500 Gy

166

lrm550 Glow curve patterns of un-doped and copper doped CaBT

nanocrystalline exposed to 100 Gy

1679

551 TL glow curves of synthesized nanocrystalline CaBT doped by

different copper concentration (1 -3 ) after exposure to 100 and

1000 Gy gamma dose

171

lrm552 TL intensity of 2 Copper doped CaBT nanocrystalline for low

and high range of gamma doses

174

lrm553 The linearity dose response of low and high temperature peaks for

wide range of gamma doses

177

lrm554 Reproducibility of high temperature peak for synthesized CaBTCu

nanocrystal after six repeated bdquoread-anneal‟ cycles

179

lrm555 TL intensity of CaBTCu nanocrystal at different time interval 180

lrm556 Fading of synthesized CaBTCu nanocrystalline after 60 days

storage in dark place at room temperature

181

lrm557 The light sensitivity of copper doped CaBT nanocrystal for a period

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xxvi

of 15 min to 3 h exposure 182

lrm558 Deconvolution peaks for copper doped calcium borate

nanophosphor exposed to 500 Gy gamma dose

1831

lrm559 The TL glow curves of synthesized CaBTMn (14 ) and

CaBTMn-Cu (14-2 ) nanophosphors after exposure to 10 Gy

gamma dose

186

lrm560 The comparison of TL glow curves for a) CaBTCu (2 ) and b)

CaBTCu-Mn (2-1 ) after exposure to 50 Gy gamma dose

187

lrm561 The effect of different co-dopant concentration (1-3 ) on TL

response at 10 and 500 Gy gamma dose

189

lrm562 The relative intensity of LTHT for different manganese

concentrations at two gamma doses of 10 and 500 Gy

191

lrm563 The effect of absorbed dose on TL response for low to high dose

exposures

193

lrm564 The linearity dose response of synthesized CaBTCu-Mn (2-1 )

nanocrystalline for low and high temperature peaks

196

lrm565 Reproducibility of synthesized CaBTCu-Mn nanocrystalline for

low and high temperature peaks after 7 repeated cycle of bdquoread-

anneal‟

199

lrm566 Fading of CaBTCu-Mn nanophosphor during 1 week storage 200

lrm567 Fading of CaBTCu-Mn nanophosphor during 2 month storage 200

lrm568 light sensitivity of synthesized CaBTCu-Mn at different time

interval exposures

201

569 Deconvolution peaks for manganese co-doped CaBTCu

nanophosphor exposed to 500 Gy

202

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LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS

60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band

CPE Charged Particles Equilibrium

Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium

FTIR Fourier Transforms Inferred

FWHM Full Width Half Maximum

GCD Glow Curve Deconvolution

GOT General One Trap

Gy Gray

ICCD International Centre for Diffraction Data

IRCP International Commission of Radiological Protection

k Boltzmann acutes constant

ML Multi Level model

Mn Manganese

OSLD Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter

PMT Photomultiplier

PVP Polyvinylpyrrolidone

QE Quasi Equilibrium

R Recombination center

SEM Scanning Electron Microscope

SI International Standard of Units

Sm Samarium

SSD Radiation Source to Sample Distance

TEM Transmission Electron Microscope

TGA Thermal Gravimetric Analysis

TIM Track Interaction Model

TL Thermoluminescence

TLD Thermoluminescence Dosimeter

TSC Thermally Stimulated Conductivity

TSL Thermo Stimulated luminescence

VB Valence Band

wt Weight

XRD X-ray Diffraction

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YAG Yttrium aluminium grant

Zeff Effective Atomic number

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CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background of Study

Thermally Luminescence (TL) or more specifically Thermally Stimulated

Luminescence (TSL) is the phenomenon of emission of lights from a solid either a

semiconductor or an insulator which has been previously exposed to ionizing

radiation under conditions of increasing temperature (Mandavia 2011) Several

studies on improving TL properties were carried out and a number of commercially

thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) are available for this purpose (Salah et al

2009b) It is known that the phosphor materials have a limited dose - range that

depends on their sensitivity to ionizing radiation The difficulties of accurate

estimation of dose response at high doses is due to saturation of the TL signal while

at low doses very low signal to noise makes it complex to assess the amount of dose

(Salah et al 2007) Due to growing interest in TLDs for the environmental personal

and clinical applications extensive investigations have been focused on producing

new and high performance TLD materials for a wide range of doses (Kitis et al

2002) Currently TL materials with nanometer dimensions such as quantum dots

nanowires nanorods and nanotubes have attracted a great deal of attention in

different fields especially in the field of radiation monitoring (Sharma et al 2009a)

It has been found that the physical properties of individual nanoparticles can be quite

different from the conventional macroscopic materials Recent studies on different

nanocrystalline materials have revealed the striking features such as high sensitivity

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and high linear dose response whereas the conventional microcrystalline phosphors

are not capable of (Salah et al 2009b)

12 Significant of study

The increased use of radiation processing for industrial medical and agricultural

applications have motivated research on new materials with adequate dosimetric

properties (Li et al 2005) In this connection nanostructured materials show unique

features that cannot be obtained from conventional macroscopic materials and for

this reason interest in nanosized phosphors has grown due to some positive points on

detection of high energy ionizing radiations (Kortov 2010) Their peculiar properties

arises from their increased surface to volume ratio and changed the electronic

structure due to quantum confinement effect The surface states are very important to

the physical properties especially the optical properties of the nanoparticles (Sharma

et al 2011) As the particles become smaller the surface to volume ratio and the

surface states increase and reduce the excited emission via non-radiative surface

recombination These preliminary remarkable results obtained in such nanomaterials

are of great importance to further study the TL properties of different TL

nanomaterials for high dose ionizing radiation (Sahare et al 2007 Salah 2011)

Since borate compounds possess an effective atomic number which is of human

tissue equivalent they are promising candidates to study and possible use in medical

applications and personal dosimeters (Mayles et al 2007) Calcium borate is one of

the suitable and less investigated materials which has enough capability for detecting

high-dose ionizing radiation for radiation dosimetry

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13 Problem statement

Phosphorous materials have important dosimetric properties such as high sensitivity

a linear response excellent stability simple and single glow curve structure ideally

around 200 degC simple annealing procedure for reusability low fading and non-

toxicity There are several dosimetric materials which are used in industry and many

new compounds have been produced by researchers but none of them has all the

above stated properties Moreover bulk phosphors materials presented dose-ranges

depending on their sensitivity and response characteristics (linearity and saturation)

to high-energy radiations At low doses very low signal to noise makes it difficult to

estimate doses while at higher doses the saturation of the TL signal dominates

(Salah et al 2011) Therefore there have always been attempts to either prepare new

dosimetric materials with better TL characteristics or simply improve upon the

already existing dosimetric materials by varying the concentration of the impurities

or by co-doping the phosphor with other elements or doping new impurities in new

matrices Recent studies on nanomaterials opened a new view on improvement and

development of luminescent materials with controlled size and shape Powders with

nanometer scale lead to the production of new materials with efficient characteristics

and enough capability in dosimetry of ionizing radiations for measurements both low

and high doses using the TL technique where the conventional microcrystalline

phosphors saturate (Rivera 2011 Salah et al 2009a)

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14 Scope of study

This research deals with different synthesis conditions surface modification

processes and the thermoluminescence characteristics of a newly developed

nanomaterial for radiation dosimetry In particular this thesis examines the optical

properties of un-doped and doped calcium borate nanocrystals for radiation

monitoring in different dosimetry regions from low to high exposures To produce

this new developed nanomaterial a new synthesis approach co-precipitation

technique along with heat treatment is presented The co-precipitation technique is

capable of producing amorphous uniform and small sized particles with narrow size

distribution and more homogeneity In continuing the heat treatment was performed

to modify the amorphous particles to nanocrystalline particles for better efficiency in

dosimetric applications The surface modification of particles is carried out by

forming an epitaxial organic layer of polyvinyl pyrrolidone surround the particles

which showed a good control on the morphology of synthesized nanoparticles after

the heating process and an increase in the stability of synthesized particles from

agglomeration The experimental conditions such as concentration of capping agent

annealing temperature and time have great influence on the shape and size of

produced nanoparticles Since the luminescence properties of a materials greatly

affected by the characteristics of prepared powders All the attempts focused on the

production of particles with more regular shapes and uniform distribution and

enough capability for dosimetric application The first part of this study investigated

a simple method of preparation of TL materials as a new method in development of

luminescent materials instead of conventional solid state methods and in continue

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5

the effect of PVP concentration was monitored by the adjustment of the PVP to

water weight ratio from 0 to 3 wt during the precipitation step and then the

produced nanoparticles were subjected to heating process In the second step in

order to find out the optimal synthesis condition of tetraborate phase structure

different annealing temperatures from 700 to 970 oC and variety of annealing times

from 1 to 5 h were examined In continue the fabrication and characterization of

doped nanoparticles at optimum annealing temperature and time was performed In

the last part of this study the dosimetric capability of synthesized un-doped and

doped calcium borate nanoparticles in the wide range of gamma exposures was

investigated

15 Study objectives

In terms of knowledge creation the project involves fundamental research into

nanostructure synthesis surface modification and thermo-luminescent dose

response To accomplish these the objectives of the present study are as the

following

1 To develop a simple nanosynthesis method for production of luminescence

materials different from the conventional solid state methods

2 To synthesize un-doped and Cu-Mn doped calcium borate nanoparticles for

radiation dosimetry application

3 To investigate the influence of a capping agent on the surface modification

shape and size of synthesized nanoparticles

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4 To monitor the effect of annealing temperatures and annealing times on the

phase formation particle size and size distribution of nanoparticles

5 To explore the dosimetric capability of synthesized Cu-Mn doped calcium

borate nanoparticles as thermoluminecent dosimeter

16 Thesis outline

The structure of this thesis is divided into six chapters Chapter I deals with the

general introduction about research background scope problem statement and

objectives of the study Chapter II focused on the history of thermoluminescence

dosimetry and related literature in view of bulk and nano TLD materials and their TL

characteristics on personal medical and environmental radiation monitoring The

general features and structural properties of borate families the physical fundamental

of thermoluminescence phenomenon and the related theories of TL parameters are

presented in chapter III The methodology of the study including materials the

experimental details of the synthesis method and description of characteristic

technique are described in chapter IV The subsequent chapter (V) forms the major

part of this thesis in which the experimental results are presented analyzed and

discussed in details The last chapter (chapter VI) concludes with a summary and

suggestions for future work

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Kortov V S Ermakov A E Zatsepin A F amp Nikiforov S V (2008b)

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Krasnaya A R Nosenko B M Revzin L S amp Yaskolko V Y () Use of

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Kumar V Kumar R Lochab S amp Singh N (2006a) Thermoluminescence and

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Thermoluminescence of combustion synthesized yttrium oxide Powder

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NANOSYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL AND DOSIMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF UNDOPED AND COPPER MANGANESE-DOPED CALCIUM BORATE THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETERS

Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

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NANOSYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL AND

DOSIMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF

UNDOPED AND COPPER MANGANESE-DOPED

CALCIUM BORATE THERMOLUMINESCENT

DOSIMETERS


DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY


2013

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By




July 2013

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DEDICATION



and


Ebrahim

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By


July 2013


Faculty Science













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iv



















room




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peak respectively

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Oleh

MARYAM ERFANI

Julai 2013


Fakulti Sains












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thermoluminesen













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penyimpanan








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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



gratitude to Him

















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Professor

Faculty of Science


(Chairman)


Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Internal Examiner)


Professor



(External Examiner)




(External Examiner)

______________________________________

SEOW HENG FONG PhD




Date

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Faculty of Science


(Chairman)

Mansor Hashim PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Member)


Lecturer



(External member)

________________________________


Professor and Dean



Date

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DECLARATION





_______________________


Date 11 July 2013

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ABSTRACT II

ABSTRAK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X

APPROVAL XII

DECLARATION XIV


LIST OF FIGURES XXI


CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1




14 Scope of study 4


16 Thesis outline 6







224 High dose 10


24 Bulk TLDs 12





261 TL glow peak 27

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3 THEORY 43














41 Introduction 68


421 Materials 70











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51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

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149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



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xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


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(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

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111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

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134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


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155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


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1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

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60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


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CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















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2























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3





















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4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM




By




July 2013

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

DEDICATION



and


Ebrahim

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

ii






By


July 2013


Faculty Science













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

iii























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

iv



















room




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

v






peak respectively

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

vi






Oleh

MARYAM ERFANI

Julai 2013


Fakulti Sains












copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

vii











thermoluminesen













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

viii














penyimpanan








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

ix













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

x

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



gratitude to Him

















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xi








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xii










Professor

Faculty of Science


(Chairman)


Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Internal Examiner)


Professor



(External Examiner)




(External Examiner)

______________________________________

SEOW HENG FONG PhD




Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiii





Faculty of Science


(Chairman)

Mansor Hashim PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Member)


Lecturer



(External member)

________________________________


Professor and Dean



Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiv

DECLARATION





_______________________


Date 11 July 2013

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ABSTRACT II

ABSTRAK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X

APPROVAL XII

DECLARATION XIV


LIST OF FIGURES XXI


CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1




14 Scope of study 4


16 Thesis outline 6







224 High dose 10


24 Bulk TLDs 12





261 TL glow peak 27

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvi








3 THEORY 43














41 Introduction 68


421 Materials 70











copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvii



51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

DEDICATION



and


Ebrahim

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

ii






By


July 2013


Faculty Science













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

iii























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

iv



















room




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

v






peak respectively

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

vi






Oleh

MARYAM ERFANI

Julai 2013


Fakulti Sains












copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

vii











thermoluminesen













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

viii














penyimpanan








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

ix













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

x

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



gratitude to Him

















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xi








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xii










Professor

Faculty of Science


(Chairman)


Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Internal Examiner)


Professor



(External Examiner)




(External Examiner)

______________________________________

SEOW HENG FONG PhD




Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiii





Faculty of Science


(Chairman)

Mansor Hashim PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Member)


Lecturer



(External member)

________________________________


Professor and Dean



Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiv

DECLARATION





_______________________


Date 11 July 2013

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ABSTRACT II

ABSTRAK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X

APPROVAL XII

DECLARATION XIV


LIST OF FIGURES XXI


CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1




14 Scope of study 4


16 Thesis outline 6







224 High dose 10


24 Bulk TLDs 12





261 TL glow peak 27

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvi








3 THEORY 43














41 Introduction 68


421 Materials 70











copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvii



51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

ii






By


July 2013


Faculty Science













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

iii























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

iv



















room




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

v






peak respectively

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

vi






Oleh

MARYAM ERFANI

Julai 2013


Fakulti Sains












copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

vii











thermoluminesen













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

viii














penyimpanan








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

ix













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

x

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



gratitude to Him

















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xi








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xii










Professor

Faculty of Science


(Chairman)


Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Internal Examiner)


Professor



(External Examiner)




(External Examiner)

______________________________________

SEOW HENG FONG PhD




Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiii





Faculty of Science


(Chairman)

Mansor Hashim PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Member)


Lecturer



(External member)

________________________________


Professor and Dean



Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiv

DECLARATION





_______________________


Date 11 July 2013

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ABSTRACT II

ABSTRAK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X

APPROVAL XII

DECLARATION XIV


LIST OF FIGURES XXI


CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1




14 Scope of study 4


16 Thesis outline 6







224 High dose 10


24 Bulk TLDs 12





261 TL glow peak 27

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvi








3 THEORY 43














41 Introduction 68


421 Materials 70











copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvii



51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

iii























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

iv



















room




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

v






peak respectively

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

vi






Oleh

MARYAM ERFANI

Julai 2013


Fakulti Sains












copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

vii











thermoluminesen













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

viii














penyimpanan








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

ix













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

x

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



gratitude to Him

















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xi








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xii










Professor

Faculty of Science


(Chairman)


Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Internal Examiner)


Professor



(External Examiner)




(External Examiner)

______________________________________

SEOW HENG FONG PhD




Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiii





Faculty of Science


(Chairman)

Mansor Hashim PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Member)


Lecturer



(External member)

________________________________


Professor and Dean



Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiv

DECLARATION





_______________________


Date 11 July 2013

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ABSTRACT II

ABSTRAK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X

APPROVAL XII

DECLARATION XIV


LIST OF FIGURES XXI


CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1




14 Scope of study 4


16 Thesis outline 6







224 High dose 10


24 Bulk TLDs 12





261 TL glow peak 27

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvi








3 THEORY 43














41 Introduction 68


421 Materials 70











copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvii



51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

iv



















room




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

v






peak respectively

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

vi






Oleh

MARYAM ERFANI

Julai 2013


Fakulti Sains












copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

vii











thermoluminesen













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

viii














penyimpanan








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

ix













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

x

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



gratitude to Him

















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xi








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xii










Professor

Faculty of Science


(Chairman)


Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Internal Examiner)


Professor



(External Examiner)




(External Examiner)

______________________________________

SEOW HENG FONG PhD




Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiii





Faculty of Science


(Chairman)

Mansor Hashim PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Member)


Lecturer



(External member)

________________________________


Professor and Dean



Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiv

DECLARATION





_______________________


Date 11 July 2013

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ABSTRACT II

ABSTRAK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X

APPROVAL XII

DECLARATION XIV


LIST OF FIGURES XXI


CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1




14 Scope of study 4


16 Thesis outline 6







224 High dose 10


24 Bulk TLDs 12





261 TL glow peak 27

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvi








3 THEORY 43














41 Introduction 68


421 Materials 70











copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvii



51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

v






peak respectively

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

vi






Oleh

MARYAM ERFANI

Julai 2013


Fakulti Sains












copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

vii











thermoluminesen













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

viii














penyimpanan








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

ix













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

x

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



gratitude to Him

















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xi








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xii










Professor

Faculty of Science


(Chairman)


Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Internal Examiner)


Professor



(External Examiner)




(External Examiner)

______________________________________

SEOW HENG FONG PhD




Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiii





Faculty of Science


(Chairman)

Mansor Hashim PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Member)


Lecturer



(External member)

________________________________


Professor and Dean



Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiv

DECLARATION





_______________________


Date 11 July 2013

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ABSTRACT II

ABSTRAK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X

APPROVAL XII

DECLARATION XIV


LIST OF FIGURES XXI


CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1




14 Scope of study 4


16 Thesis outline 6







224 High dose 10


24 Bulk TLDs 12





261 TL glow peak 27

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvi








3 THEORY 43














41 Introduction 68


421 Materials 70











copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvii



51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

vi






Oleh

MARYAM ERFANI

Julai 2013


Fakulti Sains












copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

vii











thermoluminesen













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

viii














penyimpanan








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

ix













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

x

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



gratitude to Him

















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xi








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xii










Professor

Faculty of Science


(Chairman)


Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Internal Examiner)


Professor



(External Examiner)




(External Examiner)

______________________________________

SEOW HENG FONG PhD




Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiii





Faculty of Science


(Chairman)

Mansor Hashim PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Member)


Lecturer



(External member)

________________________________


Professor and Dean



Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiv

DECLARATION





_______________________


Date 11 July 2013

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ABSTRACT II

ABSTRAK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X

APPROVAL XII

DECLARATION XIV


LIST OF FIGURES XXI


CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1




14 Scope of study 4


16 Thesis outline 6







224 High dose 10


24 Bulk TLDs 12





261 TL glow peak 27

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvi








3 THEORY 43














41 Introduction 68


421 Materials 70











copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvii



51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

vii











thermoluminesen













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

viii














penyimpanan








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

ix













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

x

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



gratitude to Him

















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xi








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xii










Professor

Faculty of Science


(Chairman)


Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Internal Examiner)


Professor



(External Examiner)




(External Examiner)

______________________________________

SEOW HENG FONG PhD




Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiii





Faculty of Science


(Chairman)

Mansor Hashim PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Member)


Lecturer



(External member)

________________________________


Professor and Dean



Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiv

DECLARATION





_______________________


Date 11 July 2013

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ABSTRACT II

ABSTRAK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X

APPROVAL XII

DECLARATION XIV


LIST OF FIGURES XXI


CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1




14 Scope of study 4


16 Thesis outline 6







224 High dose 10


24 Bulk TLDs 12





261 TL glow peak 27

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvi








3 THEORY 43














41 Introduction 68


421 Materials 70











copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvii



51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

viii














penyimpanan








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

ix













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

x

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



gratitude to Him

















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xi








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xii










Professor

Faculty of Science


(Chairman)


Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Internal Examiner)


Professor



(External Examiner)




(External Examiner)

______________________________________

SEOW HENG FONG PhD




Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiii





Faculty of Science


(Chairman)

Mansor Hashim PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Member)


Lecturer



(External member)

________________________________


Professor and Dean



Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiv

DECLARATION





_______________________


Date 11 July 2013

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ABSTRACT II

ABSTRAK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X

APPROVAL XII

DECLARATION XIV


LIST OF FIGURES XXI


CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1




14 Scope of study 4


16 Thesis outline 6







224 High dose 10


24 Bulk TLDs 12





261 TL glow peak 27

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvi








3 THEORY 43














41 Introduction 68


421 Materials 70











copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvii



51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

ix













copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

x

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



gratitude to Him

















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xi








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xii










Professor

Faculty of Science


(Chairman)


Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Internal Examiner)


Professor



(External Examiner)




(External Examiner)

______________________________________

SEOW HENG FONG PhD




Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiii





Faculty of Science


(Chairman)

Mansor Hashim PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Member)


Lecturer



(External member)

________________________________


Professor and Dean



Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiv

DECLARATION





_______________________


Date 11 July 2013

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ABSTRACT II

ABSTRAK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X

APPROVAL XII

DECLARATION XIV


LIST OF FIGURES XXI


CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1




14 Scope of study 4


16 Thesis outline 6







224 High dose 10


24 Bulk TLDs 12





261 TL glow peak 27

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvi








3 THEORY 43














41 Introduction 68


421 Materials 70











copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvii



51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

x

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



gratitude to Him

















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xi








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xii










Professor

Faculty of Science


(Chairman)


Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Internal Examiner)


Professor



(External Examiner)




(External Examiner)

______________________________________

SEOW HENG FONG PhD




Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiii





Faculty of Science


(Chairman)

Mansor Hashim PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Member)


Lecturer



(External member)

________________________________


Professor and Dean



Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiv

DECLARATION





_______________________


Date 11 July 2013

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ABSTRACT II

ABSTRAK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X

APPROVAL XII

DECLARATION XIV


LIST OF FIGURES XXI


CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1




14 Scope of study 4


16 Thesis outline 6







224 High dose 10


24 Bulk TLDs 12





261 TL glow peak 27

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvi








3 THEORY 43














41 Introduction 68


421 Materials 70











copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvii



51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xi








copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xii










Professor

Faculty of Science


(Chairman)


Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Internal Examiner)


Professor



(External Examiner)




(External Examiner)

______________________________________

SEOW HENG FONG PhD




Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiii





Faculty of Science


(Chairman)

Mansor Hashim PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Member)


Lecturer



(External member)

________________________________


Professor and Dean



Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiv

DECLARATION





_______________________


Date 11 July 2013

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ABSTRACT II

ABSTRAK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X

APPROVAL XII

DECLARATION XIV


LIST OF FIGURES XXI


CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1




14 Scope of study 4


16 Thesis outline 6







224 High dose 10


24 Bulk TLDs 12





261 TL glow peak 27

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvi








3 THEORY 43














41 Introduction 68


421 Materials 70











copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvii



51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xii










Professor

Faculty of Science


(Chairman)


Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Internal Examiner)


Professor



(External Examiner)




(External Examiner)

______________________________________

SEOW HENG FONG PhD




Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiii





Faculty of Science


(Chairman)

Mansor Hashim PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Member)


Lecturer



(External member)

________________________________


Professor and Dean



Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiv

DECLARATION





_______________________


Date 11 July 2013

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ABSTRACT II

ABSTRAK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X

APPROVAL XII

DECLARATION XIV


LIST OF FIGURES XXI


CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1




14 Scope of study 4


16 Thesis outline 6







224 High dose 10


24 Bulk TLDs 12





261 TL glow peak 27

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvi








3 THEORY 43














41 Introduction 68


421 Materials 70











copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvii



51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiii





Faculty of Science


(Chairman)

Mansor Hashim PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Science


(Member)


Lecturer



(External member)

________________________________


Professor and Dean



Date

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiv

DECLARATION





_______________________


Date 11 July 2013

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ABSTRACT II

ABSTRAK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X

APPROVAL XII

DECLARATION XIV


LIST OF FIGURES XXI


CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1




14 Scope of study 4


16 Thesis outline 6







224 High dose 10


24 Bulk TLDs 12





261 TL glow peak 27

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvi








3 THEORY 43














41 Introduction 68


421 Materials 70











copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvii



51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xiv

DECLARATION





_______________________


Date 11 July 2013

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ABSTRACT II

ABSTRAK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X

APPROVAL XII

DECLARATION XIV


LIST OF FIGURES XXI


CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1




14 Scope of study 4


16 Thesis outline 6







224 High dose 10


24 Bulk TLDs 12





261 TL glow peak 27

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvi








3 THEORY 43














41 Introduction 68


421 Materials 70











copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvii



51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xv

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ABSTRACT II

ABSTRAK VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X

APPROVAL XII

DECLARATION XIV


LIST OF FIGURES XXI


CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1




14 Scope of study 4


16 Thesis outline 6







224 High dose 10


24 Bulk TLDs 12





261 TL glow peak 27

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvi








3 THEORY 43














41 Introduction 68


421 Materials 70











copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvii



51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvi








3 THEORY 43














41 Introduction 68


421 Materials 70











copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvii



51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xvii



51 Introduction 97



522 TEM image 100






533 TEM image 119




543 TEM images 132



552 FTIR 140






6 CONCLUSIONS 205

61 Conclusions 205

62 Future works 209

REFERENCES 210



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page



25


TLDs

31




105



107




115



123


700 oC

126


750 oC

127


800 oC

127


900 oC

127


970 oC

128


temperatures

138


nanophosphor

147

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xix



149



151



156



156


nanophosphor

159



162


500 Gy gamma dose

166



172



172



175



175



178


500 Gy gamma dose

184


dose

186


dose

187



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xx

dose 190



dose

190



194



194



dose

197


to 500 Gy

203


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



39


et al 1986)

42




52



(McKeever 1988)

54




55




64







76



(Pavia et al 2009)

80


microscope

82


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxii

(Biggs 2009)

83



84



Co isotope 86




(Lancaster 1969)

92


1969)

92



94


of PVP

99


of 0-3 wt

100



102



103



104



104



107



for 1 h

108

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiii




111


time of 2h

113



1157



119



122


annealing times

124


annealing times

125


annealing times

125


annealing times

126


annealing times

126


annealing times

129


annealing time

130


annealing times

130


annealing times

131


annealing time

131



133

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxiv



134



135



136



136



139



139



(CaBTCu-Mn)

140



141



141



142



Co gamma source

144



146



148


149



151


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxv




155



158


luminescent centres

161


of 005 -2000 Gy

161



163


days

164



165



166



1679



1000 Gy gamma dose

171



174



177



179




181


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvi




1831



gamma dose

186



187



189



191


exposures

193



196



anneal‟

199




interval exposures

201



202

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxvii


60Co Cobalt-60

AR Analytical Grade

CaBT Calcium borate

CB Conduction Band


Cu Copper

Dy Dysprosium

EthoH Ethanol

Eu Europium





Gy Gray





Mn Manganese


PMT Photomultiplier






Sm Samarium









VB Valence Band

wt Weight


copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

xxviii



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

CHAPTER I

1 INTRODUCTION





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

2























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

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HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




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HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



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HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



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HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




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HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

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HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















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HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

3





















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














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HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

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HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















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HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




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213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

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HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

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HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

4

14 Scope of study























copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




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HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

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HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

5










investigated

15 Study objectives




following







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




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HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

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HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

6





16 Thesis outline














copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

REFERENCES








Physics 6(3) 389-392























Africa

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

211




Physics 17(4) 613-618




1117-1126








Companies Inc


















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

212











of Wisconsin








357-364







41(10) 2584-2594




755ndash762



6(1-4) 350-352




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

213



































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

214















28 1047ndash1053









Wiley-ISTE









biology 26(5) 765

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

215










33(5) 459-473













Agency 71-99



solidi (b) 131(2) k161-k166





University




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







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Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






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Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

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216














Poland








1262



4) 247-250








43(2) 341-344



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626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










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219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






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220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



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221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



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Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




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401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

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Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















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Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




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Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







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Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

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217






626












Technology 217 7-10


World 81 43-46








B 257(1) 71-74










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218




































copy COPYRIG

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219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






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HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



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HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



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HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




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223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

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HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















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HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




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226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







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227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

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218




































copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



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HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




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HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

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HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















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HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




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HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







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HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

219


Chemistry 25(5) 965-970





Physics 24(6) 988




163-166


University Press
















4) 248-254






copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




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HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

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HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















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HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




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HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







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HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

220




2010 75










1096


















Physics 36(19) 2400



Edition 46(25) 4630-4660



copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



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HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




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HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

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HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















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HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




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HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







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227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

221


Nanostructures















Gatlinburg





Methods 175(1) 83-86


393-396









20Matterpdf



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HT UPM

222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




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223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

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HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















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HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




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226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







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227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

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222







Materials







Materials 27(2) 293-299












3612








759-764




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HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

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HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















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HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




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HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







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HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

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HT UPM

223












401-404


















1873-1874



solidi (a) 141(2) 329-334



7(12) 1465-1471

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HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




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HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







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HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

copy COPYRIG

HT UPM

224





Compounds 501(2) 190-192






6(6) 251-255






1177-1183



Section B 289 59-67















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HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




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HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







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HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

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HT UPM

225



Physics 10(4) L47



44





175(1) 77-78
















19(03) 697-706




29




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226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







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HT UPM

227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

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HT UPM

226



Science 29(3) 221-223




















449-453





Dosimetry 65(1-4) 79-82


Ltd







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227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

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227



Physics 38(21) 38-60

















166






1779








Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I

REFERENCES

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