STUDY ON MINI - HYDROELECTRIC IN LUNDU DISTRICT SARAWAK

BAYNARD ANAK SAWUN

Un ivp-rsiti Malaysia Saraw a k 2002

TK 1081 8358 2002

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Kola Samarahan

BORANG PENY ERAHA N TESIS

Judul : Sludy On Mini-hydroe lectric In Lundu Distri ct Sarawak

SESI PENG AJIA ' : 1999 - 2002

Saya IlA YNARD ANAK SA WUN

mcngaku membenarkan tesis ini di simpan di Pusat Kh idmat Maklumal Akademik.

Uni versiti Ma lays ia Sarawak dengan syara t-syarat kegunaa n seperli berikut:

I. Hakmlhk kenas projek adalah dl bawah nama penuh s melaiokan penuh.san ::.ebag3i projek bl!r sarna dan

d,bmY31 o lch LfN 1MAS. hakmlhknya adalah kepunyaan UMIMAS.

2 Naskhah sal man d, da la", bentuk ken:as atau mlkro hanya boleh d ibual dl>ngan kebcnaran b..-rlul!S danpatl..

penulls

3 Pusal Khidnl3l Mak luln.:l1 Ak ademik. UN IMA S dlben arkan membual sal man unluk pengajian II1l..'rd..a.

4 h en as proJek hany!) bo leh diLerbilkan dengan kebenaran pen uli s Buynran roynlu ad"l.:lh mL"f1Slk lJl kad ar

yang Jiperselujul kelak

* Saya membenark anlt eal· memS8AaFl,aA Perpustaka.:ln membu at sn lillan kertas proJck ini sebag.:ll b.:lhan

pertukarall di anl ara In SlilUSI pengajlan linggl

6 .. Slla l!Jnou\:an (..j)

~ Sl'LlT (Mengandungr maklumal yang bcrdaq ah I.t'<;t:ln m:ltan aI.,1I kClttf\\I .:'*0

M:l!aysla sepertl yang lmnllokwb di dahlm A K1 A RA J-ISlA RAS.r..·11 197~1

~TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumJI TI:RHAD rani tclah dllenukan oh:::h Ofg;lfllS41~"

badan ti l mana penyel,dikan d ijalankan )

TIDAK TERHAD

D l s,lhk~n oleh

.~?r--v-~ (TANDATANGAN PENUU S) (TANDA rtJ'N PENYIel IA)

!\Iamal letap:

No IS Knmpullg Gayu. Nazen Abdul Rah m,tfl

Tarikh : 2.Apri1.2002 Tarikh : 2.Apri1.2002 --'------- ­

CATATAN POlong )' iUlg [Idak berkenaan. • JII.;(t KcrtIJ.s ProJek mi SU UT alau TERHAD. sila lampirl\ an sura! d3r1pada pihak ber~ l)Qsal v r g:\nj~:lS1

'ocrkenaan denga n mcnyertakan sekali lempllh kcnas projek. Inl pcdu dlkd askjln sebagui SUUT Illav TERHAD.

STUDY ON MINI-HYDROELECTRIC IN LUNDU DISTRICT SARAWAK

BAYNARD ANAK SA WUN

This report is submitted in partial fulfillment o f the requireme nt for the degree of

Bachelor afEngineering (Hans.) Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing System

fram the Faculty afEngineering

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA WAK

2002

This project report entitled "STUDY ON MINI-HYDROELECTRIC IN LUNDU

DISTRICT, SAR>\WAK" was prepared by Baynard Anak SawulI as a partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with honours

(Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing System) is he reby read and approved by :

Date

•

-----~

(Supervisor)

God....million of thanks for the strength and spiritthrollgh III)' /reart

Soma & sindll kit

Thank you for your encouragement, slIpport and p'ttient

II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The a uthor would like to give spec ial thanks and apprec iation to his projec t

supervisor, Mr. NaLeri Abdul Rahman for hi s guidance and encouragement in making

this projec t a rea li ty .

A series o f thanks also recorded to beloved parents and famili es for their

supportive responsibilities during the makin g o f this projec t.

The author also wou Id like to express his sincere thanks to aII hi s c la ssmates,

Mr. Rhy ier, F.K 's sta ff and lecturers for their he lp and making the life enjoyable durin g

his stay at UNIMAS, Mr. Joseph Goh, and Mr. Wan Hamid, for th e valuab le

infonnation and helps.

Al so not forgetting to his greatest fri ends, Big boy, Abot, Abick, Control and all

of the author fr iends who always around during the author hard times and many tbank s,

for Esy for her supportive encouragement.

III

ABSTRACT

This proj ect is based on the fea sibility study of the mini-hydroelectric

tec hnology with special focus on the mini-hydroelectric in Lundu district, Sa rawa k.

The essence is to detennine the required characteristics of Mini -hydroe lectric. The

main objec tives and aspect of this study are to study the electri city ge neration and the

effici ency of the sys tem and to dete lmine whether the mini-hydroelectric projec ts can

fulfil the needs of a developing economy and social. In this study, the problem that

occu rs in the mini-hydroelec tric scheme is identified and some recommendati on is

included to tackle the aris ing problems associated with min i-hydroelectric projects and

evaluate it e ffectiveness to the communities . From this study, the problems that faced

by all mini-hydroelectric in Lundu, Sarawak are insufficient water, inaccess ibi lity and

difficulty in finding spare parts. Mini -hydroelectric has always been an important part

of Sarawak electricity suppl y and the importance of mini-hydroe lectric energy will

further improved beca use of its reasonable avai lability and low environmental impac ts.

To achieve these object ives, the study was to be undertaken with spec ial reference to

the Cunllng Coding, Peninden and Sebako mini-hydroelectric in Lundu, Sa ra wak.

IV

ABSTRAK

Projek ini ialah kajian mengenai teknologi mini-hidroelektrik dengan merujuk

kepada mini-hidroelektrik di daerah Lu ndu, Sarawak. Tujuan kaj ian dijalankan ialah

untuk menentukan ciri-ciri yang diperlukan oleh mini-hydroelektrik. Objektif utama

kajian ini ialah untuk mengkaji penghasilan tenaga elektrik , kecekapan bagi sesuatu

mini-hidroelektrik dan juga untuk menentukan samaada projek mini-hidroelektrik dapat

memenu hi keperluan tenaga bagi membangunkan ekonomi dan social. Dalam kaj ian

ini, masalah-masalah yang berlaku dalam projek mini-hidroelektrik ditentukan dan

beberapa cadangan disertakan bagi mengatasi masalah-masalah ya ng dihadapi serta

menghuraikan keberkesanan projek mini-hidroelektrik kepada masyarakat. Daripada

kajian, masalah-masalah yang dihadapi oleh mini-hidroe!ektrik di daerah Lundu ialah

masalah kekurangan air, sukar untuk dihubungi, dan juga kesukaran unruk

mend apatkan ala t ganti. Mini-hidroelektrik adalah penting dalam pernbekalan tenaga

elektrik di Sarawak dan kepentingan tenaga hidroe!ektrik akan meningka t kerana

mudah unruk dip~rolehi dan kesanya terhadap alam sekitar adalah rendah . Bagi

rnencapai mallama t kajian, kajian ini dijalankan dengan merujuk kepada Mini­

hidroelektrik Gunung Gading, Peninden dan Sebako ya ng terletak di daerah Lundu,

Sarawak.

v

Contents Page

DEDICATIO~ ...... . . . . .... .. ........ll

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... . ... . .. . . .... . . . .... ..... . ... . . ..... . II1

AUSTRACT .. .... ..... •.. . ... IV

NOTATION ...... . .. . ... ..... .. . .. .. .. .. . ...... . ..... . .... .

AB TRAK....... .. .....v

TABLES OF CONTF.:"/TS ..... ... ... . ... . ....... .... . .vI

[. DEX OF FIGURES..... . ...... ..... .... . . . .IX

INDEX OFTA8LES ...... . . . . ..... ...... X

CHAPTER 1- INTlWDUCT ION

1.1 Energy .. ....... . . .... ... ..... I

LI.l Types o f Energy ........ 2

1.1.2 World Energy Crisis and Consumption .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..... . . . .. . . ..... 3

1.2 Inex haustible Energy . ....... . . ..7

1.2 .1 Types of Inex.haustib le Energy and its Comparison ........... . . .. 8

1.3 Overvi ew of Hydroelectric Power. .... . ... 10

1.4 Objectives and Novel Aspects of this Study .. . ....... . . .... .... 14

CHAPTER 2- L1TERAT PRE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction .... . .. . ... . ... . .. . .. ... ...... . .. . .. .. ........ 15

2.2 Hydroelectric and it Development. .... .......... .. . .. . ... .. . ......... 16

2.3 New Innova tion on Hydroelectric Generation. .. . ... ... ........ ... ...... ... 19

2.4 Problems and Impacts due to Hydroelectric Project. .... . . . . . . .. .. . . ... . . .. ...... .. 21

VI

CHAPTER 3-l\1ETIIODOlOGY

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Observation and Data Coll ection ..... .

3.3 Data Ca lcul ation and Analysis ...

CHAJ;'TER 4- COMI'ONENTS OF MINI-HYDRO SYSTEM

Ene,gy Losses ............ ....... . .. . ... . . .

Insufficient Water ........ . .. . .. .. .... .

Inaccessibility ... .. .. . .. . . .. . ... ....... .

VII

5.3.1

5.3.2

5.3.3

....23

.24

. ..... 25

. ... .30

. ... 31

.32

. ... .... 32

....33

33

. .. ... 34

. ... 36

. .... 36

. .. 37

39

... ..41

... 42

.......... 46

... 46

.. 48

... ....51

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

Introduction.

Wei r and intake . .

Penstock

Turbine .. .

4.4.1 Types of Turbine ...

a. Reaction Turbine ..

b. Impu lse Turbine .... .

4.4.2 Pelton Wheel Turbine Efficiency

a. Hydraulic Effic iency .... .

b. Mechanical Efficiency .. .

Generator. .

CHAPTER 5- FTNDlNGS AND DISCUSSIONS

5 1 Introdu ction ..

5.2 Turbine and Overa ll System Efficiency ...

5 .3 Prob lem Faced by Mini-hydroelectric Scheme...