technology of building

8/14/2019 Technology Of Building

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Teknologi BangunanTeknologi Bangunan

Berkecekapan TenagaBerkecekapan Tenaga

Kuliah 2bKuliah 2bDr. Mohd Zin KandarDr. Mohd Zin Kandar

RAT 430: Teknologi Rekabentuk Bangunan Berkecekapan Tenaga


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TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGATEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

LightingAir-conditioning & MV

Toilet & Water conservation

Electrical motor

Refrigerator and Freezer

Water Supply

Other EE Features

Contents of EE Technology

BANGUNANBERKECEKAPAN

TENAGA


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LightingLightingLighting generalLighting generalEE LightingEE LightingLighting layoutLighting layoutLighting sensorsLighting sensorsLighting controlLighting control


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Lighting Principles and TermsLighting Principles and Terms

To choose the best lighting options, you shouldTo choose the best lighting options, you shouldunderstand basic lighting terms. This section explainsunderstand basic lighting terms. This section explainsterminology used in the industryterminology used in the industry

1. Illumination1. IlluminationAA lumenlumen is a measurement of light output from a lamp,is a measurement of light output from a lamp,(often called a tube or a bulb). All lamps are rated in(often called a tube or a bulb). All lamps are rated inlumens. For example, alumens. For example, a 100-watt incandescent100-watt incandescent lamplampproduces aboutproduces about 1750 lumens1750 lumens..

The distribution of light on aThe distribution of light on a horizontal surface is calledhorizontal surface is calleditsits illuminationillumination. Illumination is measured in footcandles.. Illumination is measured in footcandles.A footcandle of illumination is a lumen of light distributedA footcandle of illumination is a lumen of light distributedover a 1-square-foot (0.09-square-meter) area.over a 1-square-foot (0.09-square-meter) area.


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Lighting Principles and TermsLighting Principles and Terms

The amount of illumination required varies according toThe amount of illumination required varies according to the difficultythe difficultyof a visual taskof a visual task. Ideal illumination is the minimum footcandles. Ideal illumination is the minimum footcandlesnecessary to allow younecessary to allow you to perform a task comfortablyto perform a task comfortably andandproficiently without eyestrain.proficiently without eyestrain.

The Illuminating Engineering Society says that illumination of 30 toThe Illuminating Engineering Society says that illumination of 30 to50 footcandles is adequate for most home and office work. Difficult50 footcandles is adequate for most home and office work. Difficult

and lengthy visual taskslike sewing for extended periods of timeand lengthy visual taskslike sewing for extended periods of timerequire 200 to 500 footcandles. Where no seeing tasks (i.e., tasksrequire 200 to 500 footcandles. Where no seeing tasks (i.e., taskswhose speed and accuracy of completion are affected by qualitywhose speed and accuracy of completion are affected by qualityand quantity of light) are performed, lighting systems need toand quantity of light) are performed, lighting systems need toprovide only security, safety, or visual comfortrequiring from 5 toprovide only security, safety, or visual comfortrequiring from 5 to20 footcandles of illumination.20 footcandles of illumination.

2. efficacy2. efficacy..

This is theThis is the ratio of light output from a lamp to the electric powerratio of light output from a lamp to the electric powerititconsumes and is measured inconsumes and is measured in lumens per wattlumens per watt (LPW).(LPW).


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Compact Fluorescent

Fluorescent

Metal Halide

High Pressure Sodium

Low Pressure Sodium

Mercury Vapor

Halogen

Incandescent

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Lumens/Watt

Efficacy of Common Lamps

EfficacyEfficacy;;This is theThis is the ratio of light output from a lampratio of light output from a lamp

to the electric powerto the electric powerit consumes and isit consumes and is

measured inmeasured in lumens per wattlumens per watt (LPW).(LPW).


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Lighting Principles and TermsLighting Principles and Terms3. Lighting Uses3. Lighting Uses

Experts divide lighting uses into threeExperts divide lighting uses into threecategories:categories: Ambient lighting,Ambient lighting,

Ambient lighting provides security and safety, as well asAmbient lighting provides security and safety, as well asgeneral illumination for performing daily activities.general illumination for performing daily activities.

Task lighting,Task lighting,The goal of task lighting is to provide enough illuminationThe goal of task lighting is to provide enough illuminationso that tasks can be completed accurately but not provideso that tasks can be completed accurately but not provideso much light that entire areas are illuminated.so much light that entire areas are illuminated.

accent lighting.accent lighting.Accent lighting illuminates walls so they blend moreAccent lighting illuminates walls so they blend moreclosely with naturally bright areas like ceilings andclosely with naturally bright areas like ceilings andwindowswindows


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Lighting Principles and TermsLighting Principles and Terms4. Light Quality4. Light Quality

Light quality describes how well people in aLight quality describes how well people in alighted space can see to do visual tasks and howlighted space can see to do visual tasks and howvisually comfortable they feel in that space.visually comfortable they feel in that space.

Light quality is important toLight quality is important to energy efficiencyenergy efficiency

because spaces with higher quality lighting needbecause spaces with higher quality lighting needless illumination. High-quality lighting is fairlyless illumination. High-quality lighting is fairlyuniform in brightness and has no glare.uniform in brightness and has no glare.

5. Glare5. Glare

Eliminating glare (i.e., excessive brightness fromEliminating glare (i.e., excessive brightness froma direct light source) is essential to achievinga direct light source) is essential to achievinggood lighting qualitygood lighting quality. Types of glare include direct. Types of glare include directglare, reflected glare, and veiling reflections.glare, reflected glare, and veiling reflections.


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Lighting Principles and TermsLighting Principles and Terms6. Light Color6. Light Color

Lamps are assigned a color temperature (according to theLamps are assigned a color temperature (according to theKelvin temperature scale) based on their "coolness" orKelvin temperature scale) based on their "coolness" or"warmness." The human eye perceives colors as"warmness." The human eye perceives colors as cool if they arecool if they areat the blue-greenat the blue-green end of the color spectrum, andend of the color spectrum, and warm if theywarm if theyare at the red endare at the red end of the spectrum.of the spectrum.

Generally, sources below 3200K are considered warm whileGenerally, sources below 3200K are considered warm whilethose above 4000K are considered cool.those above 4000K are considered cool.

7. Color Rendering7. Color Rendering

Color Rendering Index (CRI)Color Rendering Index (CRI) - a scale from 0-100, is a- a scale from 0-100, is ameasure of how well a lamp renders color.measure of how well a lamp renders color.

A lamp with a CRI of 100 makes objects appear as they do inA lamp with a CRI of 100 makes objects appear as they do insunlight.sunlight.

CRI can only be compared for lamps of similar colorCRI can only be compared for lamps of similar colortemperature.temperature.


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Light SourcesLight Sources

1. Incandescent

2. Gaseous Discharge

A. Low Pressure Gaseous Discharge

Fluorescent

Low pressure sodium

B. High Intensity Discharge (HID)

Mercury vaporMetal halide

High pressure sodium


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Types of LightingTypes of Lighting

There are four basic types of lighting:There are four basic types of lighting:

incandescentincandescent,,

fluorescentfluorescent,,high-intensity dischargehigh-intensity discharge (HID),(HID),

low-pressure sodiumlow-pressure sodium..


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Types of LightingTypes of Lighting1. Incandescent1. Incandescent

Incandescent lamps are theIncandescent lamps are the leastleastexpensiveexpensive to buy but theto buy but the most expensivemost expensiveto operateto operate..

Incandescent light is produced by aIncandescent light is produced by a tinytinycoil of tungsten wire that glowscoil of tungsten wire that glows when it iswhen it is

heated by an electrical current.heated by an electrical current.Incandescent lamps have theIncandescent lamps have the shortestshortestliveslives of the common lighting types.of the common lighting types.

They are alsoThey are also relatively inefficientrelatively inefficientcompared with other lighting types.compared with other lighting types.

However, significant energy and costHowever, significant energy and costsavings are possible if you select the rightsavings are possible if you select the rightincandescent lamp for the right job.incandescent lamp for the right job.

70%-90%70%-90% of the power consumed isof the power consumed is lostlostas heat.as heat.


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1. Incandescent1. Incandescent

The three most commonThe three most common

types of incandescenttypes of incandescent

lights arelights are standard incandescent,standard incandescent,

tungsten halogen, andtungsten halogen, and

reflector lamps.reflector lamps.


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2. Fluorescent2. FluorescentThe light produced by a fluorescentThe light produced by a fluorescenttube is caused by antube is caused by an electric currentelectric currentconducted through mercury and inertconducted through mercury and inertgasesgases..

Fluorescent lighting is used mainlyFluorescent lighting is used mainlyindoorsboth forindoorsboth forambientambient andand tasktasklighting.lighting.

About 3 to 4 times asAbout 3 to 4 times as efficientefficient asasincandescent lighting.incandescent lighting.

Last aboutLast about 10 times longer than10 times longer thanincandescentincandescent. But, to gain the most. But, to gain the mostefficiency, you should installefficiency, you should installfluorescents in places where they willfluorescents in places where they willbe on for several hours at a time.be on for several hours at a time.


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2. Fluorescent2. FluorescentFluorescent lights needFluorescent lights need ballastsballasts(i.e., devices that control the(i.e., devices that control theelectricity used by the unit)electricity used by the unit) forforstarting and circuit protectionstarting and circuit protection..

Ballasts consume energy.Ballasts consume energy.Can increase the energyCan increase the energysavings for existing fluorescentsavings for existing fluorescentlighting by relamping (e.g.,lighting by relamping (e.g.,replacing an existing lamp withreplacing an existing lamp withone of a lower wattage),one of a lower wattage),replacing ballasts, and replacingreplacing ballasts, and replacingfixtures with more efficientfixtures with more efficientmodels.models...


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2. Fluorescent2. FluorescentCompact fluorescentCompact fluorescent

Energy savings up toEnergy savings up to

75% over incandescent75% over incandescentlamps.lamps.

Longer lamp life equalsLonger lamp life equals

reduced maintenancereduced maintenancecosts.costs.


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3. High-Intensity Discharge (HID)3. High-Intensity Discharge (HID)High-intensity discharge (HID) lampsHigh-intensity discharge (HID) lampsprovide theprovide the highest efficacyhighest efficacy andand

longest service life of any lightinglongest service life of any lightingtype.type.

They are commonly used forThey are commonly used foroutdooroutdoorlighting and inlighting and in large indoor arenaslarge indoor arenas..

HID lampsHID lamps use an electric arc touse an electric arc toproduce intense lightproduce intense light..

They alsoThey also require ballastsrequire ballasts, and they, and they

take a few seconds to produce lighttake a few seconds to produce lightwhen first turned on because thewhen first turned on because theballast needs time to establish theballast needs time to establish theelectric arc.electric arc.


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Types of LightingTypes of Lighting3. High-Intensity Discharge (HID)3. High-Intensity Discharge (HID)

The three most common types of HID lamps areThe three most common types of HID lamps are mercury vapor,mercury vapor, metal halide, andmetal halide, and high-pressure sodium.high-pressure sodium.

HID lamps and fixtures canHID lamps and fixtures can save 75% to 90%save 75% to 90% of lighting energyof lighting energywhen they replacewhen they replace incandescentincandescent lamps and fixtures.lamps and fixtures.

Significant energy savings are also possible by replacing oldSignificant energy savings are also possible by replacing oldmercury vapor lamps with newer metal halide or high-pressuremercury vapor lamps with newer metal halide or high-pressuresodium lamps.sodium lamps.

Lamp

Efficacy LifeLamp Type (lm/W ) CRI (hours)

Mercury Vapor 19-43 15-50 16,000-24,000Metal Halide 53-115 65-92 6,000-20,000

High Pressure Sodium 53-147 21-85 16,000-24,000


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4. Low-Pressure Sodium4. Low-Pressure SodiumLow-pressure sodium lamps workLow-pressure sodium lamps worksomewhatsomewhat like fluorescent lampslike fluorescent lamps..

They are theThey are the most efficientmost efficient artificialartificiallighting, have thelighting, have the longest service lifelongest service life,,

and maintain their light output betterand maintain their light output betterthan any other lamp type.than any other lamp type.

Low-pressure sodium lighting is usedLow-pressure sodium lighting is usedwhere color is not important because itwhere color is not important because it

renders all colors as tones of yellow orrenders all colors as tones of yellow orgray.gray.

Typical applications includeTypical applications include highwayhighwayand security lightingand security lighting..


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EE LightingEE Lighting

Lighting accounts forLighting accounts for20% to 25%20% to 25% of all electricityof all electricityconsumed in the developed countries.consumed in the developed countries.

An average household dedicatesAn average household dedicates 5% to 10%5% to 10% ofof

its energy budget to lighting,its energy budget to lighting,Commercial establishments consumeCommercial establishments consume 20% to20% to30%30% of their total energy just for lighting.of their total energy just for lighting.

In a typical residential or commercial lightingIn a typical residential or commercial lighting

installation,installation, 50% or more of the energy is wasted50% or more of the energy is wastedby obsolete equipment, inadequate maintenance,by obsolete equipment, inadequate maintenance,or inefficient use.or inefficient use.


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Energy Efficiency with LightingEnergy Efficiency with Lighting

Saving lighting energy requires either reducingSaving lighting energy requires either reducingelectricity consumed by the light source orelectricity consumed by the light source orreducing the length of time the light source is on.reducing the length of time the light source is on.

This can be accomplished by:This can be accomplished by: Lowering wattage, which involves replacing lamps orLowering wattage, which involves replacing lamps or

entire fixturesentire fixtures Reducing the light source's on-time, which meansReducing the light source's on-time, which means

improving lighting controls and educating users to turnimproving lighting controls and educating users to turnoff unneeded lightsoff unneeded lights

Using daylighting, which reduces energy consumptionUsing daylighting, which reduces energy consumption

by replacing electric lights with natural lightby replacing electric lights with natural light Performing simple maintenance, which preservesPerforming simple maintenance, which preserves

illumination and light quality and allows lower initialillumination and light quality and allows lower initialillumination levels.illumination levels.


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Conventional vs EnergyEfficiency light bulb

Incandescent Lamp

100 W

Compact fluorescent Lamp

18W

Energy Efficiency uses less energy for same

output and reduces CO 2 emissions

CO2 Emission 110 g/hr CO2 Emission 20 g/hr


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Conventional vs Energy

Efficiency light bulb


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A solid-state ballast that can provide variable light output in responseA solid-state ballast that can provide variable light output in responseto a signal (from a photosenso, for example).to a signal (from a photosenso, for example).

A fluorescent lamp is a gas discharge light that requires a ballastA fluorescent lamp is a gas discharge light that requires a ballast(either magnetic or electronic) to provide high initial voltage for start-up(either magnetic or electronic) to provide high initial voltage for start-up

and to regulate current during operation.and to regulate current during operation.Electronic ballasts use solid-state technology and operate at higherElectronic ballasts use solid-state technology and operate at higherfrequencies and efficiencies than do magnetic ballasts.frequencies and efficiencies than do magnetic ballasts.

Operating lamps with electronic ballasts reduce electricity use by 10 toOperating lamps with electronic ballasts reduce electricity use by 10 to15% over magnetic ballasts for the same light output.15% over magnetic ballasts for the same light output.

Electronic ballasts also offer reduced flicker, lower weight, less noiseElectronic ballasts also offer reduced flicker, lower weight, less noise

and longer life than do magnetic ballasts.and longer life than do magnetic ballasts.Electronic ballasts are also available asElectronic ballasts are also available as dimming ballastsdimming ballasts. These. Theseballasts allow the light level to be controlled between 1% and 100%.ballasts allow the light level to be controlled between 1% and 100%.Magnetic ballasts are also available with dimming capability, but theyMagnetic ballasts are also available with dimming capability, but theycannot be dimmed below 20% and use more electricity than docannot be dimmed below 20% and use more electricity than doelectronic ballasts.electronic ballasts.

Dimmable Electronic

ballasts


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Dimmable ElectronicDimmable Electronic

ballastsballasts

Dimmable electronic ballasts can be controlled by photosensors,Dimmable electronic ballasts can be controlled by photosensors,occupancy sensorsoccupancy sensors and/or a time clock.and/or a time clock.

It is estimated that the combination of photosensor control andIt is estimated that the combination of photosensor control anddimmable electronic ballasts candimmable electronic ballasts can reduce annual electricity use byreduce annual electricity use by

50%50% over non-dimming systems.over non-dimming systems.The combination of all three control methods can save approximatelyThe combination of all three control methods can save approximately75%75% of electricity use.of electricity use.

ApplicationApplicationElectronic dimmable ballasts are best used where the need forElectronic dimmable ballasts are best used where the need forelectric light is constantly changing (such as the perimeter zones ofelectric light is constantly changing (such as the perimeter zones ofoffices). If only two or three light levels are needed (high level foroffices). If only two or three light levels are needed (high level foroccupied/low level for unoccupied), it would be better to useoccupied/low level for unoccupied), it would be better to useconventional electronic ballasts and control the number of lamps thatconventional electronic ballasts and control the number of lamps thatare operated.are operated.
http://www.advancedbuildings.org/_frames/fr_t_load_build_occupancy_sensors.htmhttp://www.advancedbuildings.org/_frames/fr_t_load_build_occupancy_sensors.htmhttp://www.advancedbuildings.org/_frames/fr_t_load_build_occupancy_sensors.htm


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Due to continuous operation, upgradesDue to continuous operation, upgrades

offer the potential for huge reductions inoffer the potential for huge reductions in

energy and maintenance costs.energy and maintenance costs.40 watt incandescent exit signs with a lamp40 watt incandescent exit signs with a lamp

life of 7000 hours should be retrofitted withlife of 7000 hours should be retrofitted with

aa light-emitting diode (LED)light-emitting diode (LED) signsignconsuming betweenconsuming between 2-5 watts2-5 watts with a 25+with a 25+

year life.year life.

Exit Sign Lighting


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Replacing Lamps and FixturesReplacing Lamps and Fixtures

"Relamping" means substituting one lamp for another to"Relamping" means substituting one lamp for another tosave energy. You can decide to make illumination highersave energy. You can decide to make illumination higheror lower when relamping. But be sure that the newor lower when relamping. But be sure that the newlamp's lumen output fits the tasks performed in the spacelamp's lumen output fits the tasks performed in the spaceand conforms to the fixture's specifications.and conforms to the fixture's specifications.

When relamping an entire store or office, first test theWhen relamping an entire store or office, first test thenew lamps in a small area to ensure adequatenew lamps in a small area to ensure adequateillumination, occupant satisfaction, and compatibility ofillumination, occupant satisfaction, and compatibility ofthe new lamp and the old fixture.the new lamp and the old fixture.

Matching replacement lamps to existing fixtures andMatching replacement lamps to existing fixtures and

ballasts can be tricky, especially with older fixtures.ballasts can be tricky, especially with older fixtures.Buying new fixtures made for new lamps producesBuying new fixtures made for new lamps producessuperior energy savings, reliability, and longevitysuperior energy savings, reliability, and longevitycompared with relamping.compared with relamping.


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Replacing Lamps and FixturesReplacing Lamps and Fixtures

Use linear fluorescent and energy-efficientUse linear fluorescent and energy-efficient

compactcompact fluorescent lampsfluorescent lamps (CFLs) in fixtures to(CFLs) in fixtures to

provide high-quality and high-efficiency lighting.provide high-quality and high-efficiency lighting.

Fluorescent lamps are much more efficient thanFluorescent lamps are much more efficient thanincandescent bulbsincandescent bulbs and last 6 to 10 timesand last 6 to 10 times

longer.longer.

Although fluorescent and compact fluorescentAlthough fluorescent and compact fluorescent

lamps are more expensive than incandescentlamps are more expensive than incandescentbulbs, they pay for themselves by saving energybulbs, they pay for themselves by saving energy

over their lifetime.over their lifetime.
http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/energy_savers/glossary.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/energy_savers/glossary.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/energy_savers/glossary.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/energy_savers/glossary.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/energy_savers/glossary.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/energy_savers/glossary.html


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Lighting circuit designLighting circuit design

Response to daylight levelResponse to daylight level

1 2 2 1

Plan

Section


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PSALIPSALI

1 2 2 1

Plan

Section


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Improving Lighting ControlsImproving Lighting Controls

Lighting controls are devices for turning lights on and offLighting controls are devices for turning lights on and offor for dimming them. The simplest type is a standardor for dimming them. The simplest type is a standardsnap switch. Other controls are photocells, timers,snap switch. Other controls are photocells, timers,occupancy sensors, and dimmers.occupancy sensors, and dimmers.

Snap switches, located in numerous convenient areas,Snap switches, located in numerous convenient areas,

make it easier for people in large, shared spaces to turnmake it easier for people in large, shared spaces to turnoff lights in unused areas.off lights in unused areas.

Photocells turn lights on and off in response to naturalPhotocells turn lights on and off in response to naturallight levels. Photo-cells switch outdoor lights on at dusklight levels. Photo-cells switch outdoor lights on at duskand off at dawn, for example. Advanced designsand off at dawn, for example. Advanced designs

gradually raise and lower fluorescent light levels withgradually raise and lower fluorescent light levels withchanging daylight levels.changing daylight levels.

Mechanical or electronic time clocks automatically turnMechanical or electronic time clocks automatically turnon and off indoor or outdoor lights for security, safety,on and off indoor or outdoor lights for security, safety,and tasks such as janitorial work.and tasks such as janitorial work.


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Daylight sensorDaylight sensor

1 2 2 1

Plan

Section


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Movement / occupant sensorMovement / occupant sensor

1 2 2 1

Plan

Section


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RE lightingRE lighting


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SM-110 110 watt Solar Panel & APM MountSM-110 110 watt Solar Panel & APM Mount

100 LED Fight Fixture100 LED Fight Fixture

MorningStar SunLight ControllerMorningStar SunLight Controller8A27 AGM Batteries8A27 AGM Batteries

Lockable Battery BoxLockable Battery Box

Light Post Mounting Arm (Mounts to any Standard Pole; Pole Not Included)Light Post Mounting Arm (Mounts to any Standard Pole; Pole Not Included)

Panels and post arm mount easily to any standard PolePanels and post arm mount easily to any standard Pole


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EE lightingEE lighting

installation (caseinstallation (case

study)study)

ENERGY-10 Optimisation


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ENERGY-10 Optimisation

0

25

50

75

100

125

Cooling Lights Other Total

KWh/m2 year

6764

1811

25

111

100

25

KTAKKTAK/no Daylight use

LEO BuildingLEO Building


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LEO BuildingLEO Building

Topic StandardRequirement

KTAK LEO

Requirement

Actual data inLEO Design

DesignTemperature

Small Power

Illuminance

Lighting Power 20 W/m2 16 W/m2 8 -10 W/m2

27 W/m2

20 W/m2

6 - 8 W/m2

500 lux 500 lux ~ 400 lux

23 oC 24 oC 24 oC

Improved Energy Performance

by Review of Design Criteria


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