tajuk 4a model-model kajian tindakan

8/11/2019 Tajuk 4a Model-model Kajian Tindakan

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MODEL-MODELKAJIAN TINDAKAN


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MODEL STEPHEN KEMMIS (1982)

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MODEL STEPHEN KEMMIS

(1982)

Langkah berulang bermula dari

merancang, bertindak, memerhati dan

membuat refleksi

Kitaran kedua bermula dengan

menambahbaik pelan tindakan

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Carr, W. & Kemmis, S. (1986) Becoming Critical:

education, knowledge and action research.Lewes, Falmer.

Action research can thus be used to:

understand ones own practice;

understand how to make ones practice

better;

understand how to accommodate outside

change in ones practice;

understand how to change the outside in

order to make ones practice better.4


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MODEL JOHN ELLIOT (1981)

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Menegaskan evolusi berterusan dan

mendefinisi semula matlamat kajian

Satu siri peninjauan yang berlaku pada

setiap kitaran

Peninjauan bermaksud analisis yang

membawa pemahaman terhadap masalah

praktikal

Menunjukkan lebih fleksibiliti dan

menjelaskan lagi proses kajian tindakan

berbanding dengan Kemmis 6

MODEL JOHN ELLIOT (1981)


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MODEL DAVE EBBUT (1983)

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MODEL DAVE EBBUT (1983)

Percaya bahawa menggambarkan kajian

tindakan sebagai gelungan tidak

membantu

Perlu melihatnya sebagai satu siri kitaran

yang berterusan

Setiap satu kitaran memberi maklum balas

dalam atau antara kitaran

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MODEL JACK WHITEHEAD &

JEAN MCNIFF (1988)

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McNiff, J. (1988)Action Research:

Principles and Practice, Basingstoke,

Macmillan

All representations of the action research process on

paper are simplistic.

In reality, life is complex and things rarely go as planned.

Indeed, although action research may start with a

carefully planned action, the nature of the process makes

the outcomes uncertain.

Links emerge with aspects that were not anticipated

McNiff (1988, p 45), drawing on the work of Whitehead,

reminds us of the messiness of action research,

showing a process that becomes spirals on spirals:10


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MODEL JACK WHITEHEAD &

JEAN MCNIFF (1988)

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RANCANG

BERTINDAK

RANCANG

MEREFLEKS

MEMERHATI

RANCANG

BERTINDAK

MEREFLEKS

MEMERHATI

RANCANG

BERTINDAK

MEREFLEKS

MEMERHATI


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Whitehead, J. (1985) An Analysis of an Individuals Educational

Development: the basis for personally oriented action research, in:

Shipman, M. (ed.) Educational Research: principles, policies and

practices, Lewes, Falmer

Emphasising the individual nature of action research, Jack

Whitehead (1985) puts forward a simple representation

of how the process feels:

I experience a problem when some of my educationalvalues are negated in my practice;

I imagine a solution to my problem;

I act in the direction of the solution;

I evaluate the outcomes of my actions; I modify my problems, ideas and actions in the light of

my evaluations.(p.98)

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MODEL KURT LEWIN (1947)

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MODEL KURT LEWIN (1947)

Berasaskan kitaran yang berulang bermula

dari analisis, peninjuan (reconnaissance),

mengkonsepsikan semula masalah,

merancang, melaksanakan tindakan, danmenilai keberkesanan tindakan

Melihat kajian tindakan sebagai membawa

perubahan berasaskan pelan tindakan danmenyiasat kesan tindakan yang

dilaksanakan

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tajuk 4a model-model kajian tindakan

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