sampling parameter

7/23/2019 Sampling Parameter

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DAB 21002

TEKNOLOGI SALIRAN MESRA

ALAM

TITTLE : ANTIBAX MASK

MEMBER MATRIC NO

SITI LIYANA BINTI MOHD ARIFF AA121172

SITI NOOR SYAFIQAH HAFIZAH BINTI

NOOR AZAM

AA121432

NOR HANANI BINTI HASAN NORDIN AA120817

SITI FATIMAH BINTI BADRUDDIN AA12031


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SAM!LING !ARAMETER

1" IN#SITU

C$%&'()*+ ,-. /$%&'/, %-'-%%*'-

In chemistry, in situ typically means "in the reaction mixture."

There are numerous situations in which chemical intermediates are synthesized in situ in

various processes. This may be done because the species is unstable, and cannot be

isolated, or simply out of convenience. Examples of the former include the Corey-

Chayovsy rea!ent and adrenochrome.

In chemical en!ineerin!, in situ often refers to industrial plant "operations or procedures

that are performed in place". or example, a!ed catalysts in industrial reactors may be

re!enerated in place #in situ$ without bein! removed from the reactors.

C'' %-'-%%*'-

In architecture and buildin!, in situ refers to construction which is carried out at the

buildin! site usin! raw materials. Compare that with prefabricated construction, in which

buildin! components are made in a factory and then transported to the buildin! site for

assembly. or example, concrete slabs may be in situ #also "cast-in-place"$ or

prefabricated.

In situ techni%ues are often more labor-intensive, and tae lon!er, but the materials are

cheaper, and the wor is versatile and adaptable. &refabricated techni%ues are usually

much %uicer, therefore savin! money, but factory-made parts can be expensive. They are

also inflexible, and must often be desi!ned on a !rid, with all details fully calculated in

advance. inished units may re%uire special handlin! due to excessive dimensions.

The phrase may also refer to those assets which are present at or near a pro'ect site. In

this case, it is used to desi!nate the state of an unmodified sample taen from a !iven

stocpile.

(ite construction usually involves !radin! the existin! soil surface so that material is

"cut" out of one area and "filled" in another area creatin! a flat pad on an existin! slope.

The term "in situ" distin!uishes soil still in its existin! condition from soil modified


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#filled$ durin! construction. The differences in the soil properties for supportin!

foundations, acceptin! under!round utilities, and sheddin! storm water persist

indefinitely.

A*/$,%+

In archaeolo!y, in siturefers to an artifact that has not been moved from its ori!inal place

of deposition. In other words, it is stationary, meanin! "still." )n artifact bein! in situis

critical to the interpretation of that artifact and, conse%uently, of the culture which formed

it. *nce an artifact+s +find-site+ has been recorded, the artifact can then be moved for

conservation, further interpretation and display. )n artifact that is not discovered in situis

considered out of context and as not providin! an accurate picture of the associated

culture. owever, the out of context artifact can provide scientists with an example oftypes and locations of in situartifacts yet to be discovered. hen excavatin! a burial site

or surface deposit "in situ" refers to catalo!in!, recordin!, mappin!, photo!raphin!

human remains in the position they are discovered.

B'+ ,-. '&%.'/, %-'-%%*'-

Inbiolo!yandbiomedical en!ineerin!, in situmeans to examine the phenomenon exactly

in place where it occurs #i.e., without movin! it to some special medium$.

In the case of observations or photo!raphs of livin! animals, it means that the or!anism

was observed #and photo!raphed$ in the wild, exactly as it was found and exactly where

it was found. The or!anism had not been moved to another #perhaps more convenient$

location such as an a%uarium.

This phrase in situwhen used in laboratory science such as cell science can mean

somethin! intermediate between in vivoand in vitro. or example, examinin!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology


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acellwithin a whole or!anintact and underperfusionmay be in situinvesti!ation. This

would not be in vivoas the donor is sacrificed by experimentation, but it would not be the

same as worin! with the cell alone #a common scenario for in vitroexperiments$.

In vitrowas amon! the first attempts to %ualitatively and %uantitatively analyze natural

occurrences in the lab. Eventually, the limitation of in vitroexperimentation was that they

were not conducted in natural environments. To compensate for this problem, in

vivoexperimentation allowed testin! to occur in the ori!inate or!anism or environment.

To brid!e the dichotomy of benefits associated with both methodolo!ies, in

situexperimentation allowed the controlled aspects of in vitroto become coalesced with

the natural environmental compositions of in vivoexperimentation.

In conservation of !enetic resources, "in situconservation" #also "on-site conservation"$

is the process of protectin! an endan!eredplantor animalspeciesin its natural habitat, as

opposed toex situconservation#also "off-site conservation"$.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_situ_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_situ_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_situ_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation


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2" CHEMICAL

C'' %-'-%%*'-

In water %uality control, chemical parameters are considerin! alalinity. )lalinity is not

a pollutant. It is a total measure of the substances in water that have acid-neutralizin!/

ability while p value measures the stren!th of an acid and base.

The main sources of natural alalinity are rocs which contain carbonate, bicarbonate and

hydroxide compounds. 0orates, silicates and phosphate may also contribute to alalinity.

Therefore, areas rich in !ranite have low alalinity and poor bufferin! capacity.


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3" !HYSICAL

C'' %-'-%%*'-

The physical parameters of water %uality can be divided to many topics such as turbidityand taste or odor. 0ut one needs to also tae into consideration the nature of the physical

parameters of the ecosystem surroundin! a water source to also understand the physical

appearance of a later finished water.

*ne of the best barometers of a water is its actual temperature in its natural ecosystem.

Temperature affects sediment and microbial !rowth amon! other source water

characteristics.

Turbidity may be caused when li!ht is bloced by lar!e amount of silt, microor!anisms,

plant fibers, sawdust, wood ashes, chemical and coal dust. )ny substance that maes

water cloudy will cause turbidity. The most fre%uent causes of turbidity in laes and

rivers are planton and soil erosion from lo!!in!, minin! and dred!in! operations.

4" BIOLOGICAL

C'' %-'-%%*'-

0iolo!ical are used to describe the presence of microbiolo!ical or!anisms and water-

borne patho!ens. 1any or!anism can cause illness when directly consumed by humans

and animals. 1icro-or!anisms and water-borne patho!ens !enerally enter rivers and laes

via the release of untreated or partially treated sewa!e.

1any waste water treatment plants located in the basin produce and dischar!e effluent

that does not meet national dischar!e standards. 2on-compliance may be a result of

inade%uate mana!ement and maintenance of sewa!e treatment facilities.

B''/, /$%&'()*+


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Chemical 0iolo!y research uses the tools of chemistry and synthesis to understand

biolo!y and disease pathways at the molecular level. )dvanced 0iolo!ical Chemistry

interests include diverse topics such as nucleic acids, 32) repair, biocon'u!ate

chemistry, peptides and peptidomimetics, !lycoscience, biomolecular structure and

function, ima!in!, and biolo!ical catalysis. 0iophysical Chemistry represents the union

of Chemistry, &hysics, and 0iolo!y usin! a variety of experimental and theoretical

approaches to understand the structure and function of biolo!ical systems.

B'/$%&'/, /+/%(

&lants such as trees and al!ae under!o the photosynthesis reaction where carbon dioxide

and water in the presence of sunli!ht are converted to or!anic materials and oxy!en. )n

important reverse reaction occurs in the water4 ish use metabolism where oxy!en and

or!anic materials - other small fish or al!ae - as food is converted to carbon dioxide,

water, and ener!y. 0acteria in water, as well as land, also under!o metabolism and use

oxy!en and decompose or!anic wastes as food to convert to carbon dioxide, water, and

ener!y. 0y products in the decomposition of or!anic waste are nitrates and phosphates.

The ma'or natural biochemical cycles include the carbon,nitro!en, and phosphate cycles.

They are presented in brief in this !raphic.
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Biochemical_Cycles/Carbon_Cyclehttp://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Biochemical_Cycles/Nitrogen_Cyclehttp://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Biochemical_Cycles/Nitrogen_Cyclehttp://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Biochemical_Cycles/Carbon_Cyclehttp://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Biochemical_Cycles/Nitrogen_Cycle


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The overall health of a body of water depends upon whether these factors are in balance.

1unicipal sewa!e systems are now doin! a better 'ob of removin! most of the or!anic

waste products in the dischar!e water, but some or!anic waste still enters the streams and

laes. If an excess amount of or!anic waste is present in the water, the bacteria use all of

the available oxy!en in the water in an attempt to decompose the or!anic waste.

The amount of or!anic waste in water is represent by a chemical test called 0*3 -

0iolo!ical *xy!en 3emand. The concentration of oxy!en is measured in a water sample

at the be!innin! of the test and a!ain after five days. The difference between the oxy!en

concentrations represents the amount of oxy!en consumed by the bacteria in the

metabolism of the waste or!anics present.


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E5)*6$'/,)'-

In situations where eutrophication occurs, the natural cycles are overwhelmed by an

excess of one or more of the followin!4 nutrients such as nitrate or phosphate, or or!anic

waste.

In the first case under aerobic conditions #presence of oxy!en$, the natural cycles may be

more or less in balance until an excess of nitrate and5or phosphate enters the water. )t

this time the water plants and al!ae be!in to !row more rapidly than normal. )s this

happens there is also an excess die off of the plants and al!ae as sunli!ht is bloced at

lower levels. 0acteria try to decompose the or!anic waste, consumin! the oxy!en, and

releasin! more phosphate and nitrate to be!in the cycle anew. (ome of the phosphate may

be precipitated as iron phosphate to remove the soluble form from the water solution.

In the second case under anaerobic conditions #absence of oxy!en$, as conditions worsen

as more phosphates and nitrates may be added to the water, all of the oxy!en may be used

up by bacteria in tryin! to decompose all of the waste. 3ifferent bacteria continue to

carry on decomposition reactions, however the products are drastically different. The

carbon is converted to methane !as instead of carbon dioxide, sulfur is converted to

hydro!en sulfide !as. (ome of the sulfide may be precipitated as iron sulfide. 6nder

anaerobic conditions the iron phosphate in the sediments may be solubilized into solution

to mae it available as a nutrient for the al!ae which would start the !rowth and decay

cycle over a!ain. The pond may !radually fill with undecayed plant materials to mae a

swamp.


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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, also nown as su!ars, are found in all livin! or!anisms. They are

essential to the very source of life #ex. 7ibose su!ars in 32) and 72)$ or sustainin! life

itself #ex. 1etabolic conversion of carbohydrates into usable biochemical ener!y, )T&$.

)nother important role of carbohydrates is structural #ex. Cellulose in plants$.

3ru! activity

) very broad definition of a dru! would include "all chemicals other than food that affect

livin! processes." If the affect helps the body, the dru! is a medicine. owever, if a dru!

causes a harmful effect on the body, the dru! is a poison. The same chemical can be a

medicine and a poison dependin! on conditions of use and the person usin! it. )nother

definition would be "medicinal a!ents used for dia!nosis, prevention, treatment of

symptoms, and cure of diseases." Contraceptives would be outside of this definition

unless pre!nancy were considered a disease.


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D'(%,(% C,((''/,)'-

) disease is a condition of impaired health resultin! from a disturbance in the structure or

function of the body. 3iseases may be classified into the followin! ma'or cate!ories4

8. Infections caused by viruses, ricettsia, bacteria, fun!i, protozoa and worms

9. )ller!ic diseases caused by anti!ens and forei!n substances

:. 1etabolic disorders caused by defects in the body+s ability to carry out normal reactions -

these may be hereditary, deficiency, and con!enital defects

;. Cancer


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D*5 N,&%(

3ru!s have three or more names includin! a4 chemical name, brand or trade name, and

!eneric or common name. The chemical name is assi!ned accordin! to rules of

nomenclature of chemical compounds. The brand name is always capitalized and is

selected by the manufacturer. The !eneric name refers to a common established name

irrespective of its manufacturer.

In most cases, a dru! bearin! a !eneric name is e%uivalent to the same dru! with a brand

name. owever, this e%uivalency is not always true. )lthou!h dru!s are chemically

e%uivalent, different manufacturin! processes may cause differences in pharmacolo!ical

action. (everal differences may be crystal size or form, isomers, crystal hydration, purity-

#type and number of impurities$, vehicles, binders, coatin!s, dissolution rate, and stora!e

stability.

M.% D*5 A/)'-

It is important to distin!uish between actions of dru!s and their effects. )ctions of dru!s

are the biochemical physiolo!ical mechanisms by which the chemical produces a

response in livin! or!anisms. The effect is the observable conse%uence of a dru! action.

or example, the action of penicillin is to interfere with cell wall synthesis in bacteria and

the effect is the death of the bacteria.

*ne ma'or problem of pharmacolo!y is that no dru! produces a sin!le effect. The

primary effect is the desired therapeutic effect. (econdary effects are all other effects

beside the desired effect which may be either beneficial or harmful. 3ru!s are chosen to

exploit differences between normal metabolic processes and any abnormalities which

may be present. (ince the differences may not be very !reat, dru!s may be nonspecific in

action and alter normal functions as well as the undesirable ones. This leads toundesirable side effects.

The biolo!ical effects observed after a dru! has been administered are the result of an

interaction between that chemical and some part of the or!anism. 1echanisms of dru!


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action can be viewed from different perspectives, namely, the site of action and the

!eneral nature of the dru!-cell interaction.

K''- F*%'- O*,-'(&(

Chemotherapeutic a!ents act by illin! or weaenin! forei!n or!anisms such as bacteria,

worms, viruses. The main principle of action is selective toxicity, i.e. the dru! must be

more toxic to the parasite than to the host.

S)'&5,)'- ,-. D%6*%(('-

3ru!s act by stimulatin! or depressin! normal physiolo!ical functions. (timulation

increases the rate of activity while depression reduces the rate of activity.

S')%( D*5 A/)'-

E-+&% I-$'')'-

3ru!s act within the cell by modifyin! normal biochemical reactions. Enzyme inhibition

may be reversible or non-reversible? competitive or non-competitive. )ntimetabolites

may be used which mimic natural metabolites. @ene functions may be suppressed.

D*5#R%/%6)* I-)%*,/)'-

3ru!s act on the cell membrane by physical and5or chemical interactions. This is usually

throu!h specific dru! receptor sites nown to be located on the membrane. ) receptor is

the specific chemical constituents of the cell with which a dru! interacts to produce its

pharmacolo!ical effects. (ome receptor sites have been identified with specific parts of

proteins and nucleic acids. In most cases, the chemical nature of the receptor site remains

obscure.

2on-specific Interactions

3ru!s act exclusively by physical means outside of cells. These sites include external

surfaces of sin and !astrointestinal tract. 3ru!s also act outside of cell membranes by

chemical interactions. 2eutralization of stomach acid by antacids is a !ood example.


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M%),'(&

#@ree4 melt able, chan!e$ The biochemical processes by which all livin! or!anisms

sustain life. 1etabolism is the sum of all chemical processes occurrin! within livin! cells

and or!anisms. )lthou!h most livin! or!anisms on earth share common pathways to

sustain life they do so with the use of different sources of ener!y and carbon.

1etabolism consists of two main types of reactions, catabolic and anabolic. Catabolic

processes are ones in which biomolecules are bein! de!raded or oxidized. )nabolic

processes are ones in which biomolecules are built via biosynthesis and reduction. 0elow

is a dia!ram of C*9bein! reduced completely. *xidation of methane can be seen by

followin! the process in reverse.


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INTRODUCTION

) sur!ical mas, also nown as a procedure mas, is intended to be worn by health professionals

durin! sur!ery and at other times to catch the bacteria shed in li%uid droplets and aerosols from

the wearer+s mouth and nose. Its first recorded use was by the rench sur!eon &aul 0er!er durin!

an 8AB operation in &aris.

(ur!ical mass are also used by the !eneral public in heavily populated countries in East )sia to

reduce the chance of spreadin! airborne diseases. In Dapan, it is common to wear a face mas

whilst ill to avoid infectin! others in public settin!s. (ur!ical mass were widely used in China,

on! on!, Fietnam, and Toronto, Canada durin! outbreas of the ()7( virus, durin! the 9GG

bird flu pandemic in Dapan, and in the 6nited (tates and 1exico City durin! the 9GGB 828 flu

outbrea, also nown as the swine flu. It is also worn by people in dusty environments such as

sanitation worers.


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(ur!ical mass was also used in many countries to durin! flu pandemics such as the swine flu

#828$ pandemic in 9GGB58G, in hi!her ris environment, 2B< or 2I*( mass maybe used inplace of sur!ical mass as they provide better protection due to their shape and securin! straps.

(imple sur!ical mass protect wearers from bein! splashed in the mouth with body fluids and to

prevent transmission of body fluids from the medical professional to the patient. They also

remind wearers not to touch their mouth or nose, which could otherwise transfer viruses and

bacteria after havin! touched a contaminated surface #fomite$. They can also reduce the spread of

infectious li%uid droplets #carryin! bacteria or viruses$ that are created when the wearer cou!hs

or sneezes. They are not desi!ned to protect the wearer from inhalin! airborne bacteria or viruses

particles. They will trap some particles but are much less effective than respirators, which are

desi!ned for this purpose.


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CONTENT

N,&% !*.5/) ,-. D%(/*'6)'-

The name of the product is antibax mas. The mas is specifically desi!ned to be used in hi!h

ris of bacteria environmental problem. This special coated mas with an antibacterial natural

herb has proven can eliminate and avoid bacteria contamination or !rowth. This offer a safe

respiratory protection system which crucial needed for medical, biotechnolo!y, food and ha'i

purpose. The used natural herb plant mixed !rafted with some additive which scientifically

proven can eliminates bacteria !rowth as a coated layer inside the mas is an innovation this

product. The mas not only provide a safe respiratory system but also has very compatible and

suitable with our sin layer body.


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METHODOLOGY

1ethod of preparation )ntibax 1as

1aterials 4 Facuum pump, conical flas, al!ae, common mas

8. &ut the al!ae into the conical flas.

9. &lace the common mas on the top of conical flas.:. Ti!hten it with strin!.

;. Insert the vacuum pump hose into the conical flas.

et the conical flas rest about ; hours, and see the chan!in! on the al!ae.

. The al!ae in the conical flas turn cloudy. This is because the presence of bacteria in the

surroundin! and !as from the vacuum pump.

1aterials 4 Facuum pump, conical flas, al!ae, common mas covered by aloe Fera.

8. &ut the al!ae into the conical flas.

9. &lace the common mas covered by aloe Fera on the top of conical flas.:. Ti!hten it with strin!.

;. Insert the vacuum pump hose into the conical flas.

et the conical flas rest about ; hours, and see the chan!in! on the al!ae.. The al!ae in the conical flas does not turn cloudy. This is because the aloe Fera have

been neutralize the bacteria from the surroundin! and !as from the vacuum pump.

CONCLUSION

0ased on the experiment that carried out to test the present of bacteria, it shows that the antibax

mas can eliminate the bacteria entrap on the mas and provide safe respiratory protection. This

antibax mas is more safe than the common mas which is coated with nanoparticle silver5Ti*9

that embedded has ability remove efficiently bacteria. owever, it has ability to easily on board


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cotton mas structure will provide a risy of air breathin! condition if this particle release inti the

respiratory system.

A!!ENDIX


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BROCHURE


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REFERENCE


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8. http455www.freedrinin!water.com5waterH%uality5%uality858-physical-parameters-of-

water-%uality.htm

9. http455www.oran!esen%ura.com5river5water%uality5biolo!icalwater%ualityparamete

rs.aspx

:. http455dictionary.reference.com5browse5insitu

;. http455www.in-situ.com5
http://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water_quality/quality1/1-physical-parameters-of-water-quality.htmhttp://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water_quality/quality1/1-physical-parameters-of-water-quality.htmhttp://www.orangesenqurak.com/river/water+quality/biological+water+quality+parameters.aspxhttp://www.orangesenqurak.com/river/water+quality/biological+water+quality+parameters.aspxhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/in+situhttp://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water_quality/quality1/1-physical-parameters-of-water-quality.htmhttp://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water_quality/quality1/1-physical-parameters-of-water-quality.htmhttp://www.orangesenqurak.com/river/water+quality/biological+water+quality+parameters.aspxhttp://www.orangesenqurak.com/river/water+quality/biological+water+quality+parameters.aspxhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/in+situ

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