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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA GHASEM NOURIRAD FK 2014 56 INFLUENCE OF FLOATING ELECTRODE IN GAP BREAKDOWN WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO LIGHTNING SIDE FLASHES

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Page 1: UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA - COnnecting REpositoriessebagai objek terapung dalam sesetengah insiden kilat. Dalam tesis ini, impak kewujudan konduktor terapung pada risiko sambaran kilat

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

GHASEM NOURIRAD

FK 2014 56

INFLUENCE OF FLOATING ELECTRODE IN GAP BREAKDOWN WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO LIGHTNING SIDE FLASHES

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INFLUENCE OF FLOATING ELECTRODE IN GAP BREAKDOWN WITH

SPECIAL ATTENTION TO LIGHTNING SIDE FLASHES

By

GHASEM NOURIRAD

Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,

in Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science

January 2014

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Dedicated to my parents, beloved brothers and sisters

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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia

in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science

INFLUENCE OF FLOATING ELECTRODE IN GAP BREAKDOWN WITH

SPECIAL ATTENTION TO LIGHTNING SIDE FLASHES

By

GHASEM NOURIRAD

January 2014

Chairman: Chandima Gomes, Professor

Faculty: Engineering

The influence of the presence of metallic parts on the body on the probability of

lightning strikes to a human being is a long debated phenomenon without any

concrete conclusions. There are many reported lightning incidents in publications

and news in which victim stood nearby a place that has been struck by lightning. The

two schools of thoughts that argue on both sides of the phenomenon mostly

concentrate on direct lightning strikes. The percentage of side flashing injuries is four

times more than that of direct strike. Some real events of lightning incidents have

been reported in the dissertation in which there was a metallic object in vicinity that

acted as a floating object. Consequently, the minimum separation between a human

without having a floating electrode and an object which has been struck by lightning

has been simulated and compared with the previous values. Then, the influence of

the floating electrode carrying on the body or nearby is studied. An experimental set-

up has been done in UPM, UTM and TNBR to conduct the study. A rod-rod gap of

30 cm length has been implemented. Some different floating electrodes have been

located between the two rods. Positive impulse is applied to one rod and the other

rod is grounded. The test has been done for some specific positions of the floating

electrodes to find out the influence of the floating electrode position. In each test, 25

shots have been attempted in the up and down procedure.Statistical analysis has been

done using SPSS software to find the statistical significant differences of comparing

two or more groups of obtained experimental data. Several modules have been used

due to different tasks. The modules that have been used are Paired t-test, Independent

t-test and Non-parametric test. The experimental results that are presented in this

thesis show that there is a statistically significant influence of floating electrodes on

rod-rod air gap breakdown when the floating electrode is close to either of the

electrodes. The results may be extrapolated to explain the influence of electrical

floating metal parts in lightning side flashes, where the arcing distances are a matter

of only few meters. The theoretical results of calculation of minimum separation

between a human and different objects stuck by lightning show that, the minimum

separation depends on several parameters such as object impedance and lightning

current parameters. In addition, the experimental outcomes are still inconclusive with

regard to direct lightning strikes where the final jump may be few hundreds of

meters. Based on our results we recommend the removal of metal parts from the

body, if such action is possible, in the event of thunderstorms, especially when the

person is within the proximity of potential objects for lightning strikes.

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Abstak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia

sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains

PENGARUH ELEKTROD TERAPUNG KE ATAS FENOMENA PECAHAN

ELEKTRIK CELAH UDARA DENGAN PERHATIAN KHUSUS PADA ISU

KILAT TIDAK LANGSUNG

Oleh

GHASEM NOURIRAD

Januari 2014

Pengerusi: Chandima Gomes, Professor

Fakulti: Kejuruteraan

Pengaruh kewujudan objek-objek logam pada badan manusia ke atas kebarangkalian

sambaran kilat adalah suatu isu yang telah lama diperdebatkan tetapi masih tidak

berkesudahan secara jelasnya. Berdasarkan kajian literatur, terdapat banyak insiden

manusia yang berdiri berhampiran objek atau kawasan yang disambar kilat turut

disambar kilat. Terdapat dua sudut pandangan pada fenomena tersebut dan ianya

tertumpu pada sambaran kilat langsung. Walaubagaimanapun, risiko kecederaan

sambaran kilat tidak langsung adalah empat kali ganda risiko sambaran kilat

langsung. Turut dilaporkan di tesis terdahulu bahawa terdapat logam yang bertindak

sebagai objek terapung dalam sesetengah insiden kilat. Dalam tesis ini, impak

kewujudan konduktor terapung pada risiko sambaran kilat pada objek berhampiran

objek yang disambar langsung akan dikaji.

Beberapa eksperimen telah dilakukan di UPM, UTM dan TNBR. Celah 30cm bagi

konfigurasi rod ke rod telah diaplikasikan. Konduktor terapung dalam beberapa

bentuk yang berlainan telah digantungkan di antara dua rod. Impuls positif telah

dihantar ke satu rod manakala rod yang kedua dibumikan. Ujikaji tersebut dilakukan

dengan menggantung setiap konduktor terapung pada beberapa posisi yang spesifik

untuk mengkaji kesan kedudukan atau lokasi konduktor terapung. 25 tembakan telah

di lepaskan dalam setiap ujikaji tersebut mengikut prosedur ―up and down‖. Analisis

statistic dengan perisian SPSS telah diimplementasikan untuk mengenalpasti samada

terdapat perbezaan signifikan antara dua atau lebih kumpulan data eksperimen.

Beberapa modul telah digunakan iaitu Paired t-test, Independent t-test dan Non-

parametric test. Keputusan eksperimen yang akan dibentangkan di tesis ini

menunjukkan bahawa wujudnya kesan yang signifikan apabila konduktor terapung

berada berhampiran kedua-dua rod. Keputusan tersebut boleh dilanjutkan untuk

menjelaskan kesan kewujudan konduktor logam terapung dalam insiden kilat tidak

langsung di mana jarak pengarkaan adalah tidak begitu panjang.

Keputusan eksperimen masih tidak mampu memberi konklusi yang ketara berhubung

insiden kilat langsung di mana lonjatan terakhir kilat adalah ratusan meter.

Berdasarkan keputusan kajian, kami menyarankan supaya dalam kejadian kilat petir,

manusia perlu menyingkirkan objek-objek bersifat logam terutamanya apabila berada

berhampiran objek yang berpotensi disambar kilat.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All praise and gratitude will be to God the almighty for his mercy and support during

course of our life and moments of truth.

First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge my deep gratitude and appreciation

to my dear supervisor Prof. Dr. Chandima Gomes for his continual support and

endless encouragement and patience, without all nothing would have been

accomplished.

My special thanks go to Prof. Dr. Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir and Dr. Mahdi Izadi

for their guidance and working with all of you was a very good experience that could

never be forgotten.

I hereby would like to thank Bahareh Zarei Mohammadzadeh, Siow Chun Lim and

all people who somehow helped me to achieve these results.

I am deeply grateful to my parents‘ support, without which I could have never been

where I am today. Their unconditional love has always shown me the right path.

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I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 28.01.2014 to conduct the

final examination of Ghasem Nourirad on his thesis entitled "Influence of Floating

Electrode in Gap Breakdown with Special Attention to Lightning Side Flashes" in

accordance with the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 and the

Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998. The

Committee recommends that the student be awarded the Master of Science.

Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:

Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi, PhD

Doctor

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Chairman)

Hashim Hizam, PhD

Associate Professor

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Internal Examiner)

Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab, PhD

Doctor

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Internal Examiner)

Zulkurnain Abdul Malek, PhD

Associate Professor

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Malaysia

(External Examiner)

NORITAH OMAR, PhD

Associate Professor and Deputy Dean

School of Graduate Studies

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Date: 17 February 2014

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This thesis was submitted to senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as fulfilment of requirement for degree of Master of Science. Members of the Supervisory Committee were follows: Chandima Gomes, PhD Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman) Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, PhD Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhD

Professor and Dean

School of Graduate Studies

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Date:

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DECLARATION

Declaration by graduate student

I hereby confirm that:

this thesis is my original work;

quotations, illustrations and citations have been duly referenced;

this thesis has not been submitted previously or concurrently for any

other degree at any other institutions;

intellectual property from the thesis and copyright of thesis are fully-

owned by Universiti Putra Malaysia, as according to the Universiti Putra

Malaysia (Research) Rules 2012;

written permission must be obtained from supervisor and the office of

Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation) before thesis is

published (in the form of written, printed or in electronic form) including

books, journals, modules, proceedings, popular writings, seminar papers,

manuscripts, posters, reports, lecture notes, learning modules or any other

materials as stated in the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Research) Rules

2012;

there is no plagiarism or data falsification/fabrication in the thesis, and

scholarly integrity is upheld as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Graduate Studies) Rules 2003 (Revision 2012-2013) and the Universiti

Putra Malaysia (Research) Rules 2012. The thesis has undergone

plagiarism detection software.

Signature: ________________________ Date: ____________________

Name and Matric No.: ___________________________________________

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Declaration by Members of Supervisory Committee

This is to confirm that:

The research conducted and the writing of this thesis was under our

supervision;

Supervision responsibilities as stated in the Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Graduate Studies) Rules 2003 (Revision 2012-2013) are adhered to.

Signature: Signature:

Name of

Chairman of

Supervisory

Committee:

Name of

Member of

Supervisory

Committee:

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

DEDICATION ii

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v

APPROVAL vi

DECLARATION xiii

LIST OF TABLES xiii

LIST OF FIGURES xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii

CHAPTER

I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Problems Statement 2

1.3 Need of the study 2

1.4 Objective 2

1.5 Contribution of Study 3

1.6 Scope and Limitations 3

1.7 Thesis organization 3

II LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 Overview on breakdown voltage 5

2.1.1 Electrical breakdown under impulse conditions 5

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2.1.2 Parameters affected by breakdown 6

2.1.3 Concept of floating electrodes and the effects on BD

voltage

6

2.2 Lightning accident 8

2.2.1 Basic characteristics of lightning 8

2.2.2 Basic injury mechanisms 13

2.2.3 Side flashes 14

2.2.4 Lightning attachment process 15

2.3 The influence of floating particle on the side flashing 16

2.3.1 Breakdown process 16

2.3.2 Floating electrode effects on side flashing 17

2.3.3 Breakdown characteristics of air gap 17

2.4 SPSS software 17

2.4.1 Paired t-test 18

2.4.2 Independent t-test 18

2.5 Summary 18

III METHODOLOGY 19

3.1 Introduction 19

3.2 Probability of getting strike by side flashing 19

3.3 Experimental work 24

3.3.1 Procedure 32

3.4 SPSS software 33

3.5 Summary 34

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 35

4.1 Introduction 35

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4.2 Breakdown parameters 35

4.3 Experimental Results 39

4.3.1 Results of A-1, A-4 and A-7 42

4.3.2 Results of B-1, B-4 and B-7 46

4.3.3 Results of C-1, C-4 and C-7 50

4.4 SPSS Results 54

4.4.1 Paired t-test results 56

4.4.2 Independent t-test results 58

4.5 Discussion 61

4.5.1 Comparison of the study with similar articles 65

4.6 Summary 68

V CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 69

5.1 Conclusion 69

5.2 Recommendations 69

5.2.1 Guidelines recommendation 69

5.2.2 Future work recommendation 70

REFERENCES 71

APPENDICES 77

Appendix A 77

Appendix B 86

Appendix C 96

Appendix D 120

BIODATA OF STUDENT 143

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 144