UNIVERSITI SAWS MALAYSIA

Peperiksaan Semester PertamaSidang Akademik 2003/2004

September/Oktober 2003

IEK 101/3 - PENGHITUNGAN PROSES KEVIIA

1Vlasa : 3 jam

Sila pastikan bahawa kertas peperiksaan ini mengandungi ENAM BELAS (16)mukasurat yang bercetak sebelum anda memulakan peperiksaan mi.

Wajib jawab soalan 5 dan 6 . Pilih 3 dari soalan 1 hingga 4 . Semua soalan rpcsti dijawabdalam Bahasa Malaysia.

1 .

Gambarajah benkut merupakan satu operasi yang meiibatkan satu penyejat dansatu penghablur. Data operasi adalah seperti ditunjukkan_ Kirakan kadar anusedarulang R dalam unit kg/h .

Penyelesaian:

Ilntuk arus edarulang,Dasar: 1 kgH2O

H2O

2

Garis sempadan untukimbangan keseluruhan

Garis sempadan

t___ - ;

Hablur membawauntuk imbangan

"-

4% H2Omenelilingi penghablur

(4%H2O per kgjumlahhablur + H2O)

[IEK 101/3]

Dasar. 1000 kg bahan keluar dari SZ

3-

2.

Argentum logam boleh didapati daripada bijih sulfida melalui prosesmemanggang untuk menjadi sulfat, melarutleieh dengan air, dan memendapargentum dengan kuprum . Dalam gambarajah benkut, bahan yang memnggalkanpemisah kedua mengandungi 90% argentum dan 10% kuprum. Untuk 1000 kgbahan dikeluarkan dari S2, tentukan amaun Cu. Jika tindak balas berlaku hingga75% sempuma berdasarkan bahan tindak balas terhad Ag2SO4, apakah arusedarulang dalam unit kg ?

Ag2SO4 + Cu -+ 2Ag + CuSO4Berat molekul

312

63.5

107.9

159.6

Dari imbangan keseluruhan : zat ikat : Ag, S04-

[ EK 101131

pAg:90%

Cu:10%

3.

Karbon monoksida pada 200°C dibakar pada tekanan atmosfera dengan udarakering pada 500°C yang dibekalkan 90% kelebihan daripada yang diperlukansecara teoretis. Hasil-hasil pembakaran meninggalkan kamar tindak balas pada1000°C. Berapakah yang dikeiurkan dari tindak balas itu dalam unit kcal/kgmolCO terbakar. Anggapkan proses pembakaran itu sempurna dan N2 hadir didalamudara.

Dasar : 1.0 kg-mol CO.

CO(g) + (7/--)02(g) = CO2(g)

Data: AH25

= -67636 kcal

Untuk entalpi bahan-bahan tindak balas (HR) relatif dengan keadaan standardpada 25°C, gunakan Cp�, = muatan haba molalpurata antara 25°C dengan T°C.

Bagi CO:

Cam, = 7.017 cal/g-mol-K

Bagi udara:

Cam, = 7.225 cal/g-mol-K

Bagi C02:

Cp,,, = 11.92 cal/g-mol-K

Bago 02:

Cp, = 7.941 cal/g-mol-K

Bagi N2:

Cp. = 7.507 cal/g-mol-K

AH = Y-(Hp + OHas) - Y- HR

di mana Y-Hp = jumlah entalpi bagi semua hasil dari tindak balas, merujuk kepadakeadaan standard pada 25°C.

0 H2 5 = haba tindak balas standard.

4-[IEK 101/3]

E HR = jumlah entalpi semua bahan tindak balas yang terlibat relatif dengankeadaan rujukan haba . tindak balas standard, 25°C dan 1 atm.

*Sila lihat lampiran untuk Data.

5

4.

(a)

Hitungkan haba tindak balas standard untuk tindak balas berikut :

HCI(g) + NH3(g) = NH4C1(s)

(b)

Hitungkan haba tindak balas standard AH25 untuk tindak balas berikut.

2FeS2(s) + 5.502(g) = Fe2O3(s) + 4SO2(g)

FeS2(s)

AHf= ?Fe2O3(s)

AHf = ?S02(g)

AHf= ?

(c)

Hitungkan haba tindak balas standard AH25 untuk tindak balas berikut:

C2H50H(1) + CH3000H(1) = C2H5000CH3(1) + H20(1)

C2H50H

AH, = ?CH3000H

AH, = ?C2H5000CH3 AH~ = ?

[ AHtdk bal.. = EAH.(ba~) - ~eH

~> lu.C

*Sila lihat lampiran untuk Data.

HCI(g)

AHf = ?NH3(g)

AHf = ?NH4CI(s)

AHf = ?

[IEK 101/3]

- 6

5 .

(a)

Penuhkanjadual berikut bagi air.

[IEK 101/31

i)

perubahan tenaga dalamanii)

perubahan isipaduiii)

tekanan semasa proses ini berlakuiv)

hakarkan proses dalam gambarajah T-v merujuk kepadatepu.

(40 markah)

Satu bekas tegar 0.4m3 pads mulanya mengandungi campuran cecair waptepu H2O pada 100°C . Air dipanaskan sehingga mencapai keadaankritikal . Tentukan jisim cecair H2O dan isipadu yang diambil oleh cecairH2O pads. keadaan mula. Lakarkan proses merujuk kepada gansan tepu .

(30 markah)

(c)

Air tepu sebanyak 300g diwapkan sepenuhnya pads . suhu malar 150°C.Tentukan

(30 markah)

Suhu(°C) Tekanankpa

h (kJ/kg) E gkualitx,

Penerangan Fasa

500 3420600 0.3

2001 .400

6.

(a)

Tentukan isipadu spesifik bagi wap panas lampau (H20) pada 15MPa dan600°C menggunakan:

i)

persamaan gas unggulii)

jadual stimiii)

carta kebolehmampatan teritlak

Kaedah manakah akan memberi nilai yang palingjitu?

(b)

Satu campuran gas yang terdiri daripada 15 lb N2 dan 20 lb HZ beradapada tekanan 50 psig dan suhu 60°F. Tentukan yang berikut denganmenganggap bahawa campuran ini adalah unggul .

(a)

tekanan separa bagi setup komponen(b)

isipadu spesifik bagi campuran(c)

ketumpatan campuran

(c)

Satu gas memenuhi 1 m3 pada tekanan piawai dikembangkan kepada1 .2m3, pads suhu malar. Apakah nilai tekanan bare?

7[IEK 101/31

(40 markah)

(40 markah)

(20 markah)

Keadaan Standard Biasa bagi Gas Unggui

8LAMPIRAN

[IEK 101]

Sistem T p vS1 273.15K 101 .325 kPa 22.415 m3/kg moluniversal scientific 0.0°C 760 mm Hg 22.415 liters/g, molNatural gas industry 60.0°C 14.696 psia 379.4 ft'/lb mol

(15.0°C) (101 325 kPa)American engineering 32°F I atm 359.05 ft3/lb mol

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[ IEK 1011

TA.BLD

HEATs OF FOwATION AND SOLUTION

Reference Conditions : 25° C (298.16° K), 1 atm pressure, gaseoussubstances in ideal state.

,=Of - standard heat of formation, kcal per

mole.Am04 - standard integral heat of solutionk -fer g-mole

Multiply values by 1000 to obtain g-cal per gmole, or kcal per kgmole.Multiply values by IS00 to obtainBtuperlb-mole.

Source : Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, as of July 1,1953, edited by D. D. Wagman, National Bureau of Standards.

Abbreviations

a

-crystalline state

m

- infinite dilutionZ

-liquid state

ppt

- precipitated solid0

- gseeous state

anwrpn - amorphous statedil - in dilute aqueous solution

12

[IEK 101/31

Compound Formula Stateda'r,Heat of

Formation

Moiesof

Water

-,"La°�Heat ofSolution

Acetic acid CH3000H l -116 .4 m -0 .343Aluminum chloride A1Cla e -166 .2 600 -79.3Aluminum hydroxide AI(OH)s amorph -304 .2Aluminum oxide A -.0s Corundum . c -399 .09Aluminum silicate A12Si06 Sillimanite, c -648 .9Aluminum sulfate A12(S04)3 c -820 .98 m -76 .12Ammonia NHs 9 -11 .04 m -8 .28?ammonia NH3 1 -16.06 m -3 .26Ammonium carbonate (NH4)2COs dsZ -25.11Ammonium bicarbonate (NH4)HCO3 c -203 .7 m 1-6 .78Ammonium chloride NH-,C1 c -75.38 n =3 .62Ammonium hydroxide NH40H in 1 H2O -87.64Ammoniumnitrate NH4NOs c -87.27 m 7-6 .16Ammonium oxalate (NH4)_C=04 c -268 .72 2100 1-8 .12Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 c -281 .86 m 7-1 .48.mmonium acid sulfate (NH4)HS04 c -244 .83 Soo -0 .76Antimony trioxide Sb20s c -168 .4 m 7-1 .9Antimony pentoxide SbzOs c -234 .4 m 7-8 .0Antimony sulfide Sb-%3s c -43.5Arsenic acid H.334 c -215 .2 m 7-0 .4Arsenic trioxide Aa:Os monoclinic, c -156 .4 m +6 .7Arsenic pentoxide :13206 c -218 .5 m -6 .0Arsine ASH2 p 41 .0Barium acetate Ba(C2HzO2)2 c -355 .1 400 -6 .4Barium carbonate BaCOi e -291 .3Barium chlorate Ba(CIOs)2 c -181 .7 m 7-6 .1Barium chloride BaC12 a -205 .56 m -3 .16Barium chloride B&C12-2H-.0 c -349 .35 cc 7-4 .00Barium hydroxide Ba(OH)a c -226 .2 m -12 .38Barium oxide Ba0 c -133 .4 m -36 .9Barium peroxide BaO-. c -150 .5Barium silicate BaSiO : c -359 .5Barium sulfate BaSO4 c -350 .2 m 7-4 .63Barium sulfide BaS c -106 .0 m -12.4Bismuth oxide B40s c -137 .9Boric acid HsBOS . c -260 ._' m -j-5 .0Boron oxide B-.Ox c -302 .0 -3 .45Bromine chloride BrCl 9 7-3 .51

chloride CdC12 c -93 .0 -4 .39-CadmiumCadmium oxide CdO c -60.86

I

[IEK 101/3)

0

Compound Formula State,=Of,Heat of

Formation

Molesof

Water

AR's,Heat ofSolution

Cadmium sulfate CdS04 c -221 .36 m -12 .84

Cadmium sulfide CdS c -34 .5Calcium acetate Ca(CzHaOz)s c -355 .0 o -7 .5Calcium aluminate CaO-A1203 glass -545Calcium aluminate 2CaO-.U203 glass -695Calcium aluminate 3Ca0 "Alz0a glass -848Calcium aluminum silicate 3Ca0 "A1z0z-2SiOz c -1303 -7 .5Calcium aluminum silicate CaO-A1.O:-6SiOz c -1828Calcium carbide Cacz c -15 .0Calcium carbonate CaCOz Calcite, c -288 .43Calcium chloride CaCl2 c -190 .0 m -19 82Calcium chloride CaCl2-6H90 c -623 .15 m x-3 .43

Calcium fluoride CaF2 c -290 .3Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 c -235 .80 m -3 .88Calcium nitrate Ca(NO:)z c -224 .0 m -4 .51Calcium oxalate CaC204-H20 c -399 .1Calcium oxide Ca0 c -151 .9 m -19 .46

Calcium phosphate Caz(P04)2 c, a -986 .2Calcium silicate Casioz (Wallastu- -378 .6

nite, c )Calcium silicate Ca:Si04 c, 0 -538 .0Calcium sulfate CaS04 Anhydrite. c -3=2 .42 m -4 .25

Calcium sulfide CaS c -115 .3 m -4 .5Carbon graphite C c 0

Diamond C c -0 .4532Amorphous (in coke) C amorph -2 .6

Carbon monoxide CO g -26.4157Carbon dioxide cot g -94.0518 - -4 .64

Carbon disulfide CSz g -27.55Carbon disulfide CS2 1 -;-21 .0Carbon tetrachloride CC14 g -25.50Carbon tetrachloride CC14 i -33.34Chloric acid HC10: dil -23 .50

Chromium chloride CrC1z c -134 .6Chromium chloride CrC12 c -94.36 m -18.64

Chromium oxide Cr:O-. c -269 . 7IChromium trioxide CrO; -138 .4 80 -2 .5

Cobalt oxide coo r -57 .2Cobalt oxide Coa04 r -'210

Cobalt chloride COC12 c -77 .8Cobalt sulfide Cos PPt -21 .4Copper acetate CU(C2Ha02)2 c -21:3 .'2 °° -2 .7

Copper carbonate CUCOa C -14'2 .2Copper chloride C1.1Clz c -52 .3 in arl. -6 .3

HC1

Copper chloride CUCI c -32 .5Copper nitrate Cu(NO3) : r -73 .4 S00 -10.4

Copper oxide Cu0 c -37.1Copper oxide Cuz0 c -39 .84

Copper sulfate CUS04 c -184 .00 m -17.51

Copper sulfide CuS c -11 .6Copper sulfide cuts c -19 .0Cyanogen C--N: 0 -73 .60Hydrobromic acid HBr g -8 .66 -20.24

Hydrochloric acid HO ' u -22 .063 m -17.96

Hydrocyanic acid HCN U -31.2 m -6 .0

Hydrofluoric acid HF g -64 .2 m ! -14 .46

- 14 -[IEK 101/31

td

Compound Formula StateGs°J,Heat of

Formation

Molesof

WaterHeat ofSolution

Hydriodic acid HI g x-6 .20 I m -19 .57Hydrogen oxide H1.0 0 -57.7979Hydrogen oxide HZ0 1. -68.3174Hydrogen oxide D,0 g -59.5628

(heavy water)Hydrogen oxide D ".0 l -70 .-1133

(heavy water)Hydrogen peroxide H;O! 1 -44.84 m -0 .84Hydrogen sulfide H..S g -4 .815 m --1 .58Iron acetate Fe(CIH302)r in 1800 H20 -353 .8Iron carbide Fe:C c +5 .0Iron carbonate FeCO3 c -178 .70Iron chloride FeCl-., c -81 .5 m -19.5Iron chloride FeCla c -96 .8 .a -31-1 .Iron hydroxide Fe(OH)2 . c -135 .8Iron hydroxide Fe(OH)3 c -197 .0Iron nitride Fe4N c -2 .55Iron oxide FeO c -64.3Iron oxide Feo.uO Wnstite. c -63 .7Iron oxide Fe304 c -267 .0Iron oxide Fez0a c -196 .5Iron silicate FeO-SiO-i c -276Iron silicate 2FeO-SiO: c -343 .7Iron sulfate Fez(SO4)z in ,°000 H:0 -653 .62Iron sulfate FeS04 c -220 .5 200 -15.5Iron sulfide FeS c -22.70.Iron sulfide FeS: Pyrites, c --12 .52Lead acetate Pb (C:H.-O:)2 c -230 .5 W -2 .1Lead carbonate PbCO3 c -167 .3Lead chloride PbCl2 c -85.85 m =-6 .20Lead nitrate PbNO3 c -107 .35 m -1.9 .00Lead oxide (yellow) PbO c -52.07Lead peroxide PbO: c -66.12Lead suboxide Pb:O c -51 .2Lead sesquioxide Pbs04 c -175 .6Lead sulfate PbSO4 c -219 .50Lead sulfide PbS c -22.54Lithium chloride LiCl c -97.70 m -8 .877Lithium hydroxide LiOH c -116 .45 m -5 .061Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 c -266Magnesium chloride Mgcl: c -153 .40 m -37.06Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 c -221 .00Magnesium oxide Mg0 c -143 .84Magnesium silicate MgSiO3 c -357 .9Magnesium sulfate MgS04 c -305 .5 m -21 .81Manganese carbonate MnCO3 c -213 .9Manganese carbide Mn3C c -1Manganese chloride MnClz c -115 .3 400 -16 .7Manganese oxide Mn0 c -92 .0Manganese oxide 111304 c -331 .4Manganese oxide 'Mn-.03 c. -232 .1Manganese dioxide MnO: c -124 .5Manganese dioxide MUO= amorph -117 .0Manganese silicate MnO-SiO-2 c -302 .5Manganese silicate MnO-SiO= glass -294 .0Manganese sulfate MnS04 c -254 .24 m -14.96Manganese sulfide MnS ,; -.18 .8

- 15 -[IEK 101/3]

Compound Formula. State4a°f,Heat of

Formation

Molesof

Water

&a°..Heat ofSolution

Mercury acetate Hg(C2H30z)z e -199 .4 m +4 .2Mercury bromide HgBrs c -40.5 00 +3 .4Mercury chloride HgCl2 c -55 .0 m +3 .2Mercury chloride Hg,-Cl t c -63 .32Mercury nitrate Hg(NO3)2 dil -58.0Mercury nitrate Hgs(NO3)2-2Hs0 c -206 .9Mercury oxide Hg0 red, c -21 .68Mercury oxide Hg0 yellow, c -21.56Mercury oxide Hg-O c -21.8Mercury sulfate HgS04 c -168 .3Mercury sulfate Hg-SO4 c -177 .34Mercury sulfide Hgs Cinnabar, c -13.90Mercury thiocyanate Hg(CNS)x c +48 .0Molybdenum oxide moo.. c -130Molybdenum omde M003 c -180 .33 m -7 .77Molybdenum sulfide most c -55 .5Nickel chloride NiClt c -75.5 10,000 -19 .63Nickel cyanide Ni(CN): c +27 . 1Nickel hydroxide Ni(OH): c -162 .1Nickel hydroxide Ni(OH)2 c -128 .6Nickel oxide NiO c -58.4Nickel sulfide Nis c -17 .5Nickel sulfate NiS04 c -213 .0 -19 .2Nitrogen oxide NO 9 +21 .600Nitrogen oxide Ns0 9 +19 .49Nitrogen oxide N02 g =8 .091Nitrogen pentoxide Nsos 9 +3 .6 -34.03Nitrogen pentoxide Nz0s c -10.0 -20.43Nitrogen tetroxide Nz04 g -'-2 .309Nitrogen trioxide Ns0: 9 --20 .0Nitric acid HNO: 1 -41 .404 co -7 .968Oxalic acid H2C2O4-2Hs0 c -340 .9 2100 8.70Oxalic acid H201.04 c -197 .6 2100 1 2 .03Perchloric acid HC104 l -11 .1 m -20 .31Phosphoric acid (meta) HP03 c -223 .2 w -6 .7Phosphoric acid (ortho) HZP04 c -306 .2 3000 -3 .2Phosphoric acid (pyro) H4P:Oz c -538 .0 w -7 .9Phosphorous acid (hypo) H3POs 1 -143 .2 cc -2 .4Phosphorous acid (orth0) H3PO3 1 -229 .1 cc -3 .1Phosphorus trichloride PC13 9 -73.22Phosphorus pentoxide Pz0s c -360.0Platinum chloride PtCla c -62 .9 -19 .5Platinum chloride Ptcl c -17.7Potassium acetate KC2H2Os c -173 .2 m -3 .68Potassium carbonate K2CO : c -273 .93 1000 -7 .63Potassium chlorate KCIO'I c -93.50 +9 .96Potassium chloride KC1 c -104 .175 +4 .115Potassium chromate K2CrO4 c -330 .49 m +4 .49Potassium cyanide KCN c -26.90 cc +2 .80Potassium dichromate K.-Crz07 c -485 .90 2000 +17.20Potassium fluoride KF c -134 .46 cc -4 .24Potassium nitrate KNO3 c -117 .76 00 +8 .35Potassium oxide Ks0 c -86 .4 m -7-5 . 28Potassium sulfate K2SO4 c -342 .66 m +5 68Potassium sulfide K:S c -100 100 -9 .9Potassium sulfite K2803 c -266 .9 m -2 .2Potassium thiosulfatc K;Sz03 aq -274

16 -

[IEK 101/31

- 0000000 -

Compound Formula State.~ ! ,Heat of

Formation

_elutesof

Water

dg'sHeat ofSolution

Potassium hydroxide KOH c -101 .79 m -13 .22Potassium nitrate KNOX c -117.76 m -}-8 .348Potassium permanganate S,14nOs c -194 .4 4000 -x10.5Selenium oxide SeO2 c -55 .0 +0.93Silicon carbide sic c -26 .7Silicon tetrachloride SiC14 1 -153 .0Siicon tetrachloride FIC14 9 -145 .7Silicon dioxide Sios Quartz, c -205 .4Silver bromide AgBr c -23 .78Silver chloride ngcl c -30 .362Silver nitrate AgNO3 c -29 .43 : -x5 .37Silver sulfate ,g,4 c -170 .50 m 30S1ver sulfide Ag-.S a, c -7 .60Sodium acetate I NaC-,H2O2 c -169 .8 --1 .322Sodium arsenate NaAs04 c -365 500 -16 .5Sodium tetraborate Na--B407 c -777 .7 900 -10.2Sodium borate NazB40z-IOHz0 c -1497 .2 900 +26 .1Sodium bromide NaBr c -86 .030 CO -0 .15Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 c -'370 .3 400 -5 .6Sodium carbonate `Ta2COs-IOH:0 c -975 .6 400 +16 .5Sodium bicarbonate NaECOs c -226 .5 = +4.0Sodium chlorate NaCloz -85 .73 M +1.95Sodium chloride N&CI c -98 .232 +0. 930Sodium cyanide Nac.N c -21 .46 200 +0.26Sodium fluoride NaF c -136 .0 w 1-0 .06Sodium hydroxide i,iaOH c -101 .99 m -10.246Sodium iodide NaI c -68 .84 w -1 .81Sodium nitrate NaNOs c -101 .54 w -5 .111Sodium oxalate Nacz04 c -314 .3 600 -+3 .8Sodium oxide Naz0 c -99 .4 m -56 .8Sodium triphosphate NasPO4 c -460 1000 -13 .9Sodium diphcsphate NazHP04 c -417 .4 1000 -6 .04Sodium monophosphate NaHxPOs in 300 H..-0 -367 .7Sodium phosphite Na-IHP03 c -3.'.8 800 -9 .5Sodium selenate Na2SeO . c -258 -0 -1 .7Sodium selenide" Na-jSe c -63 .0 -0 -19 .9Sodium sulfate Na2S04 c -330 .90 m -0 .56Sodium sulfate NatSSOs-iOH-O c -1033 .48 + 8 .85Sodium bisulfa.:a NaHS04 c -269 .2 200 -1 .4Sodium sulfide Na-IS c -89 .2 800 -15 .16Sodium sulfide Na2S-41Ha0 c --116 .9 800 +5 .11Sodium sulfite Na2SOI c -260 .6 m -3 .2Sodium bisulfite NaHSO3 dil -206 .6Sodium silicate NauSiOs glass -360Sodium silicoduoride NaIRF4 c -677 600 r-5 .3Sulfur dioxide SOz p -70 .96 10,000 9 .90Sulfur trioxide SOs p -94.45 m -54 .13Sulfuric acid HmS04 1 -193 .91 m -22 .99Tellurium oxide TeO2 e -1-4 .69 m +1 .31Tin chloride SncL4 1 -130 .3 aq HCI -29 .9Tin chloride SnC1s c -83 .6 aq HCl -0 .4Tin oxide SnO2 c -138:8Tin oxide Sn0 c -68.4Titanium oxide TiO-2 avnorph -207Titanium oxide TiO2 Rutile, c -218 .0Tungsten oxide W02 c -136 .3Vanadium o3de V-OS e -373Zinc acetate Zn(Czfi3O :)z c -258 .1 800 -9 .8Zinc bromide ZaBrz 4: -78 .17 m -16 .06Zinc carbonate ZnCO3 c -194 .2Zinc chloride ZnC1z c -99 .40 m -17 .08Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)z c -153 .5Zinc iodide ZaI2 c -49 .98 Do -13 .19Zinc oxide ZnO c -83 .17Zinc sulfate ZnS04 c -233 .88 -19 .45Zinc sulfide ZnS c -48 .5Zirconium oxide Zroz c I -258 .2