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    D. ASSIGNMENT TASK

    ASSIGNMENT TASK 1

    1. Air pollutants all over the world.

    1.1 The sources of air pollutants and the human health effects.

    1.2 The related pollutant.

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    1 Introduction to Air Pollutant

    More specifically, atmospheric pollution may be defined as the presence of substances in

    the atmosphere, resulting from man-made activities or from natural processes thatcausing adverse effects to man and the environment. The substances that cause air

    pollution are called pollutants. Air pollutants occur both outdoor and indoor and it can

    be natural or man-made. Sometimes it also called as ambient air pollution, occur in both

    urban and rural areas.

    Pollutants that are pumped into our atmosphere and directly pollute the air are

    called primary pollutants. Further pollution can arise if primary pollutants in the

    atmosphere undergo chemical reactions and the resulting compounds are called

    secondary pollutants. However, this task only focuses on the sources and the effect of a

    few types of pollutants to human health, such as shown on Figure a-1below;

    Figure a-1: Type of Air Pollutants

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    Nitrogen DioxideNitrogen Dioxide

    Particles

    (API Air Particles

    Index)

    Particles

    (API Air Particles

    Index)

    ChlorofluorocarbonChlorofluorocarbon

    Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide

    Smoke

    Soot

    Dust

    Smoke

    Soot

    Dust

    Lead (Pb)Lead (Pb)

    Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide

    Sulphur DioxideSulphur Dioxide

    AIR

    POLLUTANTS

    AIR

    POLLUTANTS

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    1.1 SOURCE & THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTANT TO HUMAN HEALTH

    In the days before the proliferation of large cities and industry, nature's own

    systems kept the air fairly clean. Wind mixed and dispersed the gases, rain

    washed the dust and other easily dissolved substances to the ground and plants

    absorbed carbon dioxide and replaced it with oxygen. With increasing

    urbanization and industrialization, humans started to release more wastes into the

    atmosphere. Since then, more pollution has been added to the air by industrial,

    commercial and domestic sources. As these sources are usually found in major

    cities, the gases that are produced are usually concentrated in the air around them.

    A source of air pollution is any activity that causes pollutants to be emittedinto the air. There have always been natural sources of air pollution, also known

    as biogenic sources and human-generated pollutants or anthropogenic sources.

    For example, volcanoes have spewed particulate matter and gases into our

    atmosphere for millions of years. Lightning strikes have caused forest fires, with

    their resulting contribution of gases and particles, for as long as storms and forests

    have existed. Organic matter in swamps decay and wind storms whip up dust.

    Trees and other vegetation contribute large amounts of pollen and spores to our

    atmosphere. These natural pollutants can be problematic at times, but generally

    are not as much of a problem as are human-generated pollutants.

    Human-generated sources of air pollution or anthropogenic sources are

    categorized in two ways: mobile and stationary sources. Mobile sources of air

    pollution include most forms of transportation such as automobiles, trucks, and

    airplanes.Stationary sources of air pollution consist of non-moving sources such

    as power plants and industrial facilities. Stationary sources are classified as point

    source or area source. A point source refers to a source at a fixed point, such as a

    smokestack or storage tank, that emits air pollutants. An area source refers to a

    series of small sources that together can affect air quality in a region. For

    example, a community of homes using woodstoves for heating would be

    considered as an area source, even though each individual home is contributing

    small amounts of various pollutants. Figure a-2 shows the source and the effect of

    air pollutants to environment and Figure a-3 shows the effect of air pollutants to

    human health.

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    1.2 Related Pollutants

    Below are shown a few types of pollutants that usually found in our air

    environment.

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    1.2.1 Carbon Dioxide

    Carbon dioxide is one the main pollutants that causes air pollution. This is

    because, although living beings do exhale carbon dioxide, this gas is

    harmful when emitted from other sources, which are caused due to human

    activity. An additional release of carbon dioxide happens due to various

    such activities. There are various human activities that add to the increased

    proportions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The combustion of fossil

    fuels and the harmful effects of deforestation have all contributed towards

    the same. Show that amongst the various gasses emitted during a volcanic

    eruption, carbon dioxide remains to be at least 40% of the emission.

    Scientists have now therefore identified carbon dioxide as one of those

    elements that have contributed to global warming.

    1.2.2 Carbon Monoxide

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    Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide

    Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide

    ChlorofluorocarbonChlorofluorocarbon

    Particles

    (API Air Particles

    Index)

    Particles

    (API Air Particles

    Index)

    Smoke

    Soot

    Dust

    (Smog)

    Smoke

    Soot

    Dust

    (Smog)

    Lead (Pb)Lead (Pb)

    Nitrogen DioxideNitrogen DioxideSulphur DioxideSulphur Dioxide

    AIRPOLLUTANTS

    AIR

    POLLUTANTS

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    Carbon monoxide is another such gas which, although was present in the

    atmosphere earlier, is now considered to be a major pollutant. An excess

    of the same has a harmful effect on our system. There are many reasonswhy carbon monoxide can be released into the atmosphere as a result of

    human activities. This is also produced due to any fuel burning appliance

    and appliances such as gas water heaters, fireplaces, woodstoves, gas

    stoves, gas dryers, yard equipments as well as automobiles, which add to

    the increased proportion of this gas into the atmosphere.

    1.2.3 Sulfur Dioxide

    Sulfur dioxide is yet another harmful pollutant that causes air pollution.

    Sulfur dioxide is emitted largely to the excessive burning of fossil fuels,

    petroleum refineries, chemical and coal burning power plants etc.

    Nitrogen dioxide when combined with sulfur dioxide can even cause a

    harmful reaction in the atmosphere that can cause acid rain.

    1.2.4 Nitrogen Dioxide

    Nitrogen dioxide is one more gas that is emitted into the atmosphere as aresult of various human activities. An excess of nitrogen dioxide mainly

    happens due to most power plants seen in major cities, the burning of fuels

    due to various motor vehicles and other such sources, whether industrial or

    commercial that cause the increase in the levels of nitrogen dioxide.

    1.2.5 Lead (Pb)

    In the past, motor vehicles were the biggest source of lead. But since

    leaded gasoline has been phased out, lead emissions have decreased by

    about 98 percent. Today, metal processing is the biggest source of

    atmospheric lead. The highest air concentrations are found in the vicinity

    of ferrous and nonferrous smelters and battery manufacturers.

    Lead can harm the kidneys, liver, nervous system and other organs. It may

    cause neurological impairments such as seizures, mental retardation ,

    behavioral disorders and damaged the nervous systems of fetuses.

    1.2.6 Smoke, Soot & Dust (smog)

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    This pollutant is commonly referred to as "smog". Smog, a contraction of

    the words smoke and fog, has been caused throughout recorded history by

    water condensing on smoke particles, usually from burning coal. With theintroduction of petroleum to replace coal economies in countries,

    photochemical smog has become predominant in many cities, which are

    located in sunny, warm, and dry climates with many motor vehicles. The

    worst episodes of smog tend to occur in summer.

    1.2.7 Particles - (API Air Particles Index)

    "Particulate matter," also known as particle pollution, is a complex

    mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets. Particle pollution

    is made up of a number of components, including acids (such as nitrates

    and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles. The

    size of particles is directly linked to their potential for causing health

    problems. Usually the particles are 10 micrometers in diameter or smaller

    because those are the particles that generally pass through the throat and

    nose and enter the lungs. Once inhaled, these particles can affect the heart

    and lungs and cause serious health effects. Particle pollution are grouped

    to two categories:

    i) "Inhalable coarse particles that larger than 2.5 micrometers and

    smaller than 10 micrometers in diameter.

    ii) "Fine particles," are 2.5 micrometers in diameter and smaller.

    These particles can be directly emitted from sources such as forest

    fires, or they can form when gases emitted from power plants.

    1.2.8 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

    CFCs are lowering the average concentration of ozone in the stratosphere.

    Chlorofluorocarbons move up to the stratosphere gradually over several

    decades. Under high energy ultra violet (UV) radiation, they break down

    and release chlorine atoms, which speed up the breakdown of ozone (O3)

    into oxygen gas (O2). Chlorofluorocarbons, also known as Freons, are

    green house gases that contribute to global warming.

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    ASSIGNMENT TASK 2

    2) Endangered animals in Malaysia, steps taken to maintain the animals in wildife parks,

    reserves or sanctuaries.

    2.1 FIVE wildlife park / reserve or sanctuary places in Malaysia and the

    endangered animals being protected in the mentioned place and the pictures of

    the wildlife park/reserve or sanctuary mentioned.

    2.2 Three activities that can be carry out with students during the two day trip to

    one of the wildlife park/reserve or sanctuary

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    2. Introduction to Endangered Animals In Malaysia

    Endangered animals are those species that are in danger of going extinct. Their

    reproductive rates are lower than their mortality rates over long periods of time, sotheir numbers are diminishing. The reasons for this are varied, but lately, very often

    involve a loss of habitat as people encroach on their living areas.

    When a species is listed as endangered or threatened, it is not a death sentence.

    Many animals, like the bald eagle and the American alligator, were on the brink of

    extinction and are now recovering. Many species, however, will not recover, and

    could be lost forever. Throughout time, animal species have been going extinct (long

    before people evolved); paleontologists estimate that well over 90 percent of all plant

    and animal species that ever existed have gone extinct. The Black Shrew (Suncus

    ater), The Horseshoe Bat Species(Rhinolophus convexus) and The Javan Rhinoceros

    ( Rhinoceros sondaicus) are examples of endangered animals in Malaysia.

    Government throughThe Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP)is responsible for the management of national parks and wildlife reserves. The

    management of these areas is focused on the planning and implementation of various

    activities which contribute to the long-term conservation of protected areas while

    mitigating/reducing conflicts between human and the environment. The development

    of protected areas was done sustainably to ensure optimum benefit to human and

    prosperity to the environment for the present and future generation.

    2.1 Wildlife Park / Reserve or Sanctuary Places in Malaysia

    A few wildlife or animal sanctuary easily found thoroughly our nationwide.

    Some from them are listed below:

    2.1.1 Sepilok Rehabilitation Centre

    Sepilok Rehabilitation Centre in the Malaysian Sabah District of North

    Borneo was founded in 1964, to rehabilitate orphan orang utans.

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    Consequently, 43 sq km of protected land at the edge of Kabili

    Sepilok Forest Reserve was turned into a rehabilitation site for orang

    utans, and a centre built to care for the apes.

    Today around 25 young orphan orang utans are housed in the

    nurseries, in addition to those free in the reserve and totally around

    60 to 80 orang utans are living free in this reserve.

    2.1.2 Rantau Abang Turtle Sanctuary

    Rantau Abang, located 56 kilometers north of Kuala Terengganu, is a

    sanctuary for the giant leatherback turtle and a popular tourist

    destination. This is also one of only six beaches in the world where thegiant leatherback turtles come in yearly between May and September

    to lay their eggs on the beach.

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    This is one of the most famous overnight-stop spot to watch the

    female turtles lay their eggs at night. The beach has a steep and deep

    slope that allows the turtles to land straight up the beach and lays theireggs. Leatherback turtles come to the same spot every year to lay their

    eggs.

    2.1.3 Matang Wildlife Center

    Matang Wildlife Center is located in Kubah National Park, Sarawaks

    main center for wildlife rehabilitation. This center is responsible for

    rescuing and helping a wide variety of animals back into the wild.

    Ranging from orang utan and sun bears to hornbills and sea eagles all

    of which can be view in natural enclosures in a rainforest setting.

    The rescued animals being rehabilitated here include orang utan, sun

    bears, bear cats, civet cats, sambar deer, barking deer, porcupines and

    crocodiles, all of which can be viewed in spacious natural enclosures.

    A large aviary houses a variety of hornbills, as well as brahminy kites

    and sea eagles.

    2.2 Activities that can be carry out with students during the two day trip to

    one of the wildlife park/reserve or sanctuary

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    Those activities mentioned below are based on the Rantau Abang Turtle

    Sanctuary.

    2.2.1 Watching turtles lay their eggs naturally.The pupils are exposed in how the turtle comes and land to lay their

    eggs in natural condition.

    2.2.2 Join the Conservation Activities

    Pupils are exposed in how the sanctuary does the conserved and do the

    protection activities. Pupils also gave the chance to joins all the

    conservation and protection activities. This can enlighten pupils on the

    various ways in which these leatherback turtles are conserved and

    protected.

    2.2.3 Save Turtles Poster Competition

    The pupils join the competition that can be organized cooperatively

    between teacher and the sanctuary organization.

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    E. REFERENCES

    Stewart, T. Charles. (1979).Air Pollution, Human Health and Public Policy. New

    York: Lexington Books,

    Miller, G. Tyler. (1990).Living in the Environment: an introduction to environmental

    science. Belmont: Wadsworth.

    Breuer, Georg. (1980). Air in Danger: Ecological Perspectives of the Atmosphere.

    New York: Cambridge University Press.

    SHAM SANI.(1982).Perbandaran, Iklim Bandar danPencemaran Udara.. Dewan

    Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.

    Tyler Tucker (2005). [online]

    http://www.belleville.k12.wi.us/bhs/health/environment/

    leadpollution.htm.(13.11.2010)

    Berkeley National Laboratory's (2009). [online] http://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/

    pollution-main.html (13.11.2010)

    Enchanted Learning (2000). [online]

    http://www.enchantedlearning.com/coloring/ endangered.shtml

    (13.11.2010)

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    http://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/%20%09%09pollution-main.htmlhttp://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/%20%09%09pollution-main.htmlhttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/coloring/%20%09%09%09endangered.shtmlhttp://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/%20%09%09pollution-main.htmlhttp://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/%20%09%09pollution-main.htmlhttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/coloring/%20%09%09%09endangered.shtml