SEKTOR SEKBAH

KEMENTERI

D

Tw

DO NOT OPEN THE TEST

1. This paper consists of three sectioSection B and Section C. Answein Section A, one question in Sectquestion in Section C.

2. Write your answers in the spacesSection A. Important steps in calshown .

3. Write your answers on the separaprovided for Section B and Sectio

4. Answer Section B and Section Cuse equation, diagram, table, grapmethods to explain your answers.

5. Show your working, it may help y6. If you wish to change your answe

the answer that you have done. Thnew answer

7. The diagram in the questions areunless stated.

8. Marks allocated for each questionquestion are shown in brackets.

9. The time suggested to answer Secminutes, Section B is 30 minutesminutes.

10. The use of a non programmable cpermitted.

This Question P

Name:…………………………………………………

Form :…………………………………………….4551/2BiologyPaper 2October2007

2

12 hours

4551/2 @ SBP 2007

OLAH BERASRAMA PENUHAGIAN SEKOLAH

AN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA

IAGNOSTIC TESTFORM FOUR

BIOLOGY

PAPER 2

o hours thirty minutes

PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

For Examiner’s Use

Section QuestionFull

MarksMarks

Obtained1

12

212

3 12

4 12

A

5 12

6 20B

7 20

8 20C

9 20

Total 100

ns. Section A,r all the questionsion B and one

provided forculations must be

te answer sheetsn C.in detail. You mayh and other suitable

ou to get marks.r, neatly cross outen write down the

not drawn to scale

or part of the

tion A is 90and Section C is 30

alculator is

aper Consists of 18 Printed Pages

[Turn overCONFIDENTIAL

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SECTION A

[60 marks]

Answer all questions from this section.

1. Diagram 1.1 shows an example of cell organization in a multicellular organism.

Diagram 1.1

(a) (i) Name the different types of cells shown in P, Q and R

P: ……………………...........................

Q: ……………………………………..

R: ……………………………………..[2 marks]

(ii) State the functions of these cells.

P: ………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………….

Q: ………………………………………………………………………..............

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R: ………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..[3 marks]

(b) Based on the information obtained from diagram 1.1, explain the meaning ofcell specialization.

……………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………...[1mark]

(c) Name the organ in diagram 1.1 and the tissues that form it.

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………[2 marks]

(d ) The human skin and the epidermis of plants act as a barrier against water loss,mechanical injury and infection by microorganisms. However, the human skincan also perform other functions like temperature regulation, excretion andsensory perception.

Explain the above statement.

……………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………...

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……………………………………………………………………………………[4 marks]

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2. Diagram 2.1 shows a schematic diagram of the mechanism of photosynthesis.

DIA

(a) Identify the parts of a chloroptake place.

Reaction X:

………………………………

Reaction Y:

………………………………

Carbon dioxide

Hydrogen atom

H+

Reaction X

Reaction Y

e

ATP

GRAM 2.1

last where the two re

……………………

……………………

Water

Process Z

Oxygen

Water

Glucose

OH-

Chlorophyll e-

actions of ph

………………

………………

Water

-

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otosynthesis

……………

…………….[2 marks]

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(b) Name one type of cell where reactions X and Y take place.

…………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(c) Compare reaction X and reaction Y in other aspects that do not involve lightenergy.

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………[2 marks]

(d) Explain process Z.

…………………………………………………………………………………

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…………………………………………………………………………………[2 marks]

(e) The leaves of some temperate plants like pine trees are evergreen and do notfall in winter.

(i) Explain the effect of winter on the rate of photosynthesis.

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………[3 marks]

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(ii) Explain how farmers can overcome the above problems in order to maintainthe productivity of crops in winter.

…………………………………………………………………………………

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…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

[2 marks]

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3. Diagram 3.1 shows a part of the respiratory system of humans.

DIAGRAM 3.1

(a)(i) Name structures X and Y

Structure X : ……………………………………………………………………

Structure Y : ……………………………………………………………………[2 marks]

(ii) Name the process that enables the exchange of the respiratory gases to occurbetween X and Y.

……………………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

Bloodcapillary

cell

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(iii) Explain how the differences in the partial pressures can cause the exchange ofthe respiratory gases between X and Y and between X and the body cells.

………………………………………………………………………………………

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………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………[ 4 marks ]

(b) If carbon monoxide gas from the car exhaust was accidentally inhaled , explain howexposure to the gas for several minutes can lead to death.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………… .[ 2 marks ]

(c) During heavy physical activities the muscles of the hands and legs can become fatiqueand the individual will pant, feel tired and weak. Explain the changes that occur in thebody during this period.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

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…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..[ 3 marks ]

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4. Diagram 4.1 shows a stage during a type of cell division in an animal cell.

DIAGRAM 4.1

a) (i) Name the stage of the cell division shown in diagram4.1

…………………………………………………………………………………[ 1 mark ]

(ii) How many chromosomes are there in the cell?

………………………………………………………………………………….[ 1 mark]

(b) Based on what you have learnt about mitosis and meiosis, explain whether the cellin Diagram 4.1 is formed by a normal cell division.

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………[ 2 marks ]

homologouschromosomes

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(c) If the cell in Diagram 4.1 undergoes a meiotic division, draw a labelled diagram toshow the behavior of the chromosomes during Metaphase 1.

[ 3 marks ]

(d) Down’s Syndrome is the result of an additional chromosome, causing eachsomatic cell to have a total of 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46chromosomes. The affected individual have certain characteristics like slantedeyes, short stature and mental retardation.

Based on the above information, explain what went wrong to the gametes thatform a child with the above mentioned genetic disorder.

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………[ 2 marks ]

(e) Explain how meiosis plays an important role in sexually reproducing organismswhilst mitosis plays an important role in the formation of clones.

……………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………...[ 3 marks ]

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5. Three different populations in a small lake are linked in a food chain. Diagram 5.1shows the changes in size of these populations over a period of time.

Diagram 5.1

(a)(i) Using the information in Diagram 5.1 identify the producer

..........................................................................................................................

(ii)Name the trophic level in the food chain of organisms A.

………………………………………………………………………….....................[2 marks]

(b) Referring to the graphs, suggest what substances may have entered the lake attime B. Explain your answer.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

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…………………………………………………………………………………………[5 marks]

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(c) Explain how the change in the size of the population of bacteria after time C isrelated to the size of the plant population.

.....................................................................................................................................

………………………………………………………………………………………....

………………………………………………………………………………………..[2 marks]

(d) Suggest a method to estimate the fish population in the lake throughout the period.

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………[1mark]

(e) Diagram 5.2 is a graph that shows the amount of oxygen in the same lake beforetime B. Complete the graph to show how the oxygen concentration will change overthe same time period shown in Diagram 5.1.

[2 marks]

Diagram 5.2

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SECTION B

[20 marks]

Answer any one questions from this section.

6 (a) Diagram 6.1 shows the structure of an enzyme and two types of substrate inone part of the human digestive system.

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DIAGRAM 6.1

Based on diagram 6.1, explain the mechanism of enzyme action .[ 4 marks ]

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b. Diagram 6.2 shows the digestive system of humans, ruminants and rodents .

DIAGRAM 6.2

Based on diagram 6.2, compare the digestive system of humans, ruminants androdents and the digestion of cellulose.

[ 10 marks]

(c) A patient suffering from intestinal cancer has to undergo an operation toremove a part of his intestines.Explain the problems regarding nutrition that the patient would be facing afterthe operation.

[ 6 marks]

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7. The graph in Diagram 7.1 shows the relationship between the populations of ratsand owls in an oil palm plantation.

DIAGRAM 7.1

a Based on diagram 7.1, describe the relationship between the rats and theowls in the oil palm plantation ? .

[ 6 marks ]

b Describe the interactions between the following organisms.

- A clown fish and sea anemones- Alga and fungus ( lichen )

[ 4 marks]

owls

rats

Time (months)

Populationof animals

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16

c. Diagram 7.2 shows the nitrogen cycle in a vegetable farm .

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DIAGRAM 7.2

Describe what will happen to the rate of vegetable production if organisms P andQ die as a result of excessive use of pesticides in the vegetable farm.

[ 10 marks]

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SECTION C

[20 marks]

Answer any one questions from this section.

8 (a) Table 1 shows a daily energy requirement of various individuals.

INDIVIDUAL DAILY ENERGY REQUIREMENT(kJ)

i Very active man 15 100ii Breast feeding woman 10 000iii Average woman aged 25 9 200iv Boy aged 12 – 15 11 700v Girl aged 12 – 15 9 600vi Child aged 7 7 500vii Man aged 70 8 500

TABLE 1Explain the daily energy requirement for any three groups of individualsas compared to that of an average woman aged 25. [10 marks]

(b) Based on Table 2, suggest and justify an appropriate menu for each targetgroup:(i) pregnant mothers(ii) people with cardiovascular disease(iii) teenagers aged 17

Food Protein(g)

Lipid(g)

Carbohydrate(g)

Minerals Vitamins

Calcium(mg)

Ferum(mg)

A (µg) D(µg)

B1

(mg)

Rice 6.2 1.0 86.8 4.0 0.4 0 0 0.08Bread 8.00 1.70 54.30 100.00 1.70 0 0 0.18Beef 18.10 17.10 0 7.00 1.90 0 0 0.06Eggs 12.30 10.90 4.20 100.00 0.10 155.0

00.10 0.09

Fish 17.40 0.70 0 16.00 0.50 0 0 0.08Milk 3.30 3.80 4.80 120.00 0.10 44.00 0.05 0.04Margarine 0.20 81.50 0 4.00 0.30 900.0

08.00 0

Oranges 0.80 0 8.50 41.00 0.30 8.00 0 0.10Yoghurt 5.00 1.00 6.40 180.00 0.10 10.00 0.02 0.05

TABLE 2[ 10 marks]

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9. Diagram 9 shows one source of air pollution.

DIAGRAM 9

a Name three other types of air pollutants and describe their effects on living things.

[ 10 marks]

b Suggests strategies that can be taken to reduce air pollution.[ 10 mark]

END OF QUESTION PAPER

MARKING SCHEME: BIOlOGY PAPER 2

Parts ofquestion

Criteria/Explanation Mark/score

Remark

1(a)(i) P : red blood cellQ: heart muscle cellR: epithelial cell

2 marks 3 correct- 2m2 correct- 1m1 correct- 0m

(ii) Sample answer:P: Transport oxygen from lungs/heart to all the cells

in the body in the form of oxyhaemoglobin/Transport carbon dioxide from cells to lungs in theform of carbaminohaemoglobin

Q: Form the muscular tissues of the wall of the heartthat can contract and relax to pump blood to allparts of body.

R: Form a continous protective layer over the surfaceof the heart ( pericardium) /other body surfaces

3 marks

(b) Sample answer:Process in which cells grow, change shape anddifferentiate in order to carry out specific functions.

1mark

(c) F1: HeartF2: The heart has muscle tissues, connective tissues

and epithelial tissues ( also nerve tissue but notin diagram)

2 marks

(d) Sample answer:F1: The human skin is an organ whereas the

epidermis of a plant is a tissueE1: Both skin and epidermis consist of cells that are

interconnected and continousE2: form a protective layer over the surfaceF2: Skin has other tissues :

- connective tissues like blood for temperatureregulation

- nerve tissue for sensory perceptions andtemperature control

- epithelial tissue forms protective layer andsweat glands for excretion (urea)

- muscle tissue like erector pili muscle fortemperature control.

1 mark

1 mark

Any 2correct2 marks

Total=12

Parts ofQuestion

Criteria / Explanation Mark /Score

Remark

2(a)

(b)

(c)

Able to identify the parts ofchloroplast where reaction X(light reaction) and reaction Y (darkreaction) take place.

Answer :

Reaction X : granaReaction Y : stroma

Able to name one type of cell wherereaction X takes place.

Answer :

Palisade mesophyll cell / spongymesophyll cell / guard cell

Able to contrast between reaction X(light reaction) and reaction Y (darkreaction).

Sample Answer :

Reaction X(lightreaction)

Reaction Y(dark reaction)

F2 Require waterfor photolysis

Requirehydrogen forreduction ofcarbon dioxide

F3 Produce ATPand oxygen

Produce glucoseas the finalproduct

11

1

1 2

1

Accept alsothylakoid

Parts ofQuestion

Criteria / Explanation Mark /Score

Remark

(d)

(e) (i)

(e) (ii)

Able to explain process Z based onthe criteria below :

F : name of process ZE : products of process Z

Sample Answer :

F : photolysis of waterE : Light energy is used to split

water molecules into hydroxylions

(OH-) and hydrogen ions (H+)

Able to explain the effect of winteron the rate of photosynthesis.

Sample Answer :

F : Rate of photosynthesisdecreasesE1 : Low light intensityE2 : Low temperature

Able to identify and explain ways tomaintain the productivity of crops inwinter.

Sample Answer :

F : Grow the crops in greenhouse.E : Temperature and light intensity

are artificially controlled.

1

1

1

11

11

Total=12

Parts ofQuest.

Criteria/Explanation Mark/Score Remark

3a(i)

a(ii)

a(iii)

(b)

Structure X: red blood cellStructure Y: alveolus

Simple diffusion

Sample answer:

At alveolus :F1- partial pressure of oxygen is higher in

Y(alveolus) than in X(red blood cell)E1- oxygen diffuses from Y to X

following the concentration gradient.

F2- partial pressure of carbon dioxide ishigher in X /blood than in Y

E2- Carbon dioxide diffuses from X to Yfollowing the concentration gradient

At body cells :F3- partial pressure of oxygen is higher in X

than in body cellsE3- oxygen diffuses from X into body cells.

F4- partial pressure of carbon dioxide ishigher in body cells than in X

E4- carbon dioxide diffuses from body cellsto X

Sample answer:

F1- carbon monoxide combines faster withhaemoglobin than oxygen

E1- form carboxyhaemoglobin(permanently) / carboxyhaemoglobindoes not breakdown to releasehaemoglobin

E2- haemoglobin cannot transport oxygen tocells

E3- cells lack oxygen for respiration and die.

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 mark foreach pair offact andexplanationcorrect.

4marks

F1 correct

Anyexplanation(E1/E2/E3)

2 marks

(c) Sample answer:

F1: oxygen debt occurred/ anaerobicrespiration occurred

E1: blood cannot supply enough oxygen tomuscle cells

E2: muscle cells undergo anaerobicrespiration to obtain extra energy

E3: glucose breakdown partially into lacticacid

E4: accumulation of lactic acid causesmuscle fatique

E5: panting occurs to inhale more oxygento oxidize lactic acid to carbon dioxideand water.

1

1

1

1 fact and any2 explanations

3 marks

Total=12

Parts ofQuestion

Criteria/ Explanation Mark/score Remark

4(a) (i) Able to name the stage of the cellSample Answer:

Prophase (of mitosis) (Early) Prophase I (of Meiosis)

1

(ii) Able to count the number ofchromosomes:- 7 chromosomes 1

(b) Able to give a definite answerAnswer: No 1

Able to explain fact explanationSample Answer: F1 : This is not a normal diploid cell P1: because there is an extra

chromosome that cannot form ahomologous pair 1 2

(c) Able to draw the Metaphase I accurately: 3 pairs of homologous

chromosomes at the equatorial plate 1 chromosome without its

homologous pair Spindle fibers formed

Able to label chromosome and spindlefiberSample answer

Refer diagram 4c

1

1

1 3

(d) F:Abnormal meiotic divisionE1: form abnormal gametes with extra

chromosomesE2 : fusion of normal sperm with 23

chromosomes with abnormal ovumwith 24 chromosomes

E3 : Zygote formed has 47 chromosomes

1

1

1F and1 E

(e) Able to state the importance of meiosis:

Sample Answer:F: Maintain the chromosomal number

of an organism from generation togeneration

E:Produce gametes (with haploidnumber of chromosomes.)

Able to state the importance of mitosis:Sample answer:

E: Produce genetically identical organismswith the same characteristics.

TOTAL

1

1

1 3

12marks

Diagram 4 cMetaphase 11( abnormal cell division)

Parts ofQuestion

Criteria/explanation Mark/Score

Remark

5(a)(i) Algae/ phytoplanktons/ aquatic plants 1 mark

(ii) Trophic level 2 (primary consumer) 1 mark

(b)Sample answer

F1: Inorganic fertilizers/ domestic sewageentered lake.

E1: Nutrients encourage algae to growrapidly ( algal bloom)

E2: High density of algae cause lightintensity in water to be greatlyreduced

E3: Death of plants/algae/submergedplants/ eutrophication

E4:: decomposition by bacteriaE5: Population of bacteria increasesE6: dissolved oxygen concentration

decreases ( BOD increases)E7: Death of aquatic organisms eg.

population of fish decreases

1 mark

Any 4correctexplanation

5marks

(c ) Sample answer:

F: Population of plants decreases butpopulation of bacteria increases.

E: After time C death of plants leads todecomposition of these organisms bybacteria./dead plant matter become foodfor the bacteria ( decomposers)=

1mark

1mark

(d) The capture , mark , release and recapturetechnique

1mark

(e)Concentration of oxygen increased slighty butafter time C the concentration of oxygendecreases sharply to a very low value.

2 marks

MARK SCHEME - ESSAY 1

No Sec. Accepted points / description / explanation M 1 MSum

6 a Able to explain the mechanism of enzyme action

Sample answers

1. Enzyme has an active site that complement to the protein.2. Protein binds to the active site to form enzyme-protein substrate.3. The enzyme catalyses the protein to form products/ polypeptide.4. Products leave the active site of enzyme molecules.

1111

4

b Able to state the differences in the digestive process of humans,ruminants and rodents

Humans Ruminants Rodents

Omnivores Herbivores Mostly areherbivores, someare omnivores

Single stomachchamber

Stomach with fourchambers

Single stomachchamber

Caecum are aboutthe same size asother parts of colon

Caecum are aboutthe same size asother parts of colon

Big and welldeveloped caecum

Bacteria presentthroughout the largeintestine

Bacteria andprotozoa present inthe stomach

Bacteria andprotozoa present inthe caecum

Unable to digestcellulose

Able to digestcellulose

Able to digestcellulose

* 3 corrects = 2 marks2 corrects = 1 mark1 correct = 0

2

2

2

2

2 10

MARK SCHEME - ESSAY 2

6c Able to explain the problems regarding the nutrion after theoperation.

Sample answer

F1: Less production of the enzyme erepsin/peptidase/maltase/sukrase/lactase/ lipase.

E1: The rate of food digestion is slow

F2: Slow absorption of glucose/ galactose/ fructose / amino acid/glycerol and fatty acid/ vitamin/ mineral

E2: Less digested food absorbed

F3: The patient become exhaustedE3: Less absorption of glucose in the blood// rate of respiration is

low.

F4: Late recovery / healing of woundE4:Slow cell replacement because of slow absorption of amino acid.

1

1

1

1

11

11

Max:66

TOTAL 20

MARK SCHEME - ESSAY 3

No Sec. Accepted points / description / explanation M 1 MSum

7 a

b.

Able to describe the relationship between the rats and the owls

P1: The relationship between rats and owls are prey-predatorP2: The owl is the predator of ratsP3: The rat is the prey of owls.P4: An increase in the rat population is followed by an increase in

the owl popuation.P5: Conversely when the rat population decreases the owlpopulation decreases.P6: The prey and the predator regulate each other’s population andthis maintains the population of both organisms in a dynamicequilibrium.

Able to describe the interactions between

i. Clown fish and sea anemones

P1: Type of interaction is commensalismP2: The clown fish lives among the tentacles of sea anemonesP3: The clown fish is protected from its predators and it also

feeds on the remnants of the anemones’ food.P4: On the hand , the sea anemones, do not benefit from this

relationship.

ii. Alga and fungus ( lichen)

P1: Type of interaction is mutualismP2: Relationship between two species of organisms in which

both benefit.P3: The alga produces food for itself and also for the fungus.P4: The fungus supplies carbon dioxide and nitrogen for

alga to produce food.

1111

1

1

111

1

Max: 2

11

11

Max: 2

6

4

MARK SCHEME - ESSAY 4

No Sec. Accepted points / description / explanation M 1 MSum

7 c Able to describe the rate of production of vegetables if organsims Pand Q die because of excessive use of pesticides in vegetable farms.

Sample answers:

P1: Organism P ( decomposer) will dieP2: Breakdown of protein in dead organisms will not occur.P3: Less nitrogen compounds in the soil.P4: Less production of protein from the producersP5: Organism Q ( Nitrogen fixing bacteria) will dieP6: Nitrogen from the atmosphere will not undergo the process ofnitrogen fixing.P7: No production of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite ions in the soil.P8; No absorption of minerals such as ammonium, nitrate andnitrites to the plants.P9 Less production of protein from the producersP10: Lack of protein sources in plants/ vegetables.

111111

11

11

10

TOTAL 20

MARK SCHEME - ESSAY 5

No Sec. Accepted points / description / explanation M 1 MSum

8 a Able to explain the factors tha affecting the daily energyrequirement of human body based on the criteria below:

F: Statement of the daily energy requirement of human body basedon the criteria below:

F: Statement of the daily energy requirement of the group in relativeto that of an average woman.E: Explanations.

Sample Answer:

F1: Man aged 70 years old requires lower daily energy requirementE1: Age factor/ the man is older than the average woman.E2: The old man is less active than the average woman.

Any three groups

KS: Able to give three sets of statement with any one correspondingexplanation.

Example:

F1 +F2+ F3 and any corresponding E

111

3X3=9

1 10

MARK SCHEME - ESSAY 6

No Sec. Accepted points / description / explanation M 1 MSum

8 b Able to justify the selection of an appropriate menu for target groupbased on the criteria below :For each target group :F1 statement of menuE1 justifications

F2 statement of menuE2 justifications

Max 3

Sample Answer :

(i) Pregnant mothers should take :

F1 : Beef / eggs / fish.E1 : High protein diet for growth of foetus.

F2 : Yoghurt / milk / eggs.E2 : Calcium / vitamin D rich for bone development of foetus.

F3 : Beef / bread.E3 : For manufacture of haemoglobin.

Any 2F with one corresponding EMax 3

(ii) People with cardiovascular disease should take :

F1 : Fish / yogurt / oranges.E1 : Low cholesterol food.

F2 : Use less oil in cooking / steam food/ boil / grill.E2 : Lipid can be converted to cholesterol // excessive

cholesterol can deposit in theartery wall.

Any 2F with one corresponding EMax 3

11

11

11

3

11

11

3

MARK SCHEME - ESSAY 7

(iii) Teenagers should take

F1: bread/ riceE1: high carbohydrate to supply energy for active lifestyle.

F2: beef/ fishE2: high protein for growth

F3: Yoghurt / milkE3: high ccalcium for growth and development of bones.

F4: MargarineE4: high vitamin D for growth and development of bones .

Any 2F with one corresponding EMax: 3

KN= For a complete combination of F and E from each group

Example:Group (i) : F1+ E1// F2 + E2Group(ii) : F1+ E1// F2+ E2Group(iii) : F1+ E1// F2+ E2

TOTAL

11

11

11

11

3

1

10

20

MARK SCHEME - ESSAY 8

No Sec. Accepted points / description / explanation M 1 MSum

9 a Able to name any three types of pollutant :Sulphur dioxideNitrogen oxidesCarbon dioxideLead

Able to describe the effects of pollutants on living things

Pollutants Effect on living things

Sulphur dioxide - Irritates and damages the lining of theeyes, air passages and lungs.- Combines with rainwater to form acidrain that may cause skin diseases

Nitrogen oxides - Damages tissues of the lungs and causebronchitis- Irritate the eyes-Lower the body’s defence against flu

Carbon monoxide - Combines with haemoglobin to formcarboxyhaemoglobin which reduces thecapacity of the blood to transport oxygen .- Causes dizziness and headache- Slows down the brain.

Lead - Reduces the sensitivity of the hands andfeet coordination- Coma or death- Disrupts the ability of the body toproduce new cells.- Cause retardation of brain in children.

1111

Max: 3

1

1

1

11

1

11

1

11

1

Max: 7

10

MARK SCHEME - ESSAY 9

b. P1: Encourage sharing of vechicles to reduce congestion on theroads.P2: Provide sufficient and alternative types on transport serviceswhich are more effective .P3: Campaign programmes should be carried out to attract the usageof public transport by the public.P4: Enforce the usage of petrol without lead.P5: Make it compulsory to use pollutant filters for the exhaust pipesof vechicles and factory chimneys.P6: Strict measures should be taken against open burning bypunishing offenders with heavy fines.P7: Implemetation of laws to punish offendersP8: use of technology examples; use of catalytic converters,unleaded petrol, air filters for chimneys.P9: Education: example: reduce, reuse and recycle resourcesP10: renewable energy, example: solar energy, wind energy ,geothermalP11; efficient use of energy.

1

1

1

11

1

11

11

1

Max:10 10

TOTAL 20