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NO. KAD PENGENALANANGKA GILIRAN

LEMBAGA PEPERIKSAANMALAYSIAKEMBNTBRIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA iltlilllil||ll|lillilllll4s4ll2IJIL PELAJARAN MALAYSIA 2OO72

jam Dua am tiga puluh minitJANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALANINI SEHINGGADIBERITAHU

Talis nombor kad pengenalan dan angka giliranandapada petak yang disediakan.soelan ini adalah dalam dwibahasa.dalam bahasa Inggeris mendahului soalanyang sepadandalam bahasaMelaYu.dibenarkan menicmab keseluruhan atausebahagian soalan sama ada dalam bahasa Inggerisalau bahasoMelayu.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATESMAKLUMATUNTAKCALONquestionpaperconsists fthree sections.Section

A, Section B and Section C.KertassoaLanni mengandungiiga bahagian. ahagianA,BahagianB danBahagianC.You are advise o spend90 minutes to answerquestions n Section A, 30 minutes for Section B and30 minutes for Section C.Andadinasihat upayamengambilmasa90 minit untukmenjawab oalandalamBahagianA, 30minit untukBahagianB dan30 minituntukBahagianC.

Untuk Kepunaan PemeriksaKod Pemeriksa:Bahagian Soalan MarkahPenuh MarkahDiperoleh

A1 9) 93 104 l0

l l6 11

B 7 208 20C 9 2010 20

Jumlah

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ForUse

454u2SULIT (I .rSectionA

Bahagian A[60 marlcs]160markahl

Answer all questions n this section.Jawab semut soalan dalan bahagian ini'

I The following equation shows how soapcan be prepared'

(a) (i) What is the name of this process?Apakah namaProses ni?

Palm oil + Sodium hydroxide ------_> SubstanceX + Soappersarnaanberikut menuniukkan agaimanasabunbolehdisediakan.

Minyak sawit + Natrium hidroksida

ll marklll markahlState the name of substanceX.Nyatakan narnabahan X.

II markl$ markahl(iii) Sodium chloride solid is addedto the soap mixture to complete this process'Explain why.Pepejalnatiium klorida ditambahkepadacanxpuran abununtukmelengkapkan rosesini.TerangkanmengaPa.

- lI marklll markahl(b) Two cleaning agents,J and K, ale used to wash clothes in sea water and river water'Table 1 shows the result obtained.Dua bah.an encuci, J dan K, digunakanuntuk mencucipakaian menggunakan ir laut danair sungai.Jad.ual menuniukkan eputusan ang diperoleh'

Cleaning agentBahan pencuciSeawaterAir Inut River

waterAir sungaiJ Forms scumMembentuk ekat

Does not form scumTidak membentuk ekat

K Does not form scumTidak membentuk ekat Does not form scumTidak membentukkekat

(iD

Table IJadual

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454U2(i) State the type of cleaning agents .I and K.Nyatakanenis bahanpencuciJ dan K.

ForExarniner'sUse

1(bxiii)t-:I l2 l

Total Al

J:K: 12marksf12markahl

(ii) What is the meaning of scum?Apakahmaksudkekat?l mark)ll markahl

(iii) What are the two ions in seawater that cause he formation of scum?Apakah llua ion dalam air laut yang menyebabkanembentukan ekat?

12marksf[2 markah](iv) State one advantage of cleaning agentJ compared to K'NyatakansatukelebihanbahanpencuciJ berbandingdenganbahanpencuci K.

U marklll markahl

1.2.

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ForExaminer'sUse

2(a)[=l_ l2 l

2(b)[=I l3 l

2(cXii)-;t " l2(d)-=

l r lTotal A2-=lel

SULIT .. :2 Diagram 2 shows how ammonium sulphate s produced.Rajah 2 menunjukkan agaimana ammoniumsulfat dihasilknn.

ProcessXProsesX

454U2

Reaction PTindakbalns P

(a)

DtagramZRajah 2

ProcessX and processy are industrial processes.What are the names of each of theseprocesses?ProsesX dan proses Y adalahprosesdalam industri,Apakahnama setiapproses ni?

Y:[2 marksll2 markahl

(b) What are the three raw materials needed or processX?Apakah tiga bahan mentahyang diperlukandalamprosesX?1.2.J.

(c) (i)[3 marksl

[3 markah]Write a balanced chemical equation for reaction P.Tulispersamaankimia yang seimbangbagi tindak balasP.

lI marl

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(a) What is the meaning of empirical formula?Apakahmaksudormula empirik?

4s4U2

l markllI markahl(b) Diagram 3.1 shows an incompleteequationwhich is one of steps nvolved in determiningthe empirical formula.Complete this equation.Raiah 3.1 menunjukkan ersamaan ak lengkap angmerupaknn atudaripada angkahdalammenentukano rmula empirik.Lengkapkan ersamaan tu.

MassllisimRelative atomic messllisim atom relatif

Diagram3.IlRajah3.1ll markllI markah)

Diagta- 3.2 shows the apparatusset-up for two methods usedto determinethe empiricalformula of two compounds.Rajah 3.2 menunjukknn usunan adas bagi dua kaedahyang digunakan untukmenentukanformula empirik bagi dua sebatian.

Diagram3.2Rajah3.2(i) Which method s suitable o be used o determine he empirical formula of magnesiumoxide?Kaedah yang manakah sesuai digunaknn untuk menentukan ormula empirik bagimagnesiumoksida?

I marklI markah]

Why did you choose he method in 3(cXi)?Mengapakahanda memilih kaedahdi 3(c)(r)?

(c.)

(ii)

Method IKaedah I Method IIKaedah ll

Crucible idPenutup

mangkuk pijar --->Dry hydrogengasGas hidrogen kering

ForExaminer'sUse3(a)

I t-----I l l l

3(b)t-=l l l l

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ForExaminer'sUse

3(dxi)f'l3(dxii)t-'lFt

l-'lt'lA3l r0 l

SULIT(iii)

454U2when carrying out an experiment using Method I, why does the crucible lid needto be opened once a while?semasamenjalankan ksperimenmenggunakan aedahr,mengapakahenutupmangkukpijar perlu dibuka sekali sekala?

[1 mark]ll markahl(d) Diagram 3.3 shows the results for an experiment to determine the empirical formula oflead oxide.Rajah 3'3 menunjukkan eputusanbagi satu eksperimen ntukmenentulanformula empirikbagi plumbumoksida.

Mass of combustion tubeJisim tiub pembakaranMass of combustion tube + lead oxideJisim tiub pembakaran + plumbum oksidaMass of combustion tube + leadJisim tiub pembakaran+ plumbum

= 64.00g= I17.52= 113.69

Diagram 3.3Rajah3.3Based on Diagram 3.3, determine the values of the following:BerdasarkanRajah 3.3, tentukannilai yang berikut:[Relative atomic mass: O = 16, pb = ZO7]fJisim atom relatif: O = 16,pb = 2071(i) Mass of lead/Jisim plumbum

=g

(ii) Number of moles of leadlBilanganmol plumbumft marklII markah]

[! martclll markahl(iii) Mass of oxygen/"Dsim ksigen

l marklft markahl(iv) Number of moles of oxygen/Bilanganmol oksigen= firOl

(v) Empirical formula of lead oxide/Formulaempirik bagi plumbumoksida

mol

I marklQ markahl

l1 marklfl markahl

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4 shows the electrical conductivity and melting points of substanceP, Q and R.Jadual 4 menunjukkankekonduksianelektrik dan takat lebur bahan P, Q dan R.

Table 4Jadual 4

(a) (i) State the types of structure and bonding of substanceP.Nyatakan enis struktur dan ikntan bagi bahan P.- Structure/Struktur:

454u2

SubstanceBqhanElectrical conductivity in the state ofKekonduksian kktrik dalamkeadaan Melting poinU"CTakat eburl"CSolidPepejal MoltenLeburan AqueousAkueus

P NoTidak NoTidakNoTid.ak 800

ForExaminer'sUse

Bondingllkatan:12marksl12marknhl

(ii) Explain why substanceP has a low melting point.TerangkanmengapabahanP mempunyai akat lebur yang rendah'

ll marklll markahl(b) Statehow the bonds are formed in:Nyatakan bagaimana ikatan terbentukdalam:

(i) SubstanceQlBahan Q.

f7 marlcl$ markah)(ii) SubstanceRlBahanR.

U marklll markahl

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ForUse

4(c)

4(d)

l10l

SULIT ., 4541t2(c) State why the electrical conductivity of substanceR is different in solid statecomparedto the molten and aqueousstates.Nyatakan mengapa kekonduksianelektrik bahan R adalah berbeza dalam keadaanpepejalberbandingdengandalam keadaan eburandan akueus.

Solid state/Ke daanpepejal'.

Molten and aqueousstates/Keadaaneburan dan akueus:

[2 marks][2 markah]

(d) Based on the information in Table 4, fill in the following blanks.BerdasarkanmaklumatdalamJadual4, isikan tempathtsong berikut.Substance is soluble in water.Bahan adalah terlarutkan dalam air.Substance and substanceinsoluble in water.Bahan dan bahandalam air.

tak larut13marksl

[3 markah)

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Diagram 5 shows the symbols of the atoms of elementX and elementThe letters used are not the actual symbols of the elements.Rajah 5 menunjukkan imbol atom unsurX dan atom unsur Y.Huruf yang digunakanadalah bukansimbol sebenarunsur tu.

4s4U2

::X ',ZYDiagram 5' Rajah 5

(a) State the proton number of the atom of elementXNyatakannomborproton bagi atom unsurX.II mark]ll markahl

(b) (i) Identify the position of elementX in the Periodic Table of Elements.Kenal oasti kedudukanunsur X di dalamJadual Berkala Unsur.

(iD Explain why elementX is placed at the positionTerangkan mengapa unsur X ditempatkanpadas(b)(D.

t1identified in s(b)(i).kedudukan yang dikenal

ll marklmarkahlpasti di

lI marklll markahl

(c) (i) The reactionbetween elementX andoxygen is lessreactive thanthe reaction betweenelement I and oxygen.Explain this using ideas about valence electron.Tindakbalas unsurX denganoksigenadalahkurang reaktif berbandingdengan indakbalas unsur Y denganoksigen.Jelaskanpernyataan ni menggunaknndea tentangelektronvalens-

f2 marks)[2 mnrkah]

(ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show the apparatusset-upthat can be used to determinethe reactivity of the reaction between elementX or element Y and oxygen gas.Lukis satu gambar rajah berlabel untuk menunjukkansusunan radas yang bolehdigunakanuntuk menentukan ereaktifan indakbalasbagi unsurX atau unsurY dengangas oksigen.

12marksl

ForExaminer'sUse

5(a)Gs(b)(DGs(b)(ii)

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ForExaminer'sUse

s(dxii)t-=I l3 lTotal A5t-JI l r l

SULIT 454U2(d) 2.3 g of elementX reactedcompletely with oxygen.The following equation represents he reaction.

4X(s)+ O2(s) ---+ 2X2O(s)2.3 g unsur X bertindakbalas lengkapdenganoksigen.Persamnanberikut mewakili tindak balas tu.

4X(p) + O2(s) ------+ 2XzO(p)[Relative atomic mass:X = 23, O = 16lPisim atom relatif: X = 23, O = 16l(i) Calculate the number of moles of element X.Hitung bilangan mol bagi unsur X.

lI marSll markahl(ii) Calculate the maximum mass of X2O formed.Hitung jisim maksimumX2O yang terbentuk.

[3 marks][3 markah]

Iron is a metal that rusts easily.Besi adalah sejenis ogamyang mudah berkarat.(a) (i) State the conditions for the rusting of iron.Nyatakansyarat untukpengaratanbesi.

I mark]ft markahl(ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show how the conditions for the rusting of iron involvethe ionization of iron and the flow of electron.Lukissatugambar aiahberlabeluntukmenunjukkan agaimana yaratuntukpengaratanbesimelibatkanpengionanbesi danpengaliran elektron.

[3 marksl13markahl

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(b) (i)454U2

Describethe reactions hat takeplaceat the edgeof water droplet (positive terminal)during the rusting of iron after the Fe2* and OH- ions are formed'Hurai.kantindak balas yang berlaku dipinggir titisan air (terminal positifl semasapeng(tratanbesi setelah on Fez*dan ion OH- terbentuk.

ForExaminer'sUse

6(cXi)[=I l2 l

6(cXii)t--;I l1lTotal A6t-:I l11l

13nrarksl13markahl(ii) State the change n the oxidation number of iron in 6(bXi)'Nyatakanperubahannomborpengoksidaan esidalam 6(bxi).

Il marklI markahl(c) Diagram 6 shows the use of zinc plates on an iron ship to preYent rusting.naiih S menunjukkan enggunaan epinganzinkpada sebuahkapal besi untukmengelakkanpengaratan.

Iron shipKapalbesiZinc plate

Kepingan link

Dtagrarrr6(i) Explain how the zinc platesprotect the iron ship from rusting.Terangkanbagaimanakepinganzink itu melindungiknpal besidaripada berkarat

[2 marksl12markah)Write the half equation for the reaction in 6(cXi).Tulis setengah ersamaanuntuktindakbalasdi 6(cXi).(iD

ll marklll markahl

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SULIT

7 (a)

' . :SectionBBahaginn B

f20 marksl120markahlAnswer any one questions rom this section.Jawab mana-manasatu soalan daripada bahagian ni.

The following are three examplesof sulphatesalts that can be prepared n the laboratory.Berikut adalah tiga contohgaram sulfat yang boleh disediakandi dalam makmal.. Potassium sulphate,K2SO4Kalium sulfat, K2SO1. Lead(II) sulphate,PbSO4P umbum(Il) sulfot, PbSOa. Zinc sulphate,ZnSOoZink sulfat, ZnSOa(i) From theseexamples, dentify the soluble and insoluble salts.Daripada contoh-contohni, kenalpasti garam terlarutknndan garam tak larut.

(ii) State the reactants or the preparation of the insoluble salt in 7(a)(i).Nyatakanbahan tindak balas bagi penyediaangaram tak larut di 7(aXi).

454u2

f2 marks)f2 markahl

f2 markslf2 markahl

(b) With the aid of a lebelled diagram, explain the crystallisation method for preparing an insoluble saltfrom its saturatedsolution.Dengan bantuangambar rajah berlabel, terangkan kaedahpenghabluran untuk menyediaknn aram taklarut daripada larutan tepugaram itu. 16marksl[6 markah)

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(c) Table 7 shows the observations rom some testscarried out on salt X.Jad.ual7 menunjukkan emerhatianke atas ujian yang dijalanknnke atasgaram X.

4541t2

TestUjinn ObservationPemerhatian[ : Heating of salt X solidPemanasan epeial garam X

A metal oxide is formed and a brown gas isgiven offSuatu oksida logam terbentukdan gas berwarnaperang terbebas

II : Salt X solution is mixed with excessaqueousammoniaI-arutan garam X dicampurdenganammoniaakueusberlebihan

A white precipitate white is insoluble in excessaqueousammonia is formedMendakanputih yang tak larut dalam ammoniaakue s be leb han te bentukTable 7Jadual 7

Basedon the information in Table 7:BerdasarkanmaklumatdalamJadual 1:(i) Identify an anion that is present n Test I and describea chemical test to verify the anoin.Kenalpasti satuanion yang hadir dalam Ujian I dan huraikansatuuiian kimia untukmenentusahkananion itu.

(ii) Identify two cations that arecations.

f4 marksl14markahlpresent in Test II and describe a chemical test to verify the

Kenal pasti dta kation yang hadir dalam Ujinnll dan huraikan satu ujian kimia untuk menentusahkankation itu. 16marksff6 markahl

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sulrT :,8 Diagram 8 shows an atom of elementX.The letter used is not the actual symbol of the element.Rajah 8 menunjukkan atu atom bagi unsurX.Hurufyang digunakanbukansimbol sebenarbagi unsur tu.

454U2

NucleusNukleusKeylPetunjuk:P = Protonn = Neutrone- =ElecttonJElekton

Diagram 8RaiahDescribe the atom shown in Diagram 8.Huraikan atom yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 8.

Another atom of element X has 2 neutrons.Satuatom lain bagi unpurX mempunyai2 neutron.(i) Compare this atom with the atom in Diagram 8.Bandingkanatom ini denganatom dalamRaiah 8.

(ii) Write the symbol for this atom in the form of 2X.Tulis simbol bagi atom ini dalam bentuk7X.

Graph 8 shows the heating curve of elementX.Graf 8 menunjukkan engkungpemanasanbagi unsurX.

14marksl[4 markah]

f4 marksl[4 markah]

[2 marks]f2 markahl

Temperature/oCSuhufC

Boiling pointTakat didih

Time/minuteMasa/minitGraph 8Graf8

Describe Graph 8 in terms of statesof matter, particle ilrangements and changes n energy.Huraikan GrafS dnri aspekkeadaanisim, susunan arahdan perubahan enaga.ll0 marksl$0 marknhl

(a )

(b)

(c)

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SectionCBahagian C

120marksl[2Omarkah]Answer any one question from this section.Jawabmana-manasatu soalan daripada bahagian ni.

(a) Diagram 9 shows how compound G is formed from an alkene.Rajah 9 menunjukkan agaimanasebatianG terbentukdaripada suatualkena.

45ALt2

Phosphoricacid 300'C, 60 atmAsidfosforik300'C,60 atm

Porcelain chipslSerpihan orselinHeat/Panaskan

Diagram9Rajah9Name one alkene that has less than four carbon atoms.Draw its structural formula.Namakan satu alkena yang mempunyai kurang daripada empat atom knrbon.Lukis ormula strukturny . 12marksl[2 markah]Based on the answer n 9(a)(i), what is the name of compound F and compound G?Berdasarkanawapan di 9(a)(1),apakah namasebatianF dan sebatianG? [2 marlcsl

[2 markah]State three chemical properties of compound F and three chemical properties of compound G.Nyatakan iga sifat kimia bagi sebatianF dan tiga sifat kimia bagi sehatianG.

f6 marhsl[6 markah]

(b) Alkenes, alcohols and carboxylic acids are three different homologous series.Construct a table to show the general ormula, the functional group and the name of a member in eachof the series.Alkena, alkohol dan asid karbolesilik dnlah tiga siri homologyang berbeza.Bina satu adual untukmenunjukkanormula am, kumpulanberfungsidan nama bagi satu ahli dalam setiapsiri homolog tu. IIO markslfl0 markahl

(i)

(ii)

(iiD

Alkene + H2OAlkena + HtO

CompoundG + HrOSebatian + HrO

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sul-rr il . 45411210 Table 10 shows the data from Experiment I and Experiment II that were carried out to study the rate ofreaction of zinc with two acids, P arrdQ.Jadual l0 menunjukkan ata daripada Eksperimen dan Eksperimenll yang dijalankan untukmengkaiikadartindak balas antara zink dengandua asid, P dan Q.

ExperimentEksperimen

ReactantsBahantindnk balas

ProductsHasil tindak balas ObservationPemerhatian

I2.6 p of z\nc and 50 cm3ofacid P 2.0 mol dm-'2.6 g zink dengan50 cm3asid P 2.0 mol dm 3

Zinc chloride andhydrogengasZink klorida dan gashidrogen

The temperature of themixture increasesSuhucampuranmenin kat

II2.6 s.of zinc and 50 cm3ofacidQ 2.0 mol dm''2.6 g zink dengan 50 cmrasid Q 2.0 mol dm-r

Zinc sulphateandhydrogengasZink sulfat dan gashidrogen

The temperature of themixture increasesSuhucampuranmeningkat

',]!k',lo(a) (i) By choosing either Experiment I or Experiment II, state the name of the acid used.Write the chemical equation for the reaction of this acid with zinc.DenganmernilihEksperimen atau Eksperimen \ nyatakannama asidyang digunakan.Tulis persamaankimia bagi tindak balasasid ini denganzink- f2 marksl[2 markahl

(ii) Draw an energy profile diagram for the reaction in 10(aXi).On the energy profile diagram show the:Lukis satugambar rajah profil tenagauntuk tindak balas di 10(aXi).Pada gambar rajah profil tenaga tu dituniukkan:. Heat of reaction, Af1Haba tindak balas, NI. Activation energy without a catalyst,EoTenagapengaktifan tanpa mangkin, Eo. Activation energy with a catalyst,Ea'Tenagapengaktifandenganmangkin,Eo'Explain the energy profile diagram.Jeraskangambar rajah profir tenaga tu' [ro markslll0 markahl

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(b) The graph in Diagram 10 shows the results of Experiment I and Experiment II.Graf pada Rajah l0 menunjukkan eputusanbagi Eksperimen dan EksperimenL

454112

Volume of hydrogengas/cm3I s pad u gas hid rogen/cm3

120 150 180 ZtO 240 Time/sMasalsDiagram 10' Raiah1O

Based on the graph:Berdasarkan ada graf:(i) Calculate the averagerate of reaction for either Experiment I or Experiment II.Hitung kadar tindak balaspurata bagi Eksperimen atau EksperimenI- [2 mcirlcs]12markahl(ii) Explain the different in the rate of reaction between Experiment I and Experiment II before 160 s.Use the collision theory in your explanation.Terangkan erbezaankadar tindak balas antara Eksperimenl denganEksperiemnll sebelum160 s.Gunakan eori perlanggaran dalampenerangananda. [6 marksl[6 markah]

END OF QUESTION PAPERKERTASSOALANTAMAT

ExperimentiEksperimenl 1,

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4.

5.

Steps to 3 are epeatedsingon unvulcanisedrubberstrand.Inngkahl hingga 3 diulang dengan menggunakanjalur getah tak tervulkan.Tabulation of data:Penjadualan data:

(b) (i ) J =Soap/SabunK= Detergent/Detergen(ii) The insoluble salt (precipitate) ofmagnesiumand calcium.Garamtak larut (mendakan)magnesium ankalsium.(iii) Magnesium ions and calcium ionsIon magnesium an ion kalsium(iv) J (Soaps)are biodegradableI (Sabun)adalah terbiodegradasi2 (a) X = Contact processProsessentuhY = Haber processProsesHaber(b) Sulphur, oxygen and water with platinum ascatalystSulfur, oksigen,dan air denganplatinum sebagaimangkin(c) (i) H2SO+(aq) 2NH3(aq)-+ (NHa)2SOa(aq)H2SOa(ak)2NH3(a&)+ (NHa)2SOa(oft)(ii) H2SO4 = | mole/l molNH3 =2moles/2mol(iii) As a fertiliserSebagaibaja3 (a) It shows only the simplest ratio of elementspresent n its formula.Ia menunjukkanumanisbah eringkasunsur-unsurdalam orrnulanya.(b) Number of moles of atomBilangan mol atom(c) (i) Method (I)/Kaedah (r)(ii) Becausemagnesium s an active element.It is easily oxidised to MgO.Sebabmagnesiumalah unsuraktif. Ia adalahlebih mudahdioksidakankepadaMgO.(iii) To let in air (oxygen) so as to make surethat the magnesium is completelyoxidised.Membolehkanudara (oksigen)masuksupaya

mngnesium dapat dioksidakan denganlengkapnya.(d) (i) Mass of leadJisimplumbum113.68 64.00= 49.68g(ii) Number of moles - 49'68 = 0.24Bilnnganmol 207(iii) Mass of oxygenJisim oksigenIt7 .52- 113.68= 3.94g oxygen

117.52 113.68 3.84g oksigen(iv) Number of moles - 3.84 = 0.24Bilanganmol 16(v) PbO

1C 2B8 7A1C t2cC t7cD 22DC 27 AA 32D8 37H_D 42DC 47 C

3B8D13A18A23828A33C38A43C488

4B9Bt4c19D24A29C34A39A44849C

5D10A15D2UD25C30c35D40D45B50D

2NBahagian A,(a) (i) Saponificationlsaponifikasi(ii) GlyceroVGliserot(iii) To help in the precipiration the soapUntukmenolongpemendakan abun

Type of rubberstrandJenis alur getah

RubberstrandJalur getah

UnvulcanisedTak tervulkan VulcanisedTervulkanInitial length/mmPanjangasaUmmLength whenthe weight ishung /mmlanjangapabilapemberatdigantunglmmLength whenthe weight isremoved/mmPanjangapabilapemberatdikeluarkanlmm

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4 (a) (i) Structure:MoleculeStruktur:MolekulBonding: Covalent bondIkatan: Ikatan kovalen(ii) There is low intermolecular attraction. Asmall amount of heat is enough toovercome these weak forces ofattraction.Daya tarikan antara molekulyang lemah.Jumlah haba yang kecil diperlukan untukmemutuskanaya katan tu.(b) (i) By the sharing of electronsSecara erkongsi lektron(ii) By electrostatic attraction betweenpositive and negative ions to form strongforces of attractionMelalui tarikan on antara onpositifdan ionnegatif untuk membentuk daya tarikanelekrostatikyang kuat

(c) In the solid state all the positive ions andnegative ions are tied up to one another' Theyare not mobile. Therefore they cannot conductelectricity. In the molten and aqueousstatesall the ions are mobile. Thus, it can conductelectricity.Dalam keadaanpepeial,semuaonpositif dan ionnegatif adalah terikat di antara satu sama lain.Merekatidak boleh bergerak.Jadi mereka idnkboleh mengkonduksielektrik. Dalam keadaanleburan dan keadaanakueussemua on bolehbergerak. Jadi mereka boleh mengkondulcsielektrik.(d) R is soluble in water.R adalah arut dalamair.P andQ are nsolublen water.P danQtidak larutdalamair.

5 (a) 11(b) (i) In group 1, third periodDalamkumpulan1, kalaketiga(ii) Its electron configuration is 2.8.1. This isbecauset has hree shellsof electronsandone valence electron.Susunan lektron alah 2.8.1. ni disebabkania mempunyai iga petala elektron dan satuelektronvalens.(c) (i) The valence electron in Y is furthercompared o that in X. Its valence electronis also shielded by more inner shells ofelectrons.Thus. it is more able to releaseits valence electron than X. Thus, Y ismore reactive than X.Elektron valen dalam Y adalah lebih jauhberbandingdengandi X. Elektron valensnyajuga dihalangoleh ebihbanyakpetala dalarn.Jadi ia adalah ebih mudahuntukmelepaskan

elektron valensnyaberbandingdenganX. JadiY adalah lebih berbanding dengan X.

Gas ar spoonSudukelalanggas

OxygenOksigenBurningelementXorelement YPembakaranunsurXatauunsurY2'3 = 0.1mole231 mole of X will produce 0.5 moles ofXzo

1 mol X akan menghasilkan0.5 mol X2OTherefore 0.1 mole of X will produceJadi 0.1 mol akan menghasilkan0.1x 0.5= 0.05mol X2O1 moleX2O= (2 x 23)+ 16= 62 gTherefore .05moleX2OOleh itu O.O5mol X2O=0.05x62=3.19(a) (D Presence f waterandair (oxygen)Kehadiran air dan udara (olcsiSen)

(ii)

Gas arKelalanggas(d) (i)

(ii)

(ii) oxygenOksigen WaterAir OxygenOksigenRustKarat

CathodelKatod: AnodelAnod:02 + H2O+ 4e -+ 4OH- Fe -+ Fe2*+ 2eib) (i) The Fe2+ ons combine with OH- ions to

form iron(tr) hydroxide, Fe(OH)2. Thisiron(tr) hydroxide is oxidised firther toform hydrated ron (Itr) oxide, Fe2O3.xH2O.This hydrated oxide of iron is called rust'Ion-ion Fe2* berpadudengan on-ion OHuntukmembentuk esi(lI) hidroksidaFe(OH)2.Besi(ll) hidroksida dioksidakan sel'aniutnyauntuk membentuk esi(III) oksida terhidrat,Fe2O3.xH2O.ksida erhidrat ni dinamakankarat.(ii) From 0 of Fe to +2 of Fez* and finally to+3 of Fe3+.Dari 0pada Fe ke +2padaFez' dan akhirnyake +3 pada Fe3*.

IronBesi

- FeZ*N Fez* -(%

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(c) (i) Zinc is more electropositive than iron.Zink adalah lebih elektropositif dari besi.Zn -+ Znz* + 2e is easier to form than Fe-+ Fez+ + 2eZn -+ Zn2++ 2e lebih mudnh dibentuk dari Fe-+ Fe2* + 2eThus zinc will be oxidised and not iron.This prevents the iron ship from rusting.Jadi zink akan diolcsidakan. Besi tidak afumdioksidakan. Ini akan menghalang kapal besidnri berkarat.(ii) Zn(s) -+ Znz*1aq)+ 2eZn(p) -> Zn2*1ak) 2e

BlBahagian B(a) (i) Soluble salts: Potassiumsulphateand zincsulphateGaram terlarutl

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(c) (i) Anion: NitrateAnion:NitratA little solution X is poured into a testtube. Some dilute sulphuric acid andiron(Il) sulphate solution are added'SedikitarutanX dituangkan edalamsebuahtabung uii. Sedikit asid sulfurik cair danlarutan bes (II) sulfat dicampurkan.R/ )

Concentratedsulphuric acidAsidsulfurikpekatSaltX solutionInrutan garamX+

(ii)

dilute sulphuric acidasidsulfurik air+iron(Il) sulPhatebesi(Il)sulfutA brown ring will be formed. This willconfirmed the presenceof nitrate ions.Cincin perang akan terbentuk. Ini akanmengesahkanehadiran on nitrat.The two cations can be Pb2* or Al3+.Pour the mixture into two test tubes. Addsodium hydroxide solution into the testtubes.A white precipitate s formed in thetest tubes. Add in excess of sodiumhydroxide solution into both test tube. Ifthe precipitate dissolves, then the cationis Pb2*or Al3+.Dua kation mungkinPb2*atauAl3*.Tuangkan ampuran e dalamdua abunguji.Campurkan larutan natrium hidroksida kedalam tabung uji. Mendakanputih akandibentukdalam abunguii. Tuangknnarutannatrium hidroksida berlebihan ke dalamtabung uji. Jika mendakanmelarut makakation alah Pb2*atauAl3*.

ABt r l rll l r lr r l ll t t lt t t ll-=J F=-It_--l--f- SaltX solutio" l-;==l\t Inrutan aramX \7

(a) Its nucleus contains I proton and I neutron.The charge for I proton is +1. Thus, itsnucleus has a charge of I positive. Its protonnumber is I and its nucleon number is 2. Ithas one orbiting electron. The one electroncarries a charge of -1. The atom is neutralbecause the number of electron is equal tothe number of protons. The atom is ahydrogen isotope called deuterium. It isfound in period I of group I of the PeriodicTable. It is a gas with a very low boiling andmeltingpoints.Nukleusnyamengandungi protondan I neutron.Cas untuk I proton ialah +1. Jadi nukleusnyamempunyai cas I positif. Nornbor protonnyaialah I dan ncimbor neutronnya ialah 2. Iamempunyai satu elektron mengorbit. Satuelektron mernbawacas -1. Atom ini adalahneutral kerana bilangan elektronnya adalahsama dengan bilangan proton. Atom ini ialahisotop hidrogen yang disebut deuterium. Iaberada dalam kala 1 pada kwnpulan I dalamJadual Berkala Unsur. Ia adalah seienis gasyangmempunyaiakatdidih dan takat eburyangsangatrendah.(b) (i) Both atoms have I proton' Therefore

they have the same proton number andhave similar chemical properties. Thenew atom has an extra neutron. Theatoms are isotopes. Nucleon numberwill changeto 3. This element is also anisotope of hydrogen with a heavier masscompared to the one in the diagram. Thephysical properties of the new atom isslightly different from atom X. Itsdensity, freezing point and boiling pointwill be higher than the o1e in thediagram.Kedua-duaatom mempunyai proton. Jadimerekamempunyaiombor rotonyangsamadan mempunyai ifat-sifutkimia yang samnAtom baru mempunyai atu neutron lebih'Atom-atomni adalah sotop.Nombornukleonaknn bertukarke 3. Unsur ini ialah isotophidrogendenganisim lebih beratberbandingdenganyang beradadalamrajah. Sifut-sifafizik atombaru berbeza edikitdari atomX.Ketumpatannya,akat eburdantakatdidihnyaadalah ebih tinS'7idari yang beradadalamrajah.( i i ) ?x(A=3,2=l)

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Particle arrangementSusunan arah Changen enersvPerubahan"ooi"The molecules are closetogether. They are notSyn8^ed in a regularpatrern.rne. force of attraction isweak. The particles movearound more easily.Molekul-molekul aialah rapatantara satusama ain. Merekatidak disusun mengikut coraktersusun.Daya tarikan adalahlemah. krah_zarah SsygsTql

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Three chemical properties of compound G:Tiga ciri-ciri kimia sebatianG:1. Burns completely in excess oxygenproducing carbon dioxide and waterTerbakarengkap i dalam ebihanoksigenmenghasilkanarbondiolesidann air

2. Undergoesaddition reactionMenjalani indakbalnspenambahan3. Undergoespolymerisation reactionM enjalani tindak balnspempolimean

(b)

(a) (D Experiment I, Hydrochloric acidEksperimen, asid hidroklorikZn(s) + 2HCl(aq) -+ ZnCl2@q)+ HzG)Zn(p) + 2HCl(ak) -+ ZttCl2@k)+ Hz(g)(ii)

Progress f reactionKemajuan indakbalas

The reaction is exothermic.The total heatcontent of the products is lower than thatof the reactants. Therefore heat is givenoff. The difference in energy betweenthereactantsand the products s known astheheat of reaction. The energy differencebetween the maximum energy of thecurve and the energy of the reactant iscalled the activation energy. This is theenergy barrier that must be overcomebefore the reaction can occur.Tindak balas ialah eksotermik. Jumlahkandunganhaba hnsil tindak balas adalahkurang dari jumlah kandunganhaba bahan

tindak balas. Jadi haba dibebaskan Perbezsantenngaantara balnn tindnk bala"s nx hafil tindakbakx iahh haba tindak baku. Perbesnn antaraterwga mnksimurn lenglatng graf dan temgabalnn rtndak balas iakth ternga pengakifan. Iniinlah teruga halanganyangperlu diansi sebelwntindak babs boleh berlaktt-When a catalyst is added, the activationenergy is lowered. The reaction goesthrough an easier path. The rate ofreactionincreases because more effective collisionsbetween the reactant particles can occurto produce the products faster.Apabila mangkin ditambahkan, tenagapengaktifan aknn dikurangknn. Tindak balnsberjalan melalui laluan yang lebih mudah.Kadnr tindnk balas bertambah kerana lebihperlanggaran berkesan antara zdrah-zarahbahan tindak balas akan berlaku. Ini akanmenghasilkan bahan tindak balas yang lebihcePat.

(b) (i ) Experiment IEksperimen I960 cm'

240 s= 4 cm3 s-l(ii) The acid used in experiment I ishydrochloric acid. It is amonoprotic acid.The acid produces one hydrogen ion permolecule.Asid yang digunakandalam eksperimenialahas d hidroklorik.a ialahasidmonoprotik.Asid ni menghasilkanatu on hidrogen etiapmolekul.

AlkeneAlkena

AlkeneAlkena

AlcoholAlkohol

Carboxylic acidAsidkarboksilikGeneral formulaFormulaam CnHun = 2,3,4, 5.. .n

CnH2, * 1OHn = 1,2,3,4, 5.. .n CnHzr* l COOHn = O,7,2,3, 4, 5.. .nFunctional groupKumpulan erfungsi t l-C=C- o-H

oC -oH

ExampleContoh EtheneEtenaCzH+HHtlH-C=C-H

EthanolEtanolHHtl

H- C_C -O HllHH

Ethanoic acidAsid etanoikHIH-C _C _OHttlHO

EnetgylTenaga

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The acid used n experiment I is sulphuricacid. It is a diprotic acid. The acidproduces wo hydrogen ons per molecule.If the concentration are the same,diproticacid will have more hydrogen ions perunit volume than a monoprotic acid. Thefrequency of effective collision betweenreactant particles are higher. This willresult in a higher rate of reaction forexperiment II.Asid yang digurnkan dnlam eksperimen lialah asid sulfurik. Ia ialah asiddiprotik.Asidini menghasilkanua onhidrogendartsefirtpmolekul. Pada kepekntan yang sama, asiddiprotik akan menghasilkan ebih hidrogensetiap unit isi padu berbandingdenganasidmonoprotik. Ini akan menyebabkankadartindak balas yang lebih tinggi untuk tindakbalas I.

3(a) (i)(ii)

ExothermicreactionTindak balaseksotermik

EndothermicreactionTindak balasendoterrnikExperiment IElesperimen Experiment IIEksperimenIExperiment IIIEksperimenII Experiment IVEksperimenY

(b) (i) The constantvariables n all experiments:Pemboleh bahdalamsemua ksperimen:l.The size of the polystyrene cupSaizcawanpolistirena2. The total volume of the solutionmixturein the cupJumlah isi padu l(rrutan campurandalamcawan3.The massof the sodium hydroxide

(iii)

ExperimentEksperimen Thermometer reading/'CBacaantermometerfCInitialAwal FinalAkhir

I 28 36II 29 25m 27 32ry 30 27

(ii) Hypothesis for experiment I:Hipotesisuntukeksperimen;Heat is releasedand the temperature iseswhen sodium hydroxide dissolves inwater.Haba dibebaskandan suhu menaik apabilanatriumhidroksidamelarutdalamair.(c) (i) The fall in temperaturc:4oCKejatuhan uhu:4"CReasonsfor the fall in temperature:Sebab uhumenurun:1.Heat energy is absorbed from thesurroundings. This causes the energycontent of the products to be higherthan the energy content of thereactants.Tenaga haba diserap dari sekeliling. Inimenyebabkanandunganhabadalamhasiltindak balas menjadi lebih tinggi darikandungan abadalambahan-bahanindakbalas.2.Heat energy is required to separate heparticles in crystalline ammoniumchloride during the dissolving process.Tena ahabadipe lukanuntukmen asin kanzarah-zarah dalam hablur ammoniumkloridasemnso rosesmelarut.(ii) The dissolving process of ammoniumchlorides causes the changes intemperature.Proses melarut ammonium kloridamenybabkanpe ubahansuhu.(d) Sulphuric acid: 38"CAsidsulfurik:38"CNitric acid: 32"CAsid nitrik: 32"cEthanoicacid: 30oCAsid etanoik:30"C(e) (i) 1.A gas s released CO).SuatugasdibebaskanCO).2. The temperaturedrops.Suhumenurun.3. The total volume of the liquid in thepolystyrene container increases.Jurnlah isi padu cecair dalam bekas, polistirenabertambah.(ii) The heat of reaction is positive(endothermic reaction). The total energyof the products is higher than the totalenergy of the reactants.Habatindakbalasadalahpositif (tindakbalasen"dotermik).umlah enagahasil tindakbalas

adalahlebih tinggi dari jumlah tenagabahan