TUGAS PSIKOLOGI KEPRIBADIAN

TIPOLOGI BIOLOGIS

(HANS EYSENK)

OLEH: KELOMPOK 8

DINA AMELIA (1305136)

MAIDHA UTARI (1300660)

MIRA ALDILA (1305128)

NESYA SYARIF (1305135)

RANI ATTIQAH GUSBET (1305147)

PROGRAM STUDI PSIKOLOGI

JURUSAN BIMBINGAN DAN KONSELING

FAKULTAS ILMU PENDIDIKAN

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG

2014

TIPOLOGI BIOLOGIS HANS EYSENCK

I.LATAR BELAKANG

Eysenk mengkritik teori psikoanalisis yang dia rasa pengukurannya

kurang akurat untuk konsep psikologis. Jadi dalam menyusun teori sifat,

Eysenck mencoba melakukan pengukuran perbedaan individu yang lebih

akurat. Pengukuran itu untuk mengidentifikasikan asumsi dasar-dasar biologis

dari sifat. Teori kepribadian Eysenck menekankan komponen hereditas dan

lingkungan. Eysenck percaya bahwa taksonomi atau klasifikasi tingkah laku

dapat menentukan kepribadian dan analisis factor adalah alat yang tepat untuk

menentukannya.

II.Definisi Kepribadian

Eysenck berpendapat dasar umum sifat-sifat kepribadian berasal dari

keturunan, dalam bentuk tipe dan trait. Dia juga berpendapat bahwa semua

tingkah-laku dipelajari dari lingkungan. Menurutnya kepribadian adalah

keseluruhan pola tingkah laku aktual maupun potensial dari organisme,

sebagaimana ditentukan oleh keturunan dan lingkungan. Pola tingkahlaku itu

berasal dan dikembangkan melalui interaksi fungsional dari empat sektor

utama yang mengorganisir tingkahlaku; sektor kognitif (intelligence), sektor

konatif (character), sektor afektif (temperament), sektor somatik (fisiologis

dan fungsi otak). (Alwisol.2004:321)

III.Struktur Kepribadian

Kepribadian menurut Eysenck memiliki empat tingkatan hirarkis,

mulai dari hirarki yang tinggi ke hirarki yang rendah : tipe – traits – habit –

respon spesifik.

Hirarki tertinggi: Tipe, kumpulan dari trait.

Hirarki kedua: Trait, kumpulan kegiatan, kumpulan respon yang saling

berkaitan atau mempunyai persamaan tertentu.

Hirarki ketiga: Habitual Response, kebiasaan tingkah laku atau berfikir,

kumpulan respon spesifik, respons yang berulang-ulang terjadi kalau individu

menghadapi kondisi atau situasi yang sejenis.

Hirarki terendah: Spesific Response, tingkah laku yang dapat diamati, yang

berfungsi sebagai respon terhadap suatu kejadian. (Alwisol.2004:321-322)

Contoh:

Pandangan Eysenck berhubungan dengan Hipocrates dan Gallen yang

membagi empat tipe kepribadian dasar:

Tinggi N dan Rendah E :tipe Melankolis

Tinggi N dan Tinggi E :tipe Koleris

Rendah N dan Tinggi E : tipe Sanguinis

Rendah N dan Rendah E : tipe plegmatis

(Jess Feist.2008:352-353)

Gambar:

Ada tiga dimensi kepribadian menurut Eysenk, yaitu Ekstraversion

(E), Neuroticism (N), dan Psikoticism (P). Menurutnya nuerotisme dan

psikotisme itu bukan sifat patologis. Tiga dimensi itu adalah bagian normal

dari struktur kepribadian. Semuanya bersifat bipolar; Ektraversion -

Introversion, Neuroticism - Emosional Stability, dan Psychoticism - Impulse

Control. Dan orang yang memiliki skor tinggi pada tiga dimensi tersebut

memiliki kecenderungan melakukan kriminalitas. Semua orang berada dalam

rentangan bipolar itu mengikuti kurva normal, artinya sebagian besar orang

berada ditengah-tengah polarisasi. Masing-masing dimensi saling

bertentangan dan merupakan tipe dari kumpulan 9 trait, jadi semuanya ada 27

trait. (Alwisol.2004:322)

EKTRAVERSION (E)

Trait Ektraversion Trait Introversion

sociable, lively, active,

assertive, sensation

seeking, carefree,

dominance, surgent,

ventureso

tidak sosial, pendiam, pasif,

ragu, banyak pikiran, sedih,

penurut, pesimis, penakut,

tertutup, damai, tenang, dan

terkontrol

Penyebab utama perbedaan antara ekstraversion dan introversion

adalah tingkat keterangsangan korteks (CAL = Cortical Arousal Level),

kondisi fisiologis yang sebagian besar bersifat keturunan. CAL rendah artinya

korteks tidak peka, reaksinya lemah. Sebaliknya CAL tinggi, korteks mudah

terangsang untuk bereaksi.

Ektraversion Introversion

CAL-nya rendah CAL-nya tinggi

Membutuhkan banyak

ransangan untuk

megaktifkan korteksnya

Membutuhkan sedikit

ransangan untuk mengaktifkan

korteksnya

Suka ikut berpartisipasi

dalam berbagai

aktivitas

Menarik diri, menghindari

situasi ramai, situasi yang

menyebabkan ketegangan

terlalu tinggi, aktifitas yang

menantang, memimpin suatu

perkumpulan, dan melakukan

keisengan.

NEUROTICISM (N)

Trait dari neurotisisme adalah: anxious, depressed, guild feeling, low self

esteem, tension, irrational, shy, moody, emotional. Dasar biologis dari

neuroticism adalah kepekaan reaksi sistem syaraf otonom (ANS = Autonomic

Nervous System). Orang yang kepekaan ANS-nya tinggi, pada kondisi

lingkungan wajar sekalipun sudah merespon secara emosional jadi gampang

mengalami gangguan neurotik. Neurotisisme dan ekstraversi bisa digabung

dalam hubungan CAL dan ANS, dan dalam bentuk garis absis ordinat.

Kedudukan setiap orang pada bidang dua dimensi itu tergantung kepada

tingkat ekstraversi dan neurotisismenya.

Subye

k

Dimensi CAL ANS Simptom

(A) Introver-

Neurotik

Tinggi Tinggi Gangguan

psikis

tingkat

pertama

(B) Ekstraver-

Neurotik

Rendah Tinggi Gangguan

psikis

tingkat

kedua

(C) Introver-StabilitaTinggi Rendah Normal

introvers

(D) Ekstravers-

Stabilitas

Rendah Rendah Normal

ekstravers

Keterangan :

adalah orang introvert-neurotik (ekstrim introvers dan ekstrim neurotisisme).

Orang itu cenderung memiliki simpton-simpton kecemasan, depresi, fobia,

dan obsesif-kompulsif, disebut mengidap gangguan psikis tingkat pertama

(disorders of the first kind).

adalah orang ekstravers-neurotik. Orang itu cenderung psikopatik, kriminal,

atau mengidap gangguan psikis tingkat kedua (disorders of the second kind).

adalah orang normal yang introvers; tenang, berpikir mendalam, dapat

dipercaya.

adalah orang yang normal-ekstravers; riang, responsif, senang bicara/bergaul.

(Alwisol.2004:324)

PSYCHOTICISM (P)

Skor Psychoticism Tinggi Skor Psychoticism Rendah

egosentris, dingin, tidak mudah

menyesuaikan diri, impulsive,

kejam, agresif, curiga,

psikopatik dan anti sosial

baik hati, hangat, penuh perhaitan,

akrab, tenang, sangat sosial, empatik,

kooperatif, dan sabar

Seperti ekstraversion dan neuroticism, psychoticism mempunyai unsur

genetik yang besar. Secara keseluruhan tiga dimensi kepribadian itu 75%

bersifat herediter, dan hanya 25% yang menjadi fungsi lingkungan. Dan pria

memilki skor yang leboh besar dibanding wanita dalam dimensi psikotisme

karena hormon progesteron pria lebih besar daripada wanita.

IV. ASSESMENT

Ada empat inventori yang dipakai untuk melakukan penelitian atau untuk

memahami klien.:

a. Maudley Personality Inventory (MPI), mengukur E dan N dan korelasi

antara keduanya.

b. Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), Alat tes ini memiliki skala

kebohongan (lie-L) untuk mendeteksi kepura-puraan (faking) yang

terpenting dalam tes ini yaitu untuk mengukur ekstraversi dan neurotisme

secara independen dengan korelasi yang hampir nol antara E dan N.

c. Eysenck Personality Questionnair (EPQ), mengukur E, N, P, (merupakan

revisi dari EPI, tetapi EPI yang hanya mengukur E dan N masih tetap

dipublikasikan). Memasukan skala psikotik.

d. Eysenck Personality Questionnair-Revised (EPQ-R) revisi dari EPQ.

Mempunyai versi dewasa dan anak-anak. (Alwisol.2004:329)

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Alwisol. 2005 Psikologi Kepribadian UMM.Jakarta

JURNAL 1

Welsh language adaptation of the short-form Junior Eysenck Personality

Questionnaire Revised (JEPQR-S)

Method

a. Instrument

The short-form Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised (JEPQR-S)

developed by Corulla (1990) proposes three twelve-item indices to measure

extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism, together with a twelve-item lie scale.

Each item is assessed on a two-point scale: yes and no. Example items include: Can

you let yourself go and enjoy yourself a lot at a lively party? (extraversion); Do you

worry about awful things that might happen (neuroticism); Would you enjoy practical

jokes that could sometimes hurt people? (psychoticism); Have you ever cheated at a

game? (lie scale).

b. Procedure

All the forty-eight items of the JEPQR-S were translated into Welsh, back translated

into English and reversed as necessary. The Welsh form of the JEPQR-S was then

completed by a sample of 780 pupils attending Welsh medium primary schools. The

sample comprised 362 boys and 418 girls, 83 pupils in year four, 317 pupils in year

five, and 380 pupils in year six.

Result

Item rest-of-test correlations revealed that a small number of items failed to

contribute well to the clarity of the four independent scales. Reduction of the length

of the scales to ten items each, however, improved the overall performance of the

Welsh language adaptation of the JEPQR-S. Table 1 presents the items selected to

comprise the ten-item scales of extraversion

- insert table 1 about here -

neuroticism, psychoticism, and the lie scale. The item rest-of-test correlations ranged

as follows: for the extraversion scale between .22 and .40; for the neuroticism scale

between .31 and .42; for the psychoticism scale between .25 and .39; for the lie scale

between .29 and .46.

The alpha coefficients presented in table 2 demonstrate that all four scales reached the

- insert table 2 about here -

criterion of .65 proposed by de Vellis (1991) for satisfactory internal consistency

reliability. Table 2 also presents the mean scale scores for boys and for girls

separately. Examination of the sex differences in the mean scale scores provides some

evidence for the construct validity of the Welsh language adaptation of the JEPQR-S

on the grounds that across a wide-range of studies the personality profiles of boys and

girls, and of men and women differ in consistent ways, especially in terms of females

recording higher scores on the Eysenckian neuroticism scales (Jorm, 1987) and males

recording higher scores on the Eysenckian psychoticism scales (Eysenck and

Eysenck, 1976). The usual sex differences are found in table 2 according to which

girls record higher scores than boys on the extraversion scale, the neuroticism scale

and the lie scale, while boys record higher scores than girls on the psychoticism scale

(Corulla, 1990).

JURNAL 2

Stress-Related Symptoms in Swedish Adolescents:

A Study in Two Upper Secondary Schools

Method

A. Study Population

The study population was selected from two upper secondary schools in

Sweden that, in order to test our hypothesis, differed in terms of both urbanicity and

academic proficiency. When looking for a high academic proficiency/metropolitan

school we singled out five different schools in the Metropolitan Malmö area. After a

negative response regarding participation from one school, a second school,

Gymnasieskolan Spyken in Lund with 1018 students, agreed to participate. The first

average academic proficiency/medium-sized town school we contacted for

comparison, Bergska skolan in Finspång with 385 students, agreed to participate. The

school’s academic proficiencies were assessed in terms of grades at graduation and

were found to meet our criteria.

Bergska skolan is the only upper secondary school in Finspång with the

standardized national study programs and is considered average with respect to

academic results. Finspång is a medium-sized town (Kunzmann, 2010) (20 747

inhabitants in 2010) with a tradition of heavy industry.

Spyken is one of four larger secondary upper schools with national study

programs in Lund (110 488 inhabitants in 2010) and is considered a top-end school

concerning academic results. Lund is a traditional university city and is part of

thedensely populated Malmö Metropolitan area (662 941 inhabitants in 2011)

(Statistiska Centralbyrån, 2013). The numbers of licensed physicians living in the two

municipalities were 2011 in Lund versus 31 in Finspång (18.2 versus 1.5 per 1000

inhabitants, respectively) as reported in an e-mail from Birgitta Ollars, who is

responsible for the register of licensed physicians at Statistics Sweden.

All students enrolled at the schools received information initially through

letters sent to their home addresses and there after lectures in the schools (10 minutes

of oral information from the researchers in groups of 10-100 with the possibility to

ask questions) and finally articles about the study published in the two largest local

newspapers. The only exclusion criterion was inability to understand written

Swedish, which resulted in the exclusion of one exchange student. Of 1403 possible

participants, 283 gave written informed consent. The

study consisted of the first part of a pilot study evaluating stress and psychiatric

symptoms in upper secondary school students. The present study concerns baseline

differences between the schools.

B. Questionnaires and Computer Programs

We used four well-validated psychometric tests that had previously been used

on adolescents: the Symptoms Checklist 90 (SCL-90), the Perceived Stress Scale

(PSS-14), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Eysenck Personality

Index (EPI). The combination of scales was chosen to give an insight into the

students' perceived stress (PSS-14) and likely outcomes of that stress, expressed as

low-quality sleep (PSQI), increased

general mental illness (SCL-90), and the personality trait "Neuroticism" (EPI). The

time required to fill in the questionnaires was measured to be less than 45 minutes.

This was deemed appropriate to avoid questionnaire fatigue in order to have good

test-retest reliability.

To measure general mental symptoms we used the 90-item SCL-90, which

uses a five-point Likert scale to assess overall mental health, including somatization.

The main outcome of the scale is called the Global Severity Index (GSI) and is

calculated as the total sum of the weights for each individual item divided by the total

number of questions answered (with a minimum answer rate of 80%) The SCL-90 is

commonly used in

mental evaluations and has a subscale measuring somatization (Derogatis, 1994).

For measurement of perceived stress we used the widely accepted 14-item

PSS, also constructed as a fivepoint Likert scale (Cohen, Janicki-Deverts, &Miller,

2007). The PSS does not measure the magnitude of stressors, only how the individual

experiences them.

To measure sleep quality, we used the PSQI (Buysse, Reynolds III, Monk,

Berman, &Kupfer, 1989). This index is an algorithm that calculates sleep quality

based on nine parameters (one of which is divided into eight subitems) and results in

a numerical value with a cut-off level for low-quality sleep of less than five.

To measure the personality dimensions "Neuroticism" and "Extraversion", a

46-item version of the EPI, with the L-questions excluded, was used. The EPI is a

well-used personality trait questionnaire that was constructed in 1964, and that has

since been widely used (Poropat, 2011). The personality dimensions are constructed

as a scale with one extreme of the trait at one end and the other extreme diametrically

opposite. Neuroticism measures emotional (in)stability and disposition towards

anxiety. Extraversion is the disposition towards sociable, friendly, impulsive and risk-

taking behaviour (Pervin &Cervone, 2010). Neuroticism is strongly linked to

negative affect and Extraversion to positive affect. Neuroticism is strongly linked to

multiple psychiatric diagnoses. Indeed, a high Neuroticism score has been shown to

be at the core of almost all psychiatric diagnoses, while a low Extraversion value has

strong relationships with dysthymia and social phobia (Kotov, Gamez, Schmidt,

&Watson, 2010). Neuroticism has been shown to partially account for the

relationship between depression and stress, as well as that between social phobia and

stress (Uliaszek et al., 2010). The tests were e-mailed to the address given by each

student when signing the informed consent document.

The students were able to answer the tests when it suited them during a

window of 10 consecutive days, and only one answer per student, test and test period

was possible. All questionnaires were copied from paper forms to the Internet-based

survey program Inquisite Survey System (Inquisite Inc., Copenhagen, Denmark).

Using the Inquisite Survey System allowed for the incoming answers to directly be

transferred to the university department database and further exported to statistical

software without any human involvement at this stage,thus reducing errors due to

data transfer. Data were stored unidentified to guarantee privacy.

C. Statistics

All statistical analysis was done using Stata MP12 (Stata Corp, Texas, USA).

Comparisons between pure Likert scales were made with a non-parametric test, the

Wilcoxon rank-sum test, because of the ordinal nature of our data. The GSI and PSQI

are calculated scales and hence we used the parametric Student's t-test to analyse

them. To calculate correlations we used the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient as

the data were nonparametric. Confidence intervals were calculated with a confidence

level of 95%.

D. Ethical Standards

We acquired the legally required permission for the study from the local ethics

committee

(Etikprövningsnämnden) in Lund, Sweden (reference no. 2011/345). The study was

registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov before it was started (reference no. NCT 01 457

222), and was designed and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki

and Swedish law. The authors thus assert that all procedures contributing to this work

comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional

committees on human experimentation and with the Declaration of Helsinki, as

revised in 2008.

Results

In total 202 students - 142 female, 50 male, and 10 that did not specify their

gender-of the 283 giving written consent answered the questionnaires thus giving a

response rate of 71% of those who gave informed consent for the two schools. This

represents 14% of the total number of students at the two schools. Forty-five students

were from the average academic proficiency/medium-sized town school (11.7% of

the total number of students)

and 147 from the high academic proficiency/metropolitan school (14.4% of the total

number of students). All but four students were assigned to programs intended as

preparation for university studies. The mean age was 16.9 years and the median age

17 (range: 15-19 years). There was a tendency towards a higher percentage of female

subjects at the high academic proficiency/metropolitan school Spyken (77%)

compared to the average academic proficiency/medium-sized town school Bergska

skolan (64%), although the difference was nonsignificant (p=0.08). Table 2 shows the

results for the different psychometric tests. Analysis of the SCL-90 data showed no

difference between the schools in general mental health (GSI) or any of the subscales.

No difference in PSS score between the schools was observed either. Participants

from the average academic proficiency/mediumsized

town school did, however, report higher values on the PSQI subscales "sleep

duration" and "habitual sleep efficiency", indicating poorer sleep quality, compared to

participants from the high academic proficiency/metropolitan school. Thirteen

participants from the high academic proficiency/metropolitan school used hypnotics

on at least a weekly basis, three of them every day. No participants from the average

academic proficiency/medium-sized town school reported using hypnotic agents.

There was no difference between the total PSQI scores for the two schools. Results

for the EPI showed that the students at the average academic proficiency/medium-

sized town school

had a significantly higher score for Extraversion than those at the high academic

proficiency/metropolitan school. No difference in Neuroticism score was observed.

Table 3 shows correlations between perceived stress and other outcome variables for

the two schools. There was a clear positive correlation between PSS score and GSI

overall and, in each school, with highly significant p-values. Similar correlations

were found for all the other outcome variables except for Extraversion, for which no

correlation with PSS score was observed. PSS score was most strongly correlated

with GSI, followed by Neuroticism and PSQI, in decreasing order.