shameer jalaluddin

8/14/2019 Shameer Jalaluddin

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Introduction

What is the processor? The processor does exactly what the name

implies it does: it processes instructions. Well in the simplest of terms,its your computers brain. The processor tells your computer what to

do and when to do it, it decides which tasks are more important andprioritizes them to your computers needs.

It processes instructions and manipulates data after fetching them

from the PC's RAM (random access memory), and the PC could not

function without it

Modern processors can only handle one instruction from one program

at any given point in time. Each instruction that is sent to theprocessor is called a thread. Even though it looks like you're

multitasking with your computer (running more then one program at a

time) you're reallynot.

The CPU will divide it's time and power evenly between all the

programs by switching back and forth. This little charade of switching

back and forth tricks the end user and gives us the sense ofmultitasking.

The primary disadvantage was processor didnt utilize the complete

efficiency of the CPU. In order to overcome this, a new technologyenable processor was introduced , Hyper-Threading & Dual Core.

Hyper-Threading

Hyper-Threading Technology is a groundbreaking innovation fromIntel Corporation that enables multi-threaded software applications

to execute threads in parallel This level of threading technology hasnever been seen before in a general-purpose microprocessor. Internet,

e-Business, and enterprise software applications continue to put higherdemands on processors.

To improve performance in the past, threading was enabled in the

software by splitting instructions into multiple streams so that multipleprocessors could act upon them. Today with Hyper-Threading

Technology, processor-level threading can be utilized which offers more

efficient use of processor resources for greater parallelism andimproved performance on todays multi-threaded software. Hyper-

Threading Technology provides thread-level-parallelism (TLP) on eachprocessor resulting in increased utilization of processor execution
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resources. As a result, resource utilization yields higher processingthroughput. Hyper-Threading Technology is a form of simultaneous

multi-threading technology (SMT) where multiple threads of softwareapplications can be run simultaneously on one processor.

This technology is largely invisible to the platform. In fact, manyapplications are already multi-threaded and will automatically benefitfrom this technology. Todays multi-processing aware software is also

compatible with Hyper-Threading Technology enabled platforms, but

further performance gains can be realized by specifically tuningsoftware for Hyper-Threading Technology. This technology

complements traditional multi-processing by providing additionalheadroom for future software optimizations and business growth.

Basics1. When you run multiple programs at once, the operating system

is also involved. To the end user, it appears as if the processor is

running more than one program at the same time, and indeed,there actually are multiple programs loaded into memory.

2. But the CPU can execute only one of these programs at a time.The OS maintains the illusion of concurrency by rapidly switching

between running programs at a fixed interval, called a time slice.

The time slice has to be small enough that the user doesnt notice anydegradation in the usability and performance of the running programs,

and it has to be large enough that each program has a sufficient

amount of CPU time in which to get useful work done.


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Dual Core Processor

A dual core processor is a CPU with two separate cores on the same

die, each with its own cache. It's the equivalent of getting twomicroprocessors in one.

In a single-core or traditional processor the CPU is fed strings of

instructions it must order, execute, then selectively store in its cachefor quick retrieval. When data outside the cache is required, it is

retrieved through the system bus from random access memory (RAM)

or from storage devices. Accessing these slows down performance tothe maximum speed the bus, RAM or storage device will allow, which is

far slower than the speed of the CPU. The situation is compounded

when multi-tasking. In this case the processor must switch back andforth between two or more sets of data streams and programs. CPU

resources are depleted and performance suffers.
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In a dual core processor each core handles incoming data stringssimultaneously to improve efficiency. Just as two heads are better than

one, so are two hands. Now when one is executing the other can be

accessing the system bus or executing its own code. Adding to this

favorable scenario, both AMD and Intel's dual-core flagships are 64-bit.

To utilize a dual core processor, the operating system must be able to

recognize multi-threading and the software must have simultaneousmulti-threading technology (SMT) written into its code. SMT enables

parallel multi-threading wherein the cores are served multi-threaded

instructions in parallel. Without SMT the software will only recognizeone core. Adobe Photoshop is an example of SMT-aware software. SMT

is also used with multi-processor systems common to servers.
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-operating-system.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-adobe.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-operating-system.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-adobe.htm


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Intel Core 2 processor family

Originallogo *

Newlogo

Desktop Laptop

Code-

namedCore

Date

released

Code-

namedCore

Date

released

ConroeAllendale

Wolfdale

dual

(65 nm)dual

(65 nm)

dual(45 nm)

Aug 2006Jan 2007

Jan 2008

Merom

Penryn

dual(65 nm)

dual

(45 nm)

Jul 2006

Jan 2008

Conroe XEKentsfield

XEYorkfield

XE

dual

(65 nm)quad

(65 nm)quad

(45 nm)

Jul 2006

Nov 2006Nov 2007

Merom

XEPenryn

XEPenryn

XE

dual

(65 nm)dual

(45 nm)quad

(45 nm)

Jul 2007

Jan 2008Aug 2008

Kentsfield

Yorkfield

quad

(65 nm)

quad(45 nm)

Jan 2007

Mar 2008Penryn

quad

(45 nm)Aug 2008

Desktop version not availableMeromPenryn

Single(65 nm)Single

(45 nm)

Sep 2007May 2008

* Sort by initial date releasedList of Intel Core 2 microprocessors

A dual core processor is different from a multi-processor system. In

the latter there are two separate CPUs with their own resources. In theformer, resources are shared and the cores reside on the same chip. A

multi-processor system is faster than a system with a dual coreprocessor, while a dual core system is faster than a single-core

system, all else being equal.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Conroe#Conroehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Allendale#Allendalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Wolfdale#Wolfdalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Merom#Meromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Penryn#Penrynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Conroe_XE#Conroe_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Kentsfield_XE#Kentsfield_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Kentsfield_XE#Kentsfield_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Yorkfield_XE#Yorkfield_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Yorkfield_XE#Yorkfield_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Merom_XE#Merom_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Merom_XE#Merom_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Penryn_XE#Penryn_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Penryn_XE#Penryn_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Penryn_XE#Penryn_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Penryn_XE#Penryn_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Kentsfield#Kentsfieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Yorkfield#Yorkfieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Penryn#Penrynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Merom#Meromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Penryn#Penrynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_2_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intel_Core2_Solo2009.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intel_Core_2_Solo.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intel_Core2_Qu2009.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intel_Core_2_Quad.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intel_Core2_Ex2009.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intel_Core_2_Extreme.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intel_Core2_Duo2009.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intel_Core_2_Duo.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Conroe#Conroehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Allendale#Allendalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Wolfdale#Wolfdalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Merom#Meromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Penryn#Penrynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Conroe_XE#Conroe_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Kentsfield_XE#Kentsfield_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Kentsfield_XE#Kentsfield_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Yorkfield_XE#Yorkfield_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Yorkfield_XE#Yorkfield_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Merom_XE#Merom_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Merom_XE#Merom_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Penryn_XE#Penryn_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Penryn_XE#Penryn_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Penryn_XE#Penryn_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Penryn_XE#Penryn_XEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Kentsfield#Kentsfieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Yorkfield#Yorkfieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Penryn#Penrynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Merom#Meromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Penryn#Penrynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_2_microprocessors


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An attractive value of dual core processors is that they do not requirea new motherboard, but can be used in existing boards that feature

the correct socket. For the average user the difference in performancewill be most noticeable in multi-tasking until more software is SMT

aware. Servers running multiple dual core processors will see an

appreciable increase in performance.

Multi-core processors are the goal and as technology shrinks, there is

more "real-estate" available on the die. In the fall of 2004 Bill Siu of

Intel predicted that current accommodating motherboards would behere to stay until 4-core CPUs eventually force a changeover to

incorporate a new memory controller that will be required for handling4 or more cores.

Multi Core Processor

A multi-core processor is a processing system composed of two ormore independent cores (or CPUs). The cores are typically integrated

onto a single integrated circuitdie (known as a chip multiprocessor orCMP), or they may be integrated onto multiple dies in a single chip

package. A many-core processor is one in which the number of cores is

large enough that traditional multi-processor techniques are no longerefficient this threshold is somewhere in the range of several tens of

cores and likely requires a network on chip.
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-motherboard.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-motherboard.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_On_Chiphttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-motherboard.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-motherboard.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_On_Chip


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A dual-core processor contains two cores, and a quad-core processorcontains four cores. A multi-core processor implements

multiprocessing in a single physical package. Cores in a multi-coredevice may be coupled together tightly or loosely. For example, cores

may or may not share caches, and they may implement message

passing or shared memory inter-core communication methods.Common network topologies to interconnect cores include: bus, ring,

2-dimensional mesh, and crossbar. All cores are identical inhomogeneous multi-core systems and they are not identical in

heterogeneous multi-core systems. Just as with single-processor

systems, cores in multi-core systems may implement architecturessuch as superscalar, VLIW, vector processing, SIMD, or

multithreading.

Multi-core processors are widely used across many application

domains including: general-purpose, embedded, network, digital signal

processing, and graphics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_passinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_passinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbar_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLIWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_hardware)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_processorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_passinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_passinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbar_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLIWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_hardware)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_processorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit


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The amount of performance gained by the use of a multi-coreprocessor is strongly dependent on the software algorithms and

implementation. In particular, the possible gains are limited by the

fraction of the software that can be "parallelized" to run on multiplecores simultaneously; this effect is described by Amdahl's law. In the

best case, so-called embarrassingly parallel problems may realizespeedup factors near the number of cores. Many typical applications,

however, do not realize such large speedup factors and thus, theparallelization of software is a significant on-going topic of research.
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Development

While manufacturing technology continues to improve, reducing the

size of single gates, physical limits of semiconductor-basedmicroelectronics have become a major design concern. Some effects of

these physical limitations can cause significant heat dissipation anddata synchronization problems. The demand for more capablemicroprocessors causes CPU designers to use various methods of

increasing performance. Some instruction-level parallelism (ILP)methods like superscalarpipelining are suitable for many applications,

but are inefficient for others that tend to contain difficult-to-predict

code. Many applications are better suited to thread level parallelism(TLP) methods, and multiple independent CPUs is one common method

used to increase a system's overall TLP. A combination of increasedavailable space due to refined manufacturing processes and the

demand for increased TLP is the logic behind the creation of multi-coreCPUs.

Advantages

The proximity of multiple CPU cores on the same die allows the cachecoherency circuitry to operate at a much higher clock rate than is

possible if the signals have to travel off-chip. Combining equivalent

CPUs on a single die significantly improves the performance of cachesnoop (alternative: Bus snooping) operations. Put simply, this means

that signals between different CPUs travel shorter distances, and

therefore those signals degrade less. These higher quality signals allowmore data to be sent in a given time period since individual signals can

be shorter and do not need to be repeated as often.

The largest boost in performance will likely be noticed in improved

response time while running CPU-intensive processes, like antivirus

scans, ripping/burning media (requiring file conversion), or searchingfor folders. For example, if the automatic virus scan initiates while a

movie is being watched, the application running the movie is far lesslikely to be starved of processor power, as the antivirus program will

be assigned to a different processor core than the one running themovie playback.

Assuming that the die can fit into the package, physically, the multi-

core CPU designs require much less Printed Circuit Board (PCB) spacethan multi-chip SMP designs. Also, a dual-core processor uses slightly

less power than two coupled single-core processors, principally

because of the decreased power required to drive signals external to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipelininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_level_parallelismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_coherencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_coherencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_snoopinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_snoopinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_snoopinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degradation_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipelininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_level_parallelismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_coherencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_coherencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_snoopinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_snoopinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_snoopinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degradation_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board


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the chip. Furthermore, the cores share some circuitry, like the L2cache and the interface to the front side bus (FSB). In terms of

competing technologies for the available silicon die area, multi-coredesign can make use of proven CPU core library designs and produce a

product with lower risk of design error than devising a new wider core

design. Also, adding more cache suffers from diminishing returns.

Disadvantages

In addition to operating system (OS) support, adjustments to existing

software are required to maximize utilization of the computingresources provided by multi-core processors. Also, the ability of multi-

core processors to increase application performance depends on theuse of multiple threads within applications. The situation is improving:

for example the Valve Corporation's Source engine, offers multi-core

support, and Crytek has developed similar technologies for CryEngine2, which powers their game, Crysis. Emergent Game Technologies

Gamebryo engine includes their Floodgate technology[3] whichsimplifies multicore development across game platforms. See Dynamic

Acceleration Technology for the Santa Rosa platform for an example ofa technique to improve single-thread performance on dual-core

processors.

Integration of a multi-core chip drives production yields down and theyare more difficult to manage thermally than lower-density single-chip

designs. Intel has partially countered this first problem by creating its

quad-core designs by combining two dual-core on a single die with aunified cache, hence any two working dual-core dies can be used, as

opposed to producing four cores on a single die and requiring all fourto work to produce a quad-core. From an architectural point of view,

ultimately, single CPU designs may make better use of the silicon

surface area than multiprocessing cores, so a developmentcommitment to this architecture may carry the risk of obsolescence.

Finally, raw processing power is not the only constraint on systemperformance. Two processing cores sharing the same system bus and

memory bandwidth limits the real-world performance advantage. If a

single core is close to being memory bandwidth limited, going to dual-core might only give 30% to 70% improvement. If memory bandwidth

is not a problem, a 90% improvement can be expected[citation needed]. Itwould be possible for an application that used two CPUs to end up

running faster on one dual-core if communication between the CPUswas the limiting factor, which would count as more than 100%

improvement.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_side_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_engine#Multiprocessor_optimizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crytekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CryEngine_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CryEngine_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_Game_Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamebryohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-core#cite_note-2#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrino#Santa_Rosa_platform_.282007.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_side_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_engine#Multiprocessor_optimizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crytekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CryEngine_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CryEngine_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_Game_Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamebryohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-core#cite_note-2#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrino#Santa_Rosa_platform_.282007.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed


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Examples of Multi-core processors

Intelo Celeron Dual-Core, the first dual-core processor for the

budget/entry-level market.o Core Duo, a dual-core processor.

o Core 2 Duo, a dual-core processor.

o Core 2 Quad, a quad-core processor.

o Core i7, a quad-core processor, the successor of the Core 2

Duo and the Core 2 Quad.o Itanium 2, a dual-core processor.

o Pentium D, 2 single-core dies packaged in a multi-chip

module.

o Pentium Dual-Core, a dual-core processor.

o Teraflops Research Chip (Polaris), a 3.16 GHz, 80-coreprocessor prototype, which the company says will be

released within the next five years[5].

o Xeon dual-, quad- and hexa-core processors.

AMDo Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX and Athlon 64 X2 family, dual-core

desktop processors.

o

Opteron, dual- and quad-core server/workstationprocessors.

o Phenom, dual-, triple-, and quad-core desktop processors.

o Sempron X2, dual-core entry level processors.

o Turion 64 X2, dual-core laptop processors.

o Radeon and FireStream multi-core GPU/GPGPU (10 cores,

16 5-issue wide superscalarstream processors per core)

IBMo POWER4, the world's first non-embedded dual-core

processor, released in 2001.

o POWER5, a dual-core processor, released in 2004.

o POWER6, a dual-core processor, released in 2007.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeron#Celeron_Dual-Core_.28Core.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_Duohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2_Duohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2_Quadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2_Duohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2_Duohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2_Quadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itanium_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dual-Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teraflops_Research_Chiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-core#cite_note-4#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64_FXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64_X2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opteronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenom_(processor)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sempron_X2&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turion_64_X2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_FireStreamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPGPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWER4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWER5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWER6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeron#Celeron_Dual-Core_.28Core.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_Duohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2_Duohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2_Quadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2_Duohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2_Duohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2_Quadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itanium_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dual-Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teraflops_Research_Chiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-core#cite_note-4#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64_FXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64_X2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opteronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenom_(processor)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sempron_X2&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turion_64_X2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_FireStreamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPGPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWER4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWER5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWER6


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o PowerPC 970MP, a dual-core processor, used in the Apple

Power Mac G5.

o Xenon, a triple-core, SMT-capable, PowerPC

microprocessor used in the Microsoft Xbox 360 game

console.

IBM, Sony, and Toshiba Cell processor, a nine-coreprocessor with one general purpose PowerPC core and eight

specialized SPUs (Synergystic Processing Unit) optimized forvector operations used in the SonyPlayStation 3.

Nvidiao GeForce 9 multi-core GPU (8 cores, 16 scalar stream

processors per core)

o GeForce 200 multi-core GPU (10 cores, 24 scalar stream


o Tesla multi-core GPGPU (10 cores, 24 scalar stream


Intel Core 2

The Core 2 brand refers to a range of Intel's consumer 64-bitx86-64

single-, dual-, and quad-core CPUs based on the Intel Core

microarchitecture. The single- and dual-core models are single-die,whereas the quad-core models comprise of two dies, each containing

two cores, packaged in a multi-chip module. The introduction of Core 2relegated the Pentium brand to the mid-range market, and reunified

laptop and desktop CPU lines, which previously had been divided intothe Pentium 4, Pentium D, and Pentium M brands.

The Core microarchitecture returned to lower clock rates and improvedthe usage of both available clock cycles and power when comparedwith the preceding NetBurst microarchitectue of the Pentium 4/D-

branded CPUs. The Core microarchitecture provides more efficient

decoding stages, execution units, caches, and buses, reducing thepower consumption of Core 2-branded CPUs, while increasing their

processing capacity. Intel's CPUs have varied wildly in power
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC_970http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Mac_G5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_(processor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreadinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshibahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(microprocessor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce_9_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce_200_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64-bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_microarchitecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_microarchitecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-chip_modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_(brand)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Pentium_Dual-Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Mhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBursthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_consumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC_970http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Mac_G5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_(processor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreadinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshibahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(microprocessor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce_9_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce_200_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64-bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_microarchitecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_microarchitecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-chip_modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_(brand)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Pentium_Dual-Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Mhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBursthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_consumption


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consumption according to clock rate, architecture, and semiconductorprocess.

The Core 2 brand was introduced on July 27, 2006, comprising the

Solo (single-core), Duo (dual-core), Quad (quad-core), and in 2007,

the Extreme (dual- or quad-core CPUs for enthusiasts) version. IntelCore 2 processors with vPro technology (designed for businesses)include the dual-core and quad-core branches.

The Intel Core2 Quad processor for were designed to handlemassive compute and visualization workloads enabled by powerful

multi-core technology. Providing all the bandwidth you need for next-generation highly-threaded applications, the latest four-core Intel Core

2 Quad processors are built on 45nm Intel Core microarchitecture

enabling faster, cooler, and quieter desktop PC and workstationexperiences.

Duo, Quad, and Extreme

The Core 2-branded CPUs include:

"Conroe" (dual-core for higher- and lower-end desktops)

"Merom" (dual-core for laptops)

"Kentsfield" (quad-core for desktops), and their variants named:

"Penryn" (dual-core for laptops)

"Wolfdale" (dual-core for desktops, low-end dual-core for desktops)

"Yorkfield" (quad-core for desktops).

Features:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_vProhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Future_processors#Future_processorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_vProhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Future_processors#Future_processors


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With four processing cores, up to 12MB of shared L2 cache and 1333MHz Front Side Bus the Intel Core 2 Quad desktops processor delivers

amazing performance and power efficiency enabled by the all newhafnium-based circuitry of 45nm Intel Core microarchitecture.

The Virtualization Technology (with some exceptions)

Execute Disable Bit and SSE3.

Their Core microarchitecture introduced also SSSE3, Trusted ExecutionTechnology, Enhanced SpeedStep, and Active Management Technology

(iAMT2).

Power your most demanding applications like encoding, rendering,editing or streaming HD multimedia.

With a thermal design power (TDP) of up to only 65 W, the Core 2dual-core Conroe consumed only half the power of less capable, butalso dual-core Pentium D-branded desktop chips with a TDP of up to

130 W (a high TDP requires additional cooling that can be noisy orexpensive).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_virtualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NX_Bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSE3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_microarchitecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSE3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Execution_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Execution_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpeedStephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Active_Management_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_design_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Conroe#Conroehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_virtualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NX_Bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSE3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_microarchitecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSE3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Execution_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Execution_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpeedStephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Active_Management_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_design_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2#Conroe#Conroehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_D


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The Past, Present & Future

shameer jalaluddin

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