Saling Bersandaran antara Organisma Hidup dengan Persekitaran

(Interdependence Among Living Organisms and the Environment)

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Kandungan(Content)

4.1 Saling Bersandaran antara Hidupan(Interdependence Among Living Organisms)

4.2 Interaksi antara Hidupan(Interaction Between Living Organisms)

4.3 Siratan makanan(Food Webs)

4.4 Fotosintesis(Photosynthesis)

4.5 Kepentingan Pemulihan dan Pemeliharaan Hidupan(The Importance of the Conservation and Preservation of Living Organisms)

4.6 Peranan Manusia Dalam Mengekalkan Keseimbangan Alam(Role of Man in Maintaining the Balance in Nature)

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Saling Bersandaran antara Hidupan

(Interdependence among Living Organisms)

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Habitat Habitat ialah tempat hidup semula jadi bagi tumbuhan

dan haiwan.

(A habitat is the natural living place of plants and animals.)

Habitat menyediakan udara, makanan, tempat perlindungan & tempat pembiakan bagi organisma.

(A habitat provides an organism with air, food, shelter and a place in which to breed.)

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Spesies(Species)

Spesies ialah satu kumpulan organisma dengan ciri-ciri umum yang sama.

(A species is a group of organisms with the same common characteristics.)

Boleh membiak sesama mereka.(Can breed together to produce offspring.)

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Populasi(Population)

Populasi ialah satu kumpulan organismasama spesies yang hidup bersama-samadan membiak dalam suatu habitat.

(A population is a group of organisms comprising the same species that live together and reproduce in a habitat.)

Sebagai contoh,

a) populasi monyet di atas pokok

b) populasi gajah di padang rumputFor example,

a) A population of monkeys in a tree

b) A population of elephants on a grassland

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Komuniti(Community)

Komuniti terdiri daripada beberapa jenis populasi haiwan dan tumbuhan yang hidup bersama dan saling berinteraksi di dalam suatu habitat.

(A community consists of several species of animal and plant population that live together and interact with one another in a habitat.)

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Ekosistem(Ecosystem)

Ekosistem terdiri daripada beberapa komuniti yang salingberinteraksi antara satu sama lain serta dengan persekitaranfizikal (benda bukan hidup seperti air, udara, tanah, cahaya dangaram mineral).

(An ecosystem consists of several communities that interact with one another and with the physical environment (non-living things such as water, air, soil, light and mineral salts).)

Sebagai contoh,

a) ekosistem kolam

b) ekosistem hutan hujan tropika

For examples,

a) A pond ecosystem

b) A tropical rainforest ecosystem©NgFL/SMK DC 8

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Interaksi antara Hidupan

Interaction Between Living (Organisms)

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Mangsa-pemangsa(Prey-predator)

Pemangsa ialah organisma yang memburu dan memakan organisma lain.

(A predator is an organism that kills and eats another organism.)

Mangsa ialah organisma yang diburu dan dimakan oleh organisma lain.

(A prey is the organism that is eaten.)

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Mangsa-pemangsa(Prey-predator)

Pemangsa biasanya mempunyai ciri2 fizikal khas spt kuku, gigi taring / paruh yg tajam utk membunuh mangsa.

(A predator usually has special physical characteristics such as sharp claws and fangs, or a beak, with which to kill its prey.)

Mangsa biasanya mempunyai kebolehan melarikan diri daripada pemangsa.

(A prey usually has the ability to run away from a predator.)

Sharp Claws Fangs©NgFL/SMK DC 12

Simbiosis(Symbiosis)

Simbiosis bermaksud “tinggal bersama”.

(Symbiosis basically means “living together”.)

Terdapat 3 jenis simbiosis, iaitu

i. Komensalisme

ii. Parasitisme

iii. Mutualisme

There are 3 types of symbiotic relationships, namely

i. Commensalism

ii. Parasitism

iii. Mutualism

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a) Komensalisme(Commensalism)

Dalam komensalisme, 1 spesies mendapat faedah drpd organisma lain manakala organisma yg satu lagi tidak mengalami sebarang kerugian dlm hubungan ini.

(In commensalism, one species benefits from the interaction, as the other is unaffected.)

Spesies yg tdk mengalami kerugian itu ialah perumah.

(The unaffected species is the host.)

Paku-pakis tanduk rusa mendapat cahaya. Pokok yg ditumpang tidak mengalami sebarang kerugian.

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Ikan remora menumpang pada badan ikan yu

Ikan badut tinggal di anemon laut utk mengelakkan diri drpd pemangsa

a) Komensalisme(Commensalism)

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b) Parasitisme(Parasitism)

Paraitisme ialah interaksi atr 2 organisma.

(Parasitism is another type of interaction between two organisms.)

Hanya 1 organisma mendapat faedah.

(Only one organism benefits.)

Satu organisma lagi mengalami kerugian.

(The other organism suffers some disadvantages.)

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Parasit ialah organisma yghidup pada / dalam organismalain.

(A parasite is an organism that lives on or inside the other organism.)

Perumah ilaah organisma ygdijadikan sebagai tempattinggal parasit.

(The host is the organism on or in which the parasite lives.)

b) Parasitisme(Parasitism)

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2 Kumpulan Parasit(2 Groups of Parasites)

Parasit yang hidup pada perumah.

(Parasites that live outside the host organism)

Sebagai contoh,

i. nyamuk

ii. Kutu rambut

iii. Kutu haiwan yang menghisap darah perumah

For example,

i. Mosquitoes

ii. Lice

iii. Flea suck blood from their host

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Parasit yang hidup di dalam perumah.(Parasites that live inside the host organism.)

Sebagai contoh,

Cacing pita dalam usus manusia dan haiwan.

For example,

Tapeworms / hookworms inside the intestines of humans and animals.

2 Kumpulan Parasit(2 Groups of Parasites)

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c) Mutualisme(Mutualism)

Dalam mutualisme, kedua-dua pihak spesies mendapat faedah.

(In mutualism, the interaction is beneficial to both species.)

Mutualisme bermaksud “kerjasama”.

(Mutualism is a form of cooperation.)

Mereka mendapat faedah makanan dan tempat tinggal drpd satusama lain.

(They get nutrition and shelter from each other.)

• Burung makan serpihan makanan.(The bird eats the fragments of food left between the crocodile teeth.)

• Maka, gigi buaya bersih.(So the crocodile gets its teeth cleaned)

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• Kulat menyediakan karbon dioksida & habitat utk alga.(The fungi provide carbon dioxide and a habitat for the algae.)

• Alga menyediakan makanan utk kulat.(The algae provide food for fungi.)

• Mereka bersama membentuk liken.(Together they form lichens)

• Haiwan m’dpt makanan drpd tumbuhan & membantu tumbuhan mengagihkan biji benih & debunga utk pembiakan.(Animals obtain food from plants and help plants to distribute their seed and pollens for reproduction.)

c) Mutualisme(Mutualism)

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Persaingan(Competition )

Persaingan berlaku apabila organisma bersaing utk mendpt keperluan hidup yg sama.

(Competition occurs when organism compete for the same basic resources.)

Haiwan bersaing utk mendpt air, makanan, tempat tinggal & pasangan utk membiak.

(Animals compete to get water, food, living space and mates for reproduction.)

Food Living space Mate for reproduction©NgFL/SMK DC 22

Tumbuhan bersaing utk mendpt air, cahaya matahari, mineral dan ruang utk hidup.

(Plants compete to get water, sunlight, minerals and living space.)

Persaingan(Competition )

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Jenis interaksi

(Type of interaction)

Spesies 1

(Species 1)

Spesies 2

(Species 2)

Persaingan

(Competition)

(-) (-)

Pemangsa-mangsa

(Predator-prey)

(+) (-)

Parasitisme

(Parasitism)

(+) (-)

Komensalisme

(Commensalism)

(+) (0)

Mutualisme

(Mutualism)

(+) (+)

Rumusan(Summary)

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Kawalan Biologi(Biological Control) Kawalan biologi ialah cara yg menggunakan pemangsa

sebagai musuh semula jadi utk mengawal bilangan perosak (mangsa) dlm suatu kawasan.

(Biological control is a method in which a predator, the natural enemy to a certain pest, is used to control the population of the pest in an area.)

(The aphid is a pest to the gardeners, damaging his plants.)

(The ladybirds helps the gardener by ridding him of these pests)

Afid adalah perosak kdp petani sebab merosakkan tanamannya.

Kumbang kura-kura membantu petani dgn memakan afid

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Kawalan biologi mempunyai banyak kelebihan berbanding dgnpenggunaan racun perosak.

(Biological control has many advantages as compared with using pesticides.)

Kelebihannya ialah:

a) tidak mencemarkan alam sekitar.

b) tidak membunuh organisma lain selain perosak.

c) murah dan selamat digunakan.

The advantages are:

a) It does not pollute the environment.

b) It does not kill other organism except the pests.

c) It is cheap and safe to use.

Kawalan Biologi(Biological Control)

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(Owls is a natural predator of rats in Oil Palm)

(When the eggs hatch, the ichneumon larvae feed on the body of the host.)

Burung hantu ialah pemangsa yg makan tikus (mangsa) di ladang kelapa sawit.

Penyengat Ichneumon bertelur dlm badan ulat karung. Larva menetas dan memakan ulat karung.

Memelihara ikan gapi di kolam utk memakan jentik-jentik nyamuk.

(Rearing guppies in a pond to eat mosquito larvae.)

Kawalan Biologi(Biological Control)

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Siratan Makanan

(Food Webs)

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Pengeluar (Producer)• Tumbuhan hijau membuat

makanan sendiri dgnmenjalankan fotosintesis.(Green plants that produce food through photosynthesis)

Mineral (Mineral)• Diserap oleh akar

tumbuhan(Absorbed by plant roots)

Natrium, Kalium & lain-lain(Sodium, Potassium &

others)

Cahaya matahari (Sunlight)• Tenaga diserap oleh

tumbuhan hijau(Energy absorbed by green plants)

Konsumer (Consumer)• Haiwan yg makan

tumbuhan / haiwan lain(Animals that eat plants / other animals)

Pengurai (Decomposer)• Bakteria & kulat mengurai

organisma mati(Bacteria and fungi that decompose dead organisms)

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Rantai Makanan(Food Chain)

Rantai makanan ialah suatu aliran tenaga dlm bentuk makanan yg disalurkan drpd tumbuhan kpd haiwan.

(A food chain is an energy flow showing how energy in food is passed from plants (produces) to animals (consumers).)

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Siratan makanan terdiri drpd gabungan beberapa rantai makanan.

(A food web consists of several food chains that are interlinked to one another.)

Rantai Makanan(Food Chain)

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Piramid nombor(Pyramid of Numbers)

Piramid nombor menunjukkan bilangan organisma dlm setiap peringkat rantai makanan.

(A pyramid of numbers shows the number of organisms at each stage of the food chain.)

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Dari tapak piramid kepuncaknya:

a) bilangan organisma semakinberkurang.

b) saiz organisma semakin besar.

c) semakin banyak tenaga hilang.

From the base of the pyramid to its peak:

a) The number of organisms decreases.

b) The size of the organisms increases.

c) More energy is lost.

Piramid nombor(Pyramid of Numbers)

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Fotosintesis

(Photosynthesis)

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Fotosintesis ialah proses yg berlaku pd tumbuhan hijau utkmembuat makanan drpd air & karbon dioksida dgn kehadiranklorofil & cahaya matahari.(Photosynthesis is a process that occurs in green plants, in which food is made from water and carbon dioxide in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight.)

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Persamaan Fotosintesis (Photosynthesis Equation)

Karbon dioksida

Air

klorofil

Cahaya matahari

Glokosa(makanan)

oksigen

Carbon dioxide

Water

chlorophyII

sunlight

Glucose (food)

oxygen

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Glukosa yg terhasil kemudian dibawa ke bhg lain tumbuhan utk:

a) dioksidakan melalui proses respirasi bagimembekalkan tenaga.

b) disimpan sebagai kanji sekiranya berlebihan.

The glucose produced is transported to other parts of the plant to be:a) Oxidized through the process of respiration to provide

energy.

b) Stored as starch.

Persamaan Fotosintesis (Photosynthesis Equation)

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Membolehkan tumbuhan hijau membuat makanansendiri.

(Enable green plants to make their own food.)

Mengawal dan mengekalkan kandungan karbon dioksidadalam atmosfera.

(Regulate and maintain carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere.)

Menambahkan kandungan oksigen dalam atmosfera.

(Increase oxygen content in the atmosphere.)

Peranan Fotosintesis(The Role of Photosynthesis)

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Pecahkan dinding sel(Break the cell wall)

Menyingkirkanklorofil(Remove chlorophyll)

Melembutkandaun(Soften the leaf)

Uji kehadirankanji. Tukarkpd biru tua.(Test for starch. Turn blue-black)

Kehadiran kanji sebagai hasil fotosintesis(The presence of starch as a product of photosynthesis)

Eksperimen 1(Experiment 1)

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Tujuan: (Aim:)

Menunjukkan tumbuhan memerlukan karbo dioksida utk fotosintesis.

(To show plant need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.)

Maklumat: larutan natrium hidroksida menyerap karbon dioksidadrpd udara.

(Information: Sodium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide.)

Bell jar

Green plant

Flower pot with

earth

Glass piece

Sodium hydroxide solution

Eksperimen 2(Experiment 2)

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Kitar karbon adalah edaran karbon dioksida di bumi.

(The carbon cycle is the circulation of the carbon element on the Earth.)

Proses ini berlaku secara berterusan.

(These processes take place continuously.)

Kitar karbon mengekalkan kandungan gas karbon dioksida di dalam udara.

(The carbon cycle maintains the content of carbon dioxide in the air.)

Kitar karbon(The Carbon Cycle)

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Proses2 yg menyumbangkan karbon dioksida ke udaratermasuk:

a) respirasi atau pernafasan

b) Pembakaran

c) Pereputan

The processes that release carbon dioxide into the air include:

a) Respiration or breathing.

b) Combustion.

c) Decomposition (decay).

Fotosintesis yg berlaku pd tumbuhan hijau menyingkirkankarbon dioksida drpd udara.

(Photosynthesis, which takes place in green plants, removes carbon dioxide from the air.)

Kitar karbon(The Carbon Cycle)

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Kitar oksigen adalah edaran oksigen di bumi.

(The oxygen cycle is the circulation of oxygen on the Earth.)

Proses ini berlaku secara berterusan.

(These processes take place continuously.)

Kitar oksigen mengekalkan gas kandungan oksigen di dlm udara.

(The oxygen cycle maintains the content of oxygen in the air.)

Kitar Oksigen(The Oxygen Cycle)

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Kitar Oksigen(The Oxygen Cycle)

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Kepentingan Pemuliharaan & Pemeliharaan Hidupan

(The Importance of The Conservation & Preservation of Living Organisms)

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Kesan rumah hijau terjadi apabila lapisan karbon dioksida di atmosfera menghalang pembebasan sebahagian haba dr permukaan bumi ke angkasa lepas.

(The greenhouse effect occurs because a layer of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that prevents a portion of heat from escaping to the outer space.)

Kesan Rumah Hijau(The Greenhouse Effect)

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Kesan rumah hijau meningkatkan suhu Bumi.

(The greenhouse effect raises the Earth’s temperature.)

Ini dikenali sebagai pemanasan global.

(This is known as global warming.)

Fenomena ini menyebabkan mengakibatkan perubahan cuaca dan iklim dunia.

(This phenomenon causes changes in the world’s weather and climate.)

Kesan Rumah Hijau(The Greenhouse Effect)

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Paras air laut naik dan inimenyebabkan kws tepi lautyr rendah ditenggelami air.(The sea level increases and this results in the flooding of low-lying coastal areas.)

Pencairan ais di kedua-duakutub bumi.(The melting of icebergs at both of the Earth’s poles.)

Kesan Pemanasan Global(Effect of Global Warming)

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Penipisan Lapisan Ozon (The Thinning of the Ozone Layer)

Lapisan ozon menyerap sinar ultraungu sebelum sinar UVsampai ke Bumi.

(The ozone layer absorbs most of the ultraviolet rays before itreaches the earth’s surface.)

Bahan kimia klorofluorokarbon (CFC) digunakan dlmpembuatan bhn spt penyembur aerosol, peti sejuk &penyaman udara telah menjadi bahan pencemar ygmenguraikan molekul ozon dlm lapisan ozon.

(Chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), used in themanufacture of aerosol sprays, refrigerators and air conditioners,are pollutants that break down the ozone molecules in the ozonelayer.)

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Penipisan Lapisan Ozon (The Thinning of the Ozone Layer)

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Kesan Penipisan Lapisan Ozon (Effects of Thinning of the Ozone Layer)

Sinar ultraungu yg sampai ke Bumi akan menyebabkan:

a) kanser kulit

b) katarak (selaput mata menebal)

c) sistem pengimunan badan terjejas

Ultraviolet rays that reach the Earth cause:

a) Skin cancer

b) Cataract of the eyes

c) The human immune system to malfunction.

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Hujan Asid(Acid rain)

Gas spt sulfur dioksida & nitrogen dioksida larut dlm air hujan utk menghasilkan hujan asid.

(Gases such as sulphur dioxide & nitrogen dioxide dissolve in rain water to form acid rain.)

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Kesan Hujan Asid(Effect of Acid Rain)

Memusnahkan habitat hidupan.

(Destroy the habitat of living things.)

Merendahkan pH tanah dan menjadikannya kurang sesuai utk tumbuhan.

(Lower the soil pH value and make it unsuitable for plants.)

Air sungai yg dicemari huajn asid tdk sesuai didiami oleh organisma akuatik.

(River water that is polluted by acid rain is no longer suitable for aquatic organisms.)

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Peranan Manusia Dalam Mengekalkan Keseimbangan Alam

(The Role of Humans In Maintaining The Balance of Nature)

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Pengurusan pencemaran alam sekitar dpt menyelamatkan Bumi.(Managing environmental pollution can save our Earth.)

Langkah-langkah utk mengurangkan pencemaran alam sekitar:a) penggunaan petrol tanpa plumbumb) Mengharamkan ujian nuklearc) menyediakan tempat khas bagi pembankaran sampah-sarapd) mengetatkan undang-undang bagi pembuangan bahan toksik

dari kilang.e) mengadakan kempen utk mengelakkan pencemaranf) Kitar semula, Guna Semula & Pengurangan Pembaziran bahanThe following are steps that can be taken to reduce environmental pollution:a) Use unleaded petrol.b) Ban nuclear testing.c) Create special places to burn rubbish.d) Tighten law regarding the disposal of toxic waste from factories.e) Hold campaigns to prevent pollution.f) Recycle, reuse and reduce materials.

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