PROF.DR.H.GUSBAKTI,MSc,PKK,AIFM

PEMENUHAN DIRIFULFILLMENTPELAKSANAAN YANGPENUH SEMANGATPASSIONATE EXECUTIONSUMBANGAN YANG BERMAKNASIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION8TH HABITS STEVEN R COVEY

MEDSMOTIVATIONEDUCATIONDEDICATIONSKILLKENAPA MEMILIH MENJADI DOKTER

TIPSTRUSTINTEGRITYPROACTIVESOLUTIONTAHU , MAMPU DAN MAU

TEKNIK-TEKNIK UMUM BELAJARPERENCANAANMENERIMA PELAJARAN DI KELAS/ format catatan tehnik 5R ,RECORD,REDUCE,RECITE,REFLECT AND REVIEW/TEMUKAN SENDIRI CARAMEMBACA BUKUMENGERTI BUKAN MENGHAFALMEMBUAT RINGKASANMEMBUAT KATA KUNCIBELAJAR BERSAMA

1. PERENCANAAN

BELAJARFungsi Perencanan Belajar : Membimbing diri kita belajar secara terarah dan produktifPERENCANAAN BELAJAR

PERLUKAH?Teknik PerencanaanMenyusun Jadwal :Menetapkan tujuanWaktu produktifKapan kita belajarMembuat jadwalRekreasi & kegiatan di luar belajar

PEMBUATAN JADWALFUNGSIMembantu penggunaan waktu seefektif dan seefisien mungkinMelatih untuk selalu siap dg pekerjaan berikutnya

PERHATIKANSetiap mata kuliah harus tercantum dlm jadwalAlokasi waktu bukan berdasarkan mata kuliah favoritWaktu antara

PEMBUATAN JADWALLangkah-langkah penyusunan jadwalHitung jumlah jam belajar dan waktu yang tersediaIsilah waktu-waktu rutin yg diperlukanIsi waktu-waktu janji (dengan pembimbing,dll)Tentukan waktu belajar (sebelum/setelah kelas?)Sediakan waktu cadangan/waktu bebas

MEMBACA BUKUTeknik Membaca BukuTetapkan tujuan Apa yang hendak dibaca Untuk apa kita membacaSkimming/ SEPINTAS LALUDapatkan Ide Pokok dan Rincian PentingMenggunakan mata fiksasi mata

MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MEMBACAJangan bicaraMembaca satu unit pikirLatihan membaca cepat/200 kata-menit Lewis 1986 dapat ditingkatkan sampai 500kata/menitTeknik SQ3R,SQ4R,OK4R, dan PQRST

Menggaris bawahiMenghindari lelah dan bosan

Membaca sesingkat mungkindaya serap tinggiSQ4R/MILLERSURVEYQUESTIONREADRECITEREVIEWREPEAT

OK4R/WALTER PAUKOVERVIEWKEY IDEASREADRECALL/RECITEREFLECTREVIEW

LANJUTAN..THOMAS F STATONPQRSTPREVIEWQUESTIONREADSTATETESTOHIO UNIVERSITYSQ3RSURVEYQUESTIONREADRECITEREVIEW

BUKU 100 HALAMANHari pertama 1 jam hal 1-50Hari ke dua halaman 1 75 = 1jamHari ke tiga 1-100 1,5 jamDiperlukan strategi untuk meningkatkan kemampuan membaca dengan tehnik tertentu sehingga komponen yang dingat semakin banyak.

MENGERTI BUKAN MENGHAFALMENGHAFALSALAH?Menghafal Tanpa MengertiSeringMenghafal denganMengertiLebih sulitBuang waktu banyakPelajaran tetap tidak dikuasai

Exercise Other Mechanisms of Drug AntagonismNot all of the mechanisms of antagonism involve interactions of drugs or endogenous ligands atsingle type of receptor. Indeed, chemical antagonists need not involve a receptor at all. Thus, one drug may antagonize the actions of a second drug by binding to and inactivating the second drug.For example, protamine, a protein that is positively charged at physiologic pH, can be usedclinically to counteract the effects of heparin, an anticoagulant that is negatively charged; in thiscase, one drug antagonizes the other simply by binding it and making it unavailable for interactions with proteins involved in formation of a blood clot.The clinician often uses drugs that take advantage of physiologic antagonism between endogenous regulatory pathways. For example, several catabolic actions of the glucocorticoid hormones lead to increased blood sugar, an effect that is physiologically opposed by insulin. Although glucocorticoids and insulin act on quite distinct receptor-effector systems, the clinician must sometimes administer insulin to oppose the hyperglycemic effects of glucocorticoid hormone,whether the latter is elevated by endogenous synthesis (eg, a tumor of the adrenal cortex) or as aresult of glucocorticoid therapy.

ContIn general, use of a drug as a physiologic antagonist produces effects that are less specific and less easy to control than are the effects of a receptor-specific antagonist. Thus, for example, to treat bradycardia caused by increased release of acetylcholine from vagus nerve endings, the physician could use isoproterenol, a -adrenoceptor agonist that increases heart rate by mimicking sympathetic stimulation of the heart. However, use of this physiologic antagonist would be less rationaland potentially more dangerousthan would use of a receptor-specific antagonist such as atropine (a competitive antagonist at the receptors at which acetylcholine slows heart rate).

ContSignaling Mechanisms & Drug ActionUntil now we have considered receptor interactions and drug effects in terms of equations andconcentration-effect curves. We must also understand the molecular mechanisms by which a drugacts. Such understanding allows us to ask basic questions with important clinical implications: Why do some drugs produce effects that persist for minutes, hours, or even days after thedrug is no longer present? Why do responses to other drugs diminish rapidly with prolonged or repeatedadministration? How do cellular mechanisms for amplifying external chemical signals explain thephenomenon of spare receptors? Why do chemically similar drugs often exhibit extraordinary selectivity in their actions? Do these mechanisms provide targets for developing new drugs?Most transmembrane signaling is accomplished by a small number of different molecularmechanisms. Each type of mechanism has been adapted, through the evolution of distinctive proteinfamilies, to transduce many different signals. These protein families include receptors on the cellsurface and within the cell, as well as enzymes and other components that generate, amplify,coordinate, and terminate postreceptor signaling by chemical second messengers in the cytoplasm.This section first discusses the mechanisms for carrying chemical information across the plasmamembrane and then outlines key features of cytoplasmic second messengers.