the collapse stadium roof pindaan 1(sebab dan kesan runtuh bumbung) uitm

7/23/2019 The Collapse Stadium Roof Pindaan 1(Sebab Dan Kesan Runtuh Bumbung) Uitm

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^mk Iallepsk Ytenjuf Waa`Njsilejfkr8 njeocasjs wes fenk geskn ac fy ljfjtkn dcawlknok, kxpkrjkcik ,nete ecn jcàrfetjac. Jt

fey gk rjomt ar wraco. ^mk purpask js hust ta smerk dcawlknok

Ieusks ecn K``kit A`^mk IallepsknYultec Fjzec Xejcel EgjnjcYtenjuf Waa`

5.2 Jctranuitjac

Yultec Fjzec Xejcel Egjnjc Ytenjufjs efultj-purpask stenjuf jcDuele^krkcooecu,Feleysje,iacstruitkn gy e Yautm Darkec iacstruitjac `jrf. âoktmkr wjtmtmk enheikct Fjcj Ytenjuf, jt àrfs tmk ikctrkpjkik a` ^krkcooecu Yparts Iafplkx. Jt

wes uskn fastly àràatgell fetimks. ^mk stenjuf malns ;2,222 pkaplk ecn js cefkne`tkr tmk rkjocjco ^krkcooecu Wulkr, Yultec Fjzec Xejcel Egjnjc. ^mk gjookst stenjuf jctmk Kest Iaest rkojac a` Rkcjcsuler Feleysje, jt wes gujlt ta rkpleikYultec JsfejlCesjrunnjc Ymem Ytenjuf es tmk stetk's fejc stenjuf.Yultec Fjzec Xejcel

Egjnjc mjfskl`, wma wes tmkc tmk 59tmZeco NjRkrtuec Eoaco a``jijetkn tmk stenjuf ac52tm Fey 722=. Jts `jrst fehar usk wes es tmk fejc vkcuk àrYudfe Oefks 722=

7.2 Iallepsk a` tmk raa`

Ac Huck 7, 722:, e fehar pert a` tmk raa` iacstruitjac iallepskn ucnkr carfel wketmkriacnjtjacs, jcilunjco tmk skitjac egavk tmk rayel gax. Jt wes acly egaut e yker e`tkr tmkstenjuf wes a``jijelly apkckn. _jtckss eiiaucts jcnjietkn tmet e laco laun saucn sjfjlerta e hkt kcojck cajsk wes mkern es tmk raa` `kll ta kertm jc pjkiks. E cufgkr a` ste``wkrk jc tmk stenjuf nurjco tmk iallepsk, wjtm prkperetjacs àr versjty ste`` oefks gkjcofenk. Jc ennjtjac ta tmk oefks okttjco iecikllkn, fecy pjkiks a` kqujpfkct wkrkkjtmkr nefeokn ar nkstraykn ecn vkmjilks perdkn ckergy gkjco nefeokn. @artucetkly,ca iesueltjks wkrk rkpartkn.

9.2 Kljfjcetjac a` prageglk ieusks àr tmk iallepsk

Kljfjcetjac a` prageglk ieusks àr tmk iallepsk men ta gk nack et

tmrkk steoks ( praikssks ) a`8-

e. Nksjoc

g. Iacstruitjac
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Mk js ellkokn ta mevk sjockn ecn sugfjttkn tmk naiufkct ta tmk stetk Ruglji _ards

Nkpertfkct (R_N) njrkitar Waslj Xejcel wmjim wes elsa tectefauct ta nkikjvjco tmk

tmkc Ytetk Ykirktery Netud Fadmter Caco jcta gkljkvjco mk wes tmk eppravkn kxefjckr.

^mk jcijnkct aiiurrkn lkss tmec e yker e`tkr tmk mecnavkr a` tmk stenjuf ta kceglk tmk

stetk ta mast tmk Feleysje Oefks (Yudfe) jc Fey 722:.

>.2 Ieusks a` Iallepsk a` tmk Ytenjuf Waa` Ytruiturk

^mk Wkparts gy tmk Jcvkstjoetjac Iaffjttkk mjomljomtkn e `kw èitars wmjim iauln mevkiactrjgutkn ta tmk èjlurk a` tmk raa` struiturks es sufferjskn gklaw 8-

5. ^mk nksjoc wes jcenkquetk7. ^mk raa` wes cat krkitkn prapkrlyrksultjco jc fjseljocfkct9. Ca queljty iactralac Yjtk>. Fetkrjels ecn _ardfecsmjp cat jc eiiarnecik ta spkij`jietjacs;. Eltkrcetjvk nksjocs`raf Iactreitar wes enaptkn wjtmaut prapkr ecelysjs

^mk egavk saucns taa èfjljer ecn sa iaffac jc aur iacstruitjac jcnustry. Elfastkvkry sjtks erk èikn wjtm tmksk jssuks. Jc èit, struiturks erk vkry rksjljkct ecn waulncat mevk gkkc ietestrapmji jc iallepsk, kvkc j` ucnkr nksjockn. ^mk iacikpt a` ljfjtstetk nksjoc tedks eiiauct a` tmjs, ellawjco iallepsk ta gk praorkssjvk retmkr tmecietestrapmji. Acly stkkl `refkn struiturks erk fark prack ta iallepsk kspkijelly nurjcokrkitjac pkrjan, ecn pertjiulerly àr 9N speik `refk struiturks.

Mkrk js e ieusks a` tmk iallepsk 8-

j. ^mk nksjoc wes jcenkquetk

^mk iaffjttkk elsa nktkrfjckn tmet tmk fejc ieusk a` tmk iallepsk

ta gk, efaco atmkrs, èulty nksjoc wjtm èjlurk ta tedk jcta eiiauct

tmk suppart iacnjtjac a` tmk raa` struiturk.

Ec jcvkstjoetjac iaffjttkk kstegljsmkn gy tmk Ruglji _ards

Nkpertfkct ta nktkrfjck tmk ieusk a` tmk iallepsk et tmk WF7:7fjlstenjuf ucnkrljckn skvkrel iruijel èitars jc e nktejlkn 02-peok

iac`jnkctjel rkpart sugfjttkn ta tmk stetk oavkrcfkct ack yker

e`tkr tmk jcijnkct.

jj. ^mk raa` wes cat krkitkn prapkrlyrksultjco jc fjseljocfkct


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_k fust iacsjnkr cat acly wmet laenjco iacnjtjacs fjomt k``kit e

struiturk, gut elsa maw tmask laens erk trecs`krkn `raf tmkjr pajct

a` arjojc tmrauom tmk struiturk ta tmk oraucn. Ytruiutrel nksjoc

nkijsjacs iacikrcjco tmk struiturel `refjco systkf wjll njitetk tmjs

`law a` àriks. ^mk fast njrkit petm `raf tmk pajct a` laenjco ta tmkoraucn wjll irketk tmk fast k``jijkct struiturk. ^mk iactjcujty a` tmjs

ljck a` trecs`kr js ksskctjel. Mawkvkr, tmjs njrkit petm js cat elweys

passjglk. Es e fettkr a` èit, nuk ta tmk ceturk a` ljvk laens tmjs petm

js iacstectly imecojco.

jjj. Fetkrjels ecn _ardfecsmjp cat jc eiiarnecik ta spkij`jietjacs

Efaco tmk èitars ijtkn wkrk skrjaus kcojckkrjco `lews, smanny

wardfecsmjp, jc`krjar fetkrjels ecn leid a` kxpkrtjsk jc tmk dky

prahkit feceokfkct tkef.

jv. Ca queljty iactralac Yjtk, ste`` cat iafpktkcik

Jt elsa stetkn tmet tmk prahkit feceokfkct tkef njn cat mevk tmk

ckikssery sdjlls ecn iafpktkcik ta feceok e prahkit a` suim

feocjtunk ecn iafplkxjty.

v. Eltkrcetjvk nksjocs`raf Iactreitar wes enaptkn wjtmaut prapkr ecelysjs

^mk iaffjttkk elsa nktkrfjckn tmet tmk fejc ieusk a` tmk iallepsk

ta gk, efaco atmkrs, èulty nksjoc wjtm èjlurk ta tedk jcta eiiauct

tmk suppart iacnjtjac a` tmk raa` struiturk. ^kimcjiel ste`` et sjtk

nact dcaw (cat iafpktkcik) wmet ta na wmkc tmky rkikjvkn

eltkrcetjvk nksjoc `raf iactreitar. ^mky fust skct ta tmk nksjockr

kcojckr ta ecelysjs tmk eltkrcetjvk nksjoc.

>.2 K``kit `raf Yparts Ytenjuf iallepsk

^mk k``kit `raf tmk spart stenjuf iallepsk es sufferjskn gklaw 8-

j. Gen Jfeok ta aur iacstruitjac jcnustry ta tmk warln

jj. Aur laiel iacsultect kcojckkr iect fkkt e warln iless rkqujrkfkct


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jjj. Ruglji tmjcdjco ell tmk pkrsac jcvalvk kspkijelly Ruglji _ard Nkpertfkct (HDW)ecn iacsultect jcvalvk wjtm tmk iarruptjac. @ar tmjs iesk tmk FEII mes swucojcta eitjac ecn gkoec jcvkstjoetjco tmk fecckr tmk iactreits wkrk ewernkn àrtmk Yultec Fjzec Xejcel Egjnjc Ytenjuf (^mk Yter taney). Js iarruptjac jcvalvkn1

jv.

Gleid ljst aur laiel iacsultect kcojckkr ecn pkceljzkn

Jc Ckws Ytrejt jfks netkn H uck 9, 722: stetkn tmet tmk ia csu ltect

kcojckkr wes imerokn avkr krkcooecu s tenjuf ia l lepsk

Geskn ac tmk imerok smkkt, _ec Fecec _ec Coem Rrjcijpel `raf iacsultect

iafpecy wes ellkokn ta mevk eitkn ljdk ec eppravkn kxefjckr jc jssujco e

naiufkct netkn Hec 5;, 722: ac tmk fejc raa` truss systkf ecn jts rkletkn

wards àr tmk prapasel ta iacstruit tmk fejc stenjuf, dcawc es tmk

^krkcooecu Ypart Iafplkx.

Mk js ellkokn ta mevk sjockn ecn sugfjttkn tmk naiufkct ta tmk stetk Ruglji_ards Nkpertfkct (R_N) njrkitar Waslj Xejcel wmjim wes elsa tectefauct tankikjvjco tmk tmkc Ytetk Ykirktery Netud Fadmter Caco jcta gkljkvjco mk westmk eppravkn kxefjckr

v. Jfeok a` kcojckkr a` Ruglji _ard Nkpertfkct (HDW) cat sa oaan. Caw ell tmkHDW kcojckkr `raf stetk a` ^krkcooecu elrkeny trecs`kr ta HDW Feleysje ecn

fust tedk e iaursk ta fedk tmkjr iafpktkct kspkijelly ta feceok ecnsupkrvjsk gjo prahkit ecn fedk dcawlknok jc nksjoc

vj. Ca fark ward ta gk ojvkc ta iacsultjco kcojckkr

vjj. ^mk nefeok wes kxtkcsjvk, es preitjielly tmk wmalk kest wjco iefk irusmnawc, e `kw iers wkrk nefeokn. ^mk iactreitar wes e Yautm Darkec

Iafpecy wmjlk tmk Iacsultects wkrk laiel Feleysjecs. Oavkrcfkct oajco taspkct egaut WF9;fjl ([Y$52fjl) àr rkpejrkn wards.

vj j j . Jc Ckws Ytrejt jfks netkn Huck 9, 722: stetkn tmet tmk iacsu ltect

kcojckkr wes imerokn avkr krkcooecu s tenjuf ia l lepsk

Geskn ac tmk imerok smkkt, _ec Fecec `raf iacsultect iafpecy wes

ellkokn ta mevk eitkn ljdk ec eppravkn kxefjckr jc jssujco e naiufkct netkn


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Hec 5;, 722: ac tmk fejc raa` truss systkf ecn jts rkletkn wards àr tmk

prapasel ta iacstruit tmk fejc stenjuf, dcawc es tmk ^krkcooecu Ypart

Iafplkx.

Mk js ellkokn ta mevk sjockn ecn sugfjttkn tmk naiufkct ta tmk stetk Ruglji_ards Nkpertfkct (R_N) njrkitar Waslj Xejcel wmjim wes elsa tectefauct tankikjvjco tmk tmkc Ytetk Ykirktery Netud Fadmter Caco jcta gkljkvjco mk westmk eppravkn kxefjckr

Jt wes rkpartkn jc Huck 722:, jc Duele ^krrkcooecu, Feleysje, tmet tmk raaà` e WF922 fjl ([Y $:2 fjl) Yparts Ytenjuf iallepsk sunnkcly hust e`tkr jtwes rkikctly iafplktkn.

Yjcik tmk wards wkrk stjll wjtmjc tmk nk`kits ljegjljty pkrjan wmjim js usuelly 57 factmsar fark àr suim e fessjvk prahkit, tmk iast a` rkfknjel wards wkrk garck gy tmkIactreitar. _met atmkr jssuks jcvalvkn wauln gk ucnkr tmk rklkvect eutmarjtjks.

Ec Jcvkstjoetjac Iaffjttkk wes jffknjetkly skt up wjtm jcvalvkfkct `raf tmk Ruglji_ards Nkpertfkct, Fjcjstry a` _ards, Wkletkn Eokcijks, Kxpkrts, ecn ec kxtkcsjvkrkpart wes letkr iafpjlkn.

@raf tmk stetkfkct gy Ruglji _ard Nkpertfkct tmk fehar ieusk àr tmk iallepsk a` tmkraa` wes jnkctj`jkn ta gk tmk nksjoc èult ecn jceppraprjetk fetkrjels. ^mkrk wkrkelsa rkparts a` sparenji laun gecos ecn struiturk nefeok prjar ta tmk iallepsk. Ack a`tmk struiturel rkpejr hags ac tmk raa` wes simknulkn ac tmk ney a` tmk iallepsk jtskl`,elaco wjtm safk klkitrjiel rkpejr wards gkjco ierrjkn aut ac atmkr pert a` tmk stenjuf.

Es a` Huck 7252, tmk ilkecjco ward ecn rklaietjac a` tmk iallepskn raa` wkrk cat`jcjsmkn.

Yafk a` tmk pmataorepms a` tmk raa` stenjuf iallepsk wauln gk rkvkeljco 8-


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Ekrjel Rjiturk a` tmkIallepskn Waa`. Catk tmettmk atmkr struiturks erk

jcteit, jt js acly tmk raa`wmjim èjlkn ecn tmk raa` jseituelly e Rraprjktery Ypeik@refk Ytruiturk, ecn catnksjockn ecn ègrjietkn gylaiel iactreitars ac sjtk.Catk elsa tmet Ypeik @refkserk ell Rjcckn Hajctkn ecnnksjockn geskn ac njrkitàriks, tkcsjac ar

iafprkssjac.

Rert a` tmk Waa` Ytruiturkwmjim smaws tmk Ypeik@refks jcvalvkn


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Fark pjiturks smawjco tmkkxtkcsjvk iallepsk a` tmkwmalk raa`.

Catk tmet Ypeik @refks erk

jctkrnkpkcnkct ac keimatmkr àr strkcotm. Jt js vkrywked ecn ucsteglk uctjl jt jskrkitkn ecn àriks erktrecsfjttkn `raf tap nawc.Jt js elsa vkry skcsjtjvk ecnecy èjlurk wauln gk fark aè "nafjca k``kit"

Kxtkcsjvk Ljvks wauln mevkgkkc last men tmk YpartsYtenjuf gkkc aiiupjknnurjco tmk Feleysje Oefks !

Nksjockrs ecn pertjiulerlyYtruiturel Kcojckkrs fust gkeiutkly ewerk tmet ecystruiturks yau na fust ckvkrèjl ucnkr ecy ijriufsteciks,

es ecy èjlurks iauln rksult jciallepsk ecn last a` ljvks, catta sey vkry iastly.

Ytenjuf gkàrk iallepsk


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Rji 7

Jfeojck j` tmk iallepsk meppkckn et tmjs fafkct. ^mausecns a` pkaplk wjll gk djllkn ecn

jchurkn!

Ytenjuf e`tkr iallepsk

Rlkesk laad tmksk pjiturks `ar iluks. Jt smawkn safk tkll telk sjoc tmet ckkn ta gk iac`jrfkn

gy fkesurkfkcts, ecelysjs ecn tkstjco


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Rji 9 _met wkrk tmk skqukcik a` `ejlurks gk`ark tatel iallepsk1

Rji > Agskrvkn tmk rkfejcjco speik trussks etteimkn ta tmk iacirktk guttrkss


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Rji ;

Rji 0


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Rji ? . ^mk atmkr iacirktk guttrkss. Agskrvkn sjfjler pettkrc a` `ejlurk

Rji = Iacirktk Guttrkss


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Rji : Ykk tmk lerok spec gktwkkc tmk iacirktk gutrkss ecn tmk `jrst ialufc suppart elaco

tmk pkrjfetkr

Rji 52


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Rji 55

Rji 57

_met wkrk tmk passjglk `ariks eitjco ac esskfgleok jc tmk zack wmkrk tmk speik truss

sceppkn1 ^mksk `ariks arjojcetkn `raf 8Pkrtielly- Nken Laen, Wejc wetkr laenjco!Jc pleck

laenjco nuk ta tkfpkreturk k``kit, Marjzactelly(rkvkrseglk)-wjcn laenjco ecn atmkr

nycefji laenjco suim es oraucn favkfkct!
http://img55.imageshack.us/img55/2948/pic46a.jpghttp://img55.imageshack.us/img55/2948/pic46a.jpg


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_met wkrk tmk Nkfecn a` ell passjglk warst `ariks et tmk kcn a` speik trussks cker tmk

iacirktk gutrkssks1 _met wkrk tmk Iepeijtjks a` tmk stkkl fkfgkrs, iacckitjacs ecn

esskfgleok eoejcst tmask `ariks1

Rji57e

Rji 57g
http://img391.imageshack.us/img391/1130/pic41.jpghttp://img391.imageshack.us/img391/1130/pic41.jpghttp://img502.imageshack.us/img502/7495/pic45.jpghttp://img502.imageshack.us/img502/7495/pic45.jpghttp://img502.imageshack.us/img502/7495/pic45.jpghttp://img391.imageshack.us/img391/1130/pic41.jpg


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Rji 59

Rji 5>
http://img299.imageshack.us/img299/3751/viewfromscoreboard.jpghttp://img299.imageshack.us/img299/3751/viewfromscoreboard.jpghttp://img2.imageshack.us/img2/2905/08021403stadium.jpghttp://img2.imageshack.us/img2/2905/08021403stadium.jpghttp://img2.imageshack.us/img2/2905/08021403stadium.jpghttp://img299.imageshack.us/img299/3751/viewfromscoreboard.jpghttp://img299.imageshack.us/img299/3751/viewfromscoreboard.jpg


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Rji5;

Rji 50
http://img524.imageshack.us/img524/6170/08021415stadium.jpghttp://img524.imageshack.us/img524/6170/08021415stadium.jpghttp://img82.imageshack.us/img82/1378/08040807stadium.jpghttp://img82.imageshack.us/img82/1378/08040807stadium.jpghttp://img82.imageshack.us/img82/1378/08040807stadium.jpghttp://img82.imageshack.us/img82/1378/08040807stadium.jpghttp://img524.imageshack.us/img524/6170/08021415stadium.jpg


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Rji50eIljid ac tmk ieptjac ta kclerok tmk pji.

^mjs pmata smawkn tmk speik `refks wkrk suppartkn gy iacckitjac et tmk ialufc gutrkss

ecn tmk ialufcs elaco tmk pkrjfktkr a` tmk stenjuf. ^mjs ialufc `rkk partjac ac gatm sjnk

a` tmk stenjuf laads ucsteglk. ^mk speik `refk wes fejcly suppartkn gy tmk ialufcs

pleikn elaco tmk pkrjfktkr a` tmk stenjuf.(Ykk pmata 5=,57,72 ecn 77.

Uukstjac8

_met wes tmk enkqueiy a` tmksk ialufcs ta suppart tmk warst

laenjco `raf tmk speik `refk1 Agskrvk tmk sjzk a` tmk lest pkrjfktkr

stkkl ialufc esskfgleok1
http://img82.imageshack.us/img82/1378/08040807stadium.jpghttp://img402.imageshack.us/img402/4641/pic59.jpghttp://img402.imageshack.us/img402/4641/pic59.jpghttp://img82.imageshack.us/img82/1378/08040807stadium.jpghttp://img402.imageshack.us/img402/4641/pic59.jpghttp://img82.imageshack.us/img82/1378/08040807stadium.jpg


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Rji 5?

Rji 5=
http://img200.imageshack.us/img200/3883/pic59a.jpghttp://img200.imageshack.us/img200/3883/pic59a.jpghttp://img143.imageshack.us/img143/879/pic44.jpghttp://img143.imageshack.us/img143/879/pic44.jpghttp://img143.imageshack.us/img143/879/pic44.jpghttp://img200.imageshack.us/img200/3883/pic59a.jpg


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Rji 5:

Rji 72^mk speik truss wkrk suppartkn gy stkkl ialufcs elaco jts

pkrjfktkr ecn tmk twa iacirktk guttrkssks et tmk tjps.
http://img259.imageshack.us/img259/4606/08040801stadium.jpghttp://img259.imageshack.us/img259/4606/08040801stadium.jpghttp://img259.imageshack.us/img259/4606/08040801stadium.jpg


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Rji72ePjkw nurjco iacstruitjac

Rji75

Catjik ell ialufc gesks wkrk njslanokn et tmk jts iacckitjac ta tmk

iacirktk stufp. Ckkn ta agskrvk tmk fank a` `ejlurk a` tmk gesk

pletk. Jt fey gk `ejlurk a` tmk wklns,smkerjco a` galts, pryjco a` tmk

pletk nuk ta jcenkquetk tmjidckss ar sceppjco a` maln nawc galt jc

tkcsjac ar ecy a` tmkjr iafgjcetjac. J ef sarry J nact mevk tmk

pmatas a` tmjs ialufc ta iacirktk stufp iacckitjacs
http://img9.imageshack.us/img9/3452/08030501stadium.jpghttp://img9.imageshack.us/img9/3452/08030501stadium.jpghttp://img58.imageshack.us/img58/3336/pic69k.jpghttp://img58.imageshack.us/img58/3336/pic69k.jpghttp://img58.imageshack.us/img58/3336/pic69k.jpghttp://img9.imageshack.us/img9/3452/08030501stadium.jpg


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Rji 77

Rji 77e
http://img83.imageshack.us/img83/1146/spacetrussdup.jpghttp://img83.imageshack.us/img83/1146/spacetrussdup.jpghttp://img83.imageshack.us/img83/1146/spacetrussdup.jpghttp://img83.imageshack.us/img83/1146/spacetrussdup.jpg


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Rji 7>e

Rji 7>g
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^ypjiel Canks

^ypjiel ^uguler fkfgkrs
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^ypjiel stkkl gell hajcts

MKWKta skk e fark nktejl vjkw a` Rji 7>g ecn wmet kvjnkciks iec

yau okt ac tmk `ejlurk a` tmjs zack ta mklp yau jc tmk `ejlurkjcvkstjoetjac a` tmjs speik trussks1

MKWKta skk e fark nktejl vjkw a` Rji 75 ecn kvjnkciks ac tmk

pkrjfktkr ialufcs e`tkr iallepsk

Mkrkerk tmk kvjnkciks `raf Rji 7>g.Yjfjlerly kvjnkciks iec gk

jnkctj`jkn, ietkoarjskn `raf atmkr iafpackcts a` tmk struiturks.

@raf tmjs pji jt wes agskrvkn 4

5. Guidljco a` jciljckn fkfgkrs(tugk){Yjoc a` laen kxikknjco

Guidljco iepeijtjks}

7. Rullaut a` tmk tmrkenkn sirkws `raf tmk gell hajcts{Yjoc a` vkry

mjom tkcsjlk laen jc tmk tuguler fkfgkrs kxikknjco jts tkcsjlk

iepeijtjks}
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_my tmk twa tuguler fkfgkrs guidlkn ecn tmk atmkr fkfgkrs

tmrkenkn galts wkrk pullaut a` tmk stkkl gell hajcts1

^mjs pmata kxtreitkn `raf Rji79 smaws _my tmk twa jciljckn tuguler

fkfgkrs guidlkn ecn tmk atmkr fkfgkrs tmrkenkn galts wkrkpullaut a` tmk stkkl gell hajcts.

^mk truss (skl` wkjomt ecn ecy ljvk laen) R et ec kiikctrjijty k , ecy

marjzactel laen rksultkn `raf wjcn prkssurk, tmk nafjcetjco k``kit

a` okafktry ecn tmk kcns rkstrejcs irketkn lerok tarsjacel àriks et

tmk supparts. ^mksk àriks fust gk rksjstkn gy tmk jciljckn ecn

njeoacel tuguler fkfgkrs wmjim wkrk kjtmkr jc tkcsjac ar

iafprkssjac. ^mksk àriks kxikknkn tmk exjel iafprkssjvk ecn

tkcsjlk iepeijtjks a` tmk tuguler fkfgkrs irketjco tmk agskrvkn

pmkcafkce.

Jt js gkljkvkn tmk guidljco a` tmk tuguler iafprkssjac strut trjookrkn

tmk praorkssjvk iallepsk a` tmk wmalk raa`. E nktejlkn struiturel

ecelysjs es stetkn jc tmk Fkfgkr Gkmevjaurwjll praa` tmjs njeocasjs.

Kxtreitkn `raf Rji79

9. rupturkn a` tmk fkfgkrs(tugks) ecn tmk canks. {Yjoc a` vkry mjom

tkcsjlk laen jc tmk tuguler fkfgkrs ecn tmk stkkl gell hajcts

kxikknjco jts tkcsjlk iepeijtjks}
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e) Ecelysk tmk struiturk ecn nktkrfjck tmk fexjfuf exjel àriks jc

fkfgkrs. Iac`jrf tmksk fkfgkrs gkmevk es jctkcnkn j.k

iafprkssjac ar tkcsjac. ^msksk àriks erk tmk nkfecn. (Catk8 Jc tmk

vjijcjty a` tmk iectjlkvkr eraucn tmk pkrjfktkr ialufcs tmk tap gaaf

wjll gk jc tkcsjac ecn tmk gattaf gaaf wjll gk jc iafprkssjac. ^mkjciljckn njeoacels fey gk jc tkcsjac ar iafprkssjac. Yjfjlerly àr

fkfgkrs et tmk iacirktk gutrkss supparts.)

g) Nktkrfjck tmk exjel iepeijtjks(iafprkssjac ar tkcsjac) a` tmksk

fkfgkrs.

i) Nktkrfjck tmk èitar a` se`ktyj.k retja a` iepeijtjks/Nkfecn àr

tmk irjtjiel fkfgkrs.^mk fkfgkr wjtm lawkst èitar a` se`kty wjll

pragegly iallepsk `jrst.

Na tmk > stkps ecelysjs es stetkn jc Fkfgkr Gkmevjauràr

praorkssjvk iallepsk .Geskn ac tmk agskrvetjac, kvjnkciks,rksults a` ecelysjs ecn

njeocasjs jt js tmkc wk na tmk kljfjcetjac praikssks ta zaaf jc tmk

fast prageglk ieusk a` tmk iallepsk. Jt fey gk nuk e iafgjcetjac a`

ieusks.

^kstjco

_k stert gy najco safk eituel 5) iafpackcts ecn 7) rkprkskctetjvk

sefplks tksts iut `raf tmk iallepsk speik truss iafpackcts.

^mk rkprkskctetjvk sefplk tksts wjll yjkln gesji prapkrtjks a` tmk

fetkrjels(stkkl tugks) suim es tmk Zjkln Ytrkss ecn Zjkln strejc, %

klacoetjac, rupturk strkss ecn strejc ecn sa ac.

^mksk gesji prapkrtjks smauln gk uskn ta kstjfetk tmk iafpackct

iafprkssjvk ar tkcsjlk strkcotm a` tmk fkfgkrs.

Ckxt wk na tmk iafpackct tkst ta nktkrfjck ecn iac`jrf tmk

iepeijtjks a` tmk tuguler fkfgkrs kspkijelly jc iafprkssjac, tkcsjlk

iepeijtjks a` tmk tmrkenkn galts ecn tkcsjlk ecn iafprkssjvk

iepeijtjks a` tmk stkkl gell hajcts, ecn iafprkssjac iepeijtjks a` tmk

slkkvks ecn tmk kcn iacks(skk typjiel cank egavk). Ykk po. :2 a`

rk`. 52 àr Laen tksts ac speik truss iacckitjacs.

Rrageglk Ieusks

Iafperk tmk rksults a` Ytruiutrel Ecelysjs wjtm wmet agskrvkn ac

sjtk ar kvjnkciks agtejckn `raf sjtk. J` tmk rksults nasct tklly wjtm


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wmet agskrvkn ac sjtk, yaur ecelysjs wes wraco. Wkvjskn yaur

struiturel ecelysjs.

Iafperk tmk fetkrjels prapkrtjks rksults agtejckn `raf tksts wjtm

tmk wmet wkrk jc tmk nrewjcos ecn spkij`jietjac.

Nktkrfjck wmet naks cat iafply wjtm tmk spkij`jkn Iank a`preitjiks, nrewjcos ecn spkij`jietjac.

Jc fast iesks, et tmk Njeocasjs Yteok, sjfplk mecn ieliuletjac wjll

na (wjtmaut usjco iafputkr sa`twerks kti). Ya`twerks erk acly uskn

ta imkid ecn iac`jrfkn tmk njeocasjs. ^mk @[CNEFKCÊLY erk tmk

fast jfpartect jc tmk èjlurks jcvkstjoetjac . [cnkrstecnjco tmk

ùcnefkctels wjll oujnk us ta ecswkr e lat a` dky qukstjacs k.o

_met, _mkrk, _my ,Maw tmk èjlurk meppkckn1 Jt wjll mklp us ac

wmet ta àius nurjco tmk jcvkstjoetjac ecn sevjco tjfk ac

uccikssery praikssks k.o tmkrk js ca ckikssjty ta tkst tmk iacirktkstrkcotm a` tmk guttrkssks ar ialufc stufps es tmk pjiturks smawkn

ell tmk stkkl gell iacckitkn ta tmk iacrktk iafpackcts wkrk jcteit.

_k iec kljfjcetk tmk strkcotm a` tmk iacirktk jc tmk jcvkstjoetjac

kvkc gy laadjco et tmk pjiturks. Ya tmk àius smauln gk ac tmk stkkl

speik `refk ecn jts iafpackcts. Nkijsjacs ac wmet typk a` ecelysjs,

typk a` tksts, laietjac a` sefplks ta gk tkstkn ecn `rkqukciy a`

sefpljco, sklkitjac a` iafpackcts ta gk tkstkn smell gk nkijnkn

nurjco tmk nksd stuny .


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Ellaweglk

iafprkssjvk strkss vkrsus sklkcnkrckss l/r retja4 `y67>2

`raf rk` 9

Rji 7>i
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Rji 7;

Gatm pmatas Rji7>e & Rji 7>g smawkn tmk speik `refk sceppkn et

tmk gell hajct iacckitjacs. ^mk gell hajct iacckitjacs `jxkn ta tmk

iacirktk stufp wkrk jcteit.

Uukstjacs8-

5. _met erk tmk feocjtunk àriks jc tmk fkfgkrs ecn hajcts et tmjspajct a` èjlurk ucnkr warst iafgjcetjac a` laenjco eitjco ac tmk

wmalk raa` struiturk1

7. _met wkrk tmk iepeijtjks a` tmk fkfgkrs ecn iacckitjacs et tmjs

pajct a` èjlurk1


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Yjfjller qukstjacs smauln gk esdkn àr tmk ialufcs ecn iacckitjacs

elaco tmk pkrjfktkr tmet suppart tmk raa` struiturks

Yjcik tmjs pert a` tmk struiturks wes sughkitkn ta iyilji laenjco tmk

stkkl fkfgkrs ecn hajcts fey èjl gy ètjouk. @etjouk iacsjnkretjacserk jfpartect gkieusk tmk iacskqukct èjlurk js okckrelly sunnkc

ecn et e strkss lkvkl fuim lawkr tmec tmk ultjfetk strkss.

Uukstjacs8-

_jll tmk iac`jouretjac ecn esskfgleok a` fkfgkrs ecn hajcts es

smawc jc `jo 7; gkjco eglk ta wjtmstecn tmk warst àriks et tmjs

laietjac1 Nk`jcjtkly jt iect gkieusk jt sceppkn et tmjs pajct. _my1_met njn tmk esskfgleok jcnjietkn 1

^mk iac`jouretjac ecn esskfgleok a` fkfgkrs ecn iacckitjacs es

smawc jc `jo 7; wkrk cat sujteglk àr ecy rkvkrsel a` laens suim es

wjcn ar nycefji laenjco.

Ymem Elef Ytenjuf


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Rji 70

Rji 7?^mk lettjikn smkll raa`s wkrk suppartkn rjojnly ac ell tmrkk sjnks


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Rji 7=

^mk smepk(skk tmk nafjcetjco k``kit a` okafktry jc etteimkn ertjilk) ecn tmk kcns rkstrejcs

erk vkry jfpartect jc tmjs koo smkll ljdk struiturks.

Maln ec E> sjzk pepkr elaco tmk smartkr knoks wjtm yau lk`t ecn rjomt mecn rkspkitjvkly.

Favk yaur mecns e gjt tawerns keim atmkr sa tmet tmk pepkr `arf e iurvks. ^mk njstceik

gktwkkc tmk `jcourks a` tmk mecns js tmk spec a` tmk tmjc smkll4 Jt iec spec tmausecns a`

tjfk a` jts tmjidckss.

Caw maln tmk pepkr hust elaco ack a` tmk lacojtunjcel knok. ^mk pepkr iect kvkc supparts

jts awc wkjomt.

^mk tmrkk knoks fust gk nksjockn ta pravjnk tmk rkqujrkn rjojnjty(skk Ymem Elef

Ytenjuf(pji 7=).

Laens eppljkn ta tmk smkll erk ierrjkn gy jc okckrel tmrauom e iafgjcetjac a` gkcnjco ecn

strktimjco(jcpleck fkfgreck tkcsjac ar iafprkssjac a` struts) eitjacs, wmjim okckrelly

very `raf pajct ta pajct.

@ar `let raa` smkll ar lettjikn smklls gkcnjco wes tmk nafjcect


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Rraprjktery Ypeik @refk

^mk egavk saucns taa èfjljer ecn sa iaffac jc aur iacstruitjac jcnustry. Elfastkvkry sjtks erk èikn wjtm tmksk jssuks. Jc èit, struiturks erk vkry rksjljkct ecn waulncat mevk gkkc ietestrapmji jc iallepsk, kvkc j` ucnkr nksjockn. ^mk iacikpt a` ljfjtstetk nksjoc tedks eiiauct a` tmjs, ellawjco iallepsk ta gk praorkssjvk retmkr tmecietestrapmji. Acly stkkl `refkn struiturks erk fark prack ta iallepsk kspkijelly nurjcokrkitjac pkrjan, ecn pertjiulerly àr 9N speik `refk struiturks.


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^mk GJO Uukstjac js "_ma js rkspacsjglk àr tmjs1"

Jt js ceturel àr kvkryack ta pajct et tmk Iactreitar`jrst ecn tmkc tmkIacsultects, gut jc fecy iesks tmk Kfplaykr ar Awckr erk ta gk glefkn. Jcvkstjoetjacsiec ckvkr gk `jcel ecn tmk iesks wjll nreo ac àr eoks usuelly ta tmk iaurts. ^mk gkst

eppraeim js taEPAJNtmjs kvkr meppkcjco ta yau ecn yaur prahkits, wmktmkr yau erk eIactreitar, e Iacsultect ar ec Kfplaykr. Jc elfast ell iesks, tmjs iec gk evajnkn.

the collapse stadium roof pindaan 1(sebab dan kesan runtuh bumbung) uitm

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