rm ppt 2012

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

1/105

Research MethodsPh.D./ M Phil Course Work

August 2012 batch

Research Methods class

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

2/105

OutlineSession by Session

Discussion Item OneWhat is ResearchDefining Research and Research Process

Discussion Item TwoEthics in ResearchCase Studies and Analysis

Discussion Item FourPresentationsResearch in Our Domains

Discussion Item FiveWhat is a Research DesignFeatures of a Research Design

7 Sept

14

September

5 Oct

21 Sept

28 Sept

Discussion Item ThreeChoosing a Research TopicHow does one select a topic and do Review of Literature


8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

3/105

Broadest senseSEARCH FOR KNOWLEDGE Strategies for undertaking this search

The Importance of Procedure and Processes -Systematic Process

Performing a methodical study in order to

answer (a) specific question/s

Why Research?

What is Research ?

So what?

My Goals/

Objectives /

Orientation


8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

4/105

Gathering of data,

informationand factsfor

the advancement of

knowledge

The focus on interpretation

The researchers

perspective

Can one be objective as a

researcher?

Begin with an Interesting Question

Known to Unknown

ResearchIt is my

research? Why

should anybody

interfere

Objectivity my

foot!!!


8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

5/105

Formulation of theresearch topic

Hypothesis

Defining what onewishes to investigate

Gathering of data

Analysis of data

Interpreting of Data ,Testing and Revising of

hypothesis Conclusions

Steps in the Research ProcessWhere are you now?


8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

6/105

Learning 1

Learning 2

Learning 3

Learnings of Session I


8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

7/105

ETHICS IN RESEARCH

ETHICS OF A RESEARCHER

SESSION II

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

8/105

Ethics in thecontext of research

usually includes

reference to moralsor the rules or

standards

governing the

conduct of

research

ETHICS IN/OF RESEARCHARE THERE ETHICAL QUESTIONS HERE TOO?


8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

9/105

1947 Nuremberg Code -first modern ethical code

1964 Declaration ofHelsinki - modified severaltimes

1990 WHO InternationalGuidelines on Ethics

1993 WHO InternationalEthical Guidelines forBiomedical ResearchInvolving Human Subjects

ETHICS IN/OF RESEARCHARE THERE ETHICAL QUESTIONS HERE TOO?


8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

10/105

maintain ethical standardsof practice in research

to protect subjectsof research and research workers fromharm or exploitation

to preserve the rights of the subjects,and

to provide reassurance to the publicthatthis is being done

Objectives of an Ethical Code


8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

11/105

Ethical code includes .


A Researcher /Research must ensure that thedignity, rights, safety and well-being of all actualor potential research participants is protected

Consider the ethical implications of allexperiments, investigations and proceduresinvolving human oranimal subjects

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

12/105

Ethical code includes .


The proposed study is scientifically valid andjustifiable Adequate steps have been taken toanticipate and avoid physical orpsychological harm

That confidentiality of all subjects is ensuredand privacy maintained. Consent is truly valid informed)and given without any form ofduress

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

13/105

Starting Trouble Payal is a Ph.D. student in Management. She has just joined her Ph.D. programme. In the

first term she needs to complete her course work. Soon after she joins she is given amonth to identify her research topic. She delays meeting her Guide as she is caught up in

a lot of work. She soon realizes that the deadline to decide the topic is fast approachingand she has not yet met her Guide. Her Guide has sent her two gentle reminders that themeeting is due. Payal has also been missing her course work classes. Two days before thedeadline she goes to meet her Guide. As luck would have it he is out of station on work.She meets him the next day. The Guide asks her about her area of interest. She seemsvague and unclear. In desperation she asks her Guide to suggest the area and that she is

ready to work in that area. The Guide clearly mentions that the topic selection should bebased on her interest. The Guide gives her some material to read and says that he willseek one week more time for finalizing her topic. Payal is relieved and takes all thematerials. She opens it after a week,. She can make no sense of it. She goes to meet

the Guide and `bluffs` that she has read everything. The Guide isable to make out and firmly tells her that this would not do.

She breaks down and the Guide further adds that this too will not do

What should Payal be doing now?

Should she get a second chance?

What type of commitment does a full time research course involve?

Has the Guide been too lenient with her?

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

14/105

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

15/105

Conflict of Interests


Jayant, a Ph.d. student, is participating in a department-wide seminar wherestudents, doctoral researchers, and faculty members discuss work in progress. An

Assistant Professor prefaces her comments by saying that the work she is about

to discuss is sponsored by both a private company and a private advertising firm

for which she consults. In the course of the talk Jayant realizes that he has been

working on a business model that could make a major contribution to the work

being discussed. But his research guide consults for a different, and competing,

marketing firm.

How should Jayant participate in this seminar?

What, if anything, should he say to his guide -and when?

What implications does this case raise for the traditional

openness and sharing of data, materials, and findings that

have characterized modern research?

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

16/105

Values in Research


Researchers need to make decisions on

which problems to pursue, interpretation of data,

when to conclude an experiment

These are all questions of judgment

Being sensitive to cultural differences

Duty not to exploit the vulnerable

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

17/105

FABRICATION OF DATA

Nalini was an M Phil student pursuing her studies inPsychology. She has a brilliant academic record. She also had a

very motivating guide. Her research required her to do asurvey. She was extremely keen to do the field work for herresearch.. She was however bogged down by a slew ofpersonal problems. This did not allow her to focus on herwork.. As the dissertation submission time neared, Naliniwas at her wits end as she had not done her survey Nalinibecame desperate and in a weak moment took a decision ..She cooked up the data and wrote her dissertation. Her guidewas very impressed. Something made the Guide want to meeta few sampled respondents.. When she went to the fieldshe could not find even one of the respondents ..

Nalini was called and asked to explain. Sheconfessed to what she had done..One month is left for submission.What should the guide do?

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

18/105Research Methods class

Haste at the expense of care

Errors through negligent work

Making and acknowledging an honest mistake

Research findings are often tentative

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

19/105

CASE OF PLAGIARISMManasi is a M.Phil student in English Literature preparing her first presentation fora seminar. She incorporates whole sentences and paragraphs verbatim fromseveral published papers. She does not use quotation marks, but the sources are

suggested by statements like "(see . . . for more details)." The evaluator of herpaper notes inconsistencies in the writing styles of different paragraphs of the textand check the sources, uncovering Manasis plagiarism.

After discussion, Manasis plagiarism is brought to the attention of the dean of theFaculty, whose responsibility it is to review such incidents. The Dean expelsManasi from the program with the stipulation that she can reapply for the next

M.Phil.course.

Is plagiarism like this a common practice?

Are there circumstances that should have led

to Manasi being forgiven for plagiarizing? Should Manasi be allowed to reapply to the

program?

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

20/105

Misconduct in Research


Making up data or results (fabrication),

Changing or misreporting data or results

(falsification), and

Using the ideas or words of

another person without giving

appropriate credit (plagiarism)

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

21/105

Credit where it is due Binoy , a second year Ph.D. student in Culture Studies and has been working on a

research project that involved an important new experimental technique. For anational meeting in his discipline, Binoy wrote an abstract and gave a brief

presentation that mentioned the new technique. After his presentation, he wassurprised and pleased when Dr. Rastogi, a leading researcher from anotheruniversity, engaged him in an extended conversation. Dr. Rastogi asked Binoyextensively about the new technique, and Binoy described it fully. Binoy's ownGuide often encouraged his students not to keep secrets from other researchers,and Binoy was flattered that Dr. Rastogi would be so interested in his work.

Six months later Binoy was leafing through a journal when he noticed an article by

Dr. Rastogi. The article described an experiment that clearly depended on thetechnique that Binoy had developed. He didn't mind; in fact, he was againsomewhat flattered that his technique had so strongly influenced Dr. Rastogi'swork. But when he turned to the citations, expecting to see a reference to hisabstract or presentation, his name was nowhere to be found.

Does Binoy have any way of receiving credit for his work?

Should he contact Dr. Rastogi in an effort to have his work recognized? Is Binoy's Guide mistaken in encouraging his students to be so open about their

work?

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

22/105

Authorship Practice


Research is collaborative work

Different conventions regarding mention of

authors namebest decided before hand

Order of importance in contribution to work

Order of importance in seniority

Alphabetical order

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

23/105

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

24/105Research Methods class

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

25/105

Getting Started


Choosing a

Research

Topic

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

26/105

Get Started..


Contextually specific

Academically interesting

Career enhancing

Practicality

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

27/105

Narrowing to a sub topic.


8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

28/105

Next asking questions..


Censorship Are movie ratings a form of censorship? What censorship lawsexist in Iowa? Should cigarette manufacturers be allowed to sponsor sportingevents on TV? What are frequently censored books?

War in Iraq What events led to the Iraqi War?? Should the US have become

involved? What was the role of women or should women be in combat?

Bilingualism Should English be declared our national language? Shouldschools be expected to meet the needs of all bilingual students?

PREPARE A SIMILAR LIST IN YOUR SUBJECT

(TASK BEFORE START OF THE CLASS)

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

29/105

Next..


Literature search

Research question.variables

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

30/105

Psychological preparation


8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

31/105

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

32/105

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

33/105

RESEARCH DESIGN

SESSION V

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

34/105

RESEARCH DESIGN


Scheme that governs functioning, developing

and unfolding of research

Arranging elements/ details Structure within which research is conducted

Blueprint for data collection/

measurement and analysis

Helps define my research topic

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

35/105


Helps define my research topic

Theoretical Framework

What is my research question

What method will I use

Provide a broad outline

Can be modified with time as one

progresses

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

36/105

Research Design


Depends on Research Method being employed

Fundamental and Applied

Quantitative and Qualitative

Descriptive, Co-relative and Experimental

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

37/105


What am I studying

Why am I studying it

Where will I be studying it

What is the nature of data I need

Where can that data be found

What period of time will it take

How do I collect the data How will I analyse it

How will I present it

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

38/105

L i f S i IV

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

39/105

Learning 1

Learning 2

Learning 3

Learning of Session IV

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

40/105

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

41/105

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

42/105


Hypothesis

Research begins with a question

Hypothesis is not the question. It is a statement thatflows from engaging with that question

A problem (question) cannot be directly tested,whereas an hypothesis can be tested and verified

It is the starting point of analysis

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

43/105

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

44/105

D li E M th d R lit

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

45/105

Decoupling an Economy : Myth and Reality

An economy that is able to sustain GDP

growth without having a negativeimpact on environmental conditions is

said to be decoupled.

Decoupling of an economy is not

feasible in the age of globalization

For a developed economy decoupling is

easier than for a developing economy

Commerce/ Management

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

46/105


Effectiveness of Buzz marketing as marketing technique and its

impact on Purchase Behaviour of the Consumers

Buzz marketing techniques influence the

purchase behaviour of consumers

Gender, age, educational level, income

level & marital status influence

consumer purchase &its responsetowards buzz marketing technique

C lt St di / Hi t

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

47/105

Culture Studies / History

The Communication of Culture and the State

The state while communicate culture, choosesclassical depictions of culture over the folk and

modern.

The communication of culture and the choices

for that is influenced by the prevailing

political conditions.

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

48/105

H th i

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

49/105


Hypothesis

Research hypotheses are the specific testablepredictions made about the variables in the study.

Research hypothesis is a pairing down of theproblem into something realistic, testable and

falsifiable.

Review of Literature and Intuition

Give the researcher a focus

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

50/105


A hypothesis is never `proved` . it is betterpractice to use the terms supported orverified

A Research hypothesis, which stands the test of

time, eventually becomes a theory

Hypotheses are couched in terms of the

particular variables that are going to beused in the study.

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

51/105

Types of Hypothesis

Directional and Non Directional Hypothesis

Directional hypothesis measures the effects of

two variables on each other.

It measures the direction of variation of two variables.

This effect of one variable on the other variable can be

in a positive direction or in a negative direction.

Non-directional hypothesis do not indicate

the kind of effects but only shows the

relation between two variables

Deductive and Inductive Hypothesis /

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

52/105

Deductive and Inductive Hypothesis /Null Hypothesis

Deductive from theory to particular

Inductivefrom Evidence to generalization

Null Hypothesis

Research Question

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

53/105

Research Question

May be used to compare variables.

May be used torelate variables.

May be used to describe variables.

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

54/105

V i bl

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

55/105

Variables

What is a Variable

Independent and Dependent Variable

Independent

These variables are ones that are more

or less controlled.

They still vary, but the variationis

relatively knownor taken into account.

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

56/105

Independent vs Dependent

Dependent variables are not controlled ormanipulated in any way, but instead aresimply measuredor registered.

These vary in relation to the independentvariables, and while results can be

predicted, the data is always measured.

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

57/105

Independent vs Dependent

Independent VariablePresumed Cause Dependent VariablePresumed effect

Researcher manipulates Independent Variableto observe changes in dependent variable

Independent V Dependent

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

58/105

Independent V. Dependent

Intentionallymanipulated

Controlled

Vary at known rate

Cause

Intentionally leftalone

Measured

Vary at unknown

rate

Effect

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

59/105

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

60/105

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

61/105

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

62/105

Theoretical Research

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

63/105

Focus on Theory

Word first meant aconcept or scheme

(1592)

To theorizeto

generalize afterobservation testing,

verificationexplain a

phenomena/ relationship

between variables,

codify, synthesize andorganize knowledge

Organized body of knowledge

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

64/105

Organized body of knowledge

Focus on Expanding the Base of TheoreticalKnowledge in a Subject

History

The Nature of Power

Bio Polar Competition and Globalization

End of History


A theoretical model for early warning of inflation

Theories of Compensation and Work Efficiency

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

65/105

Case Study

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

66/105

Micro Studies

More detailed investigation

Justifying the case study

Should allow one to do a generalization

Should mirror the Universe it represents

Case Study

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

67/105

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

68/105

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

69/105

athering data from arepresentative sample byposing questions on selectpreferences and beliefs anddrawing conclusions on attitudesand behaviour for the entire`universe`

What is Survey

Method?

JAINUNIVERSITY

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

70/105

Part of the Package of the Western

Research Tradition

Allergy to numbers

Indexed Journal Articles

Maths

JAINUNIVERSITY

Context and Content

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

71/105

What does the surveywish to explore

The profile of myprospectiverespondents

The time frame for

completing the survey

Context and Content

JAINUNIVERSITY

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

72/105

Purposive Sample

Random Sample

Stratified Random Sample

SAMPLE

JAINUNIVERSITY

Case Study of National ElectionSt d 09

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

73/105

Study 09

4 LEVELS

LEVEL 1 : ENTIRE UNIVERSEwith a few exceptions 536 of 543

Level 2 : assembly constituency 722:Weighed share

Level 3 : polling station: 4 per ac

Level 4 : respondents

Choosing aSTRATIFIED

RANDOM

SAMPLE

JAINUNIVERSITY

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

74/105

A National Sample of 5000respondents

Face-to-face interviews among youth

between age 14-34

An Urban Booster sample of1216 respondents

Choosing a SAMPLE : example 1

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

75/105

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

76/105

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

77/105

Questions

Does the question measure whatis intended to be measured?

Is it clear and understandable toall categories of prospectiverespondents?

Wording and Phrasing is the Key

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

78/105

Do you smoke ?

In a recent survey some people said that they have neversmoked, some others said that they smoke but have reduced

the number of cigarettes they smoke per day and some otherssaid that they smoke and were not able to give up that habit.What about you?

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

79/105

Pre-coded Response

Categories (14) Leaving aside the period of elections,

how much interest would you say you have in politicsand public affairsa great deal of interest, someinterest or no interest at all.1. No interest 2. Some interest 3. Great deal 8. D.K

(2d) What was the main reason due towhich you could not vote in this election?

1. Out of station 2. Not well 3. No interest/ did not feel like voting4. Prevented/ fear of violence 5. No identity card/ identity proof

7. Others (specify)___________________ 8. DK9.N.A.

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

80/105

Questions that tap respondent

intensity

(32) In whatever financial conditionyou are placed today, on the wholeare you fully satisfied, somewhatsatisfied, somewhat dissatisfied or

fully dissatisfied? (18/15/48/15)

(25) What is your assessment of the your Ph.D/. M Philwork done in last few years/months - would you say thatyou are satisfied or dissatisfied with it?

(probe further whether fully or somewhat satisfied ordissatisfied)

Avoiding loaded questions / one

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

81/105

Avoiding loaded questions / one

sided questions

During the Godhra riots many people felt that thegovernment did not take sufficient and prompt action.Who do you think was primarily responsible for theriots in Gujaratthe government, Muslims

extremists, Hindu extremists or someone else

(41) Who do you think was primarily responsible forthe riots in Gujaratthe government, Muslimsextremists, Hindu extremists or someone else

How do I frame an agree/ disagree question - thebias in favour of agree

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

82/105

Double barreled questions

Would you vote for a party that favours higher spending oneducation & entertainment?

"Do you approve of tax increases to end the budget deficits?"

Questions which challenge but not confusing

Which leader would you prefer (1) Someone who is involvedin criminal cases, but can be relied on to get work done; (2)Someone who is known to be a gentleman, but can notalways get work done. ( 37%/35%)

Which leader would you prefer (1) Someone who is accessiblebut corrupt; (2) Someone who is honest but inaccessible.(24/49%)

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

83/105

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

84/105

Question Order

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

85/105

What should the question order be ?

Why questions come first?

Respondents have previous questions at theback of the mind when answering

Spreading out questions which may be linked

Dependent questions

The `Dont Know`

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

86/105

The Don t Know

Response Is there an link between high dont knows and

the way we frame the questions ?

High DK`s are linked to agree/disagree

questions, questions on remote and abstractissues, and ones with greater task difficulty

The way a respondent answers is partiallydependent on what the response alternatives areand how they are presented to them

Availability of data

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

87/105

Data Availability of data

Quality of data

Reliability of data

Evaluation of datainternal andexternal

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

88/105

Period of Data collection Is it the normal periodor a special

period

Baseline year and Endline year

Short term and long term effects

Reliability of Data

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

89/105

PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

90/105

STUDY PHENOMENA FROM THE PERCEPTION OF

THOSE IN A SITUATION

WHEN PEOPLE ARE INVOLVEDPARTICIPANTOBSERVATION, INDEPTH INTERVIEWS AND

DISCUSSIONS

No taken for granted assumptions/ usual perceptions

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

91/105

Importance of personal perspective and interpretation

Describes first explains next

Free of preconceptions Is that possible?

Pioneered by Edmund Husseri in what was called Evidenz - in

mid 1890s

Research on ethnicity, gender, politics, films

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

92/105

S o u r c e s o fD a t a -P r i m a r y a n dS e c o n d a r y

Primary Sources

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

93/105

Raw Data

Statistics, Perspectives, Original Experiments

which have not yet been subject to

interpretation

The Researcher is required to make the

inference

Government statistics, Survey, Archival

Material, Laboratory Experiments, Field

Experiments

Secondary Sources

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

94/105

Data which has already been interpreted

and researcher draws on the inferences

Ph.D. Thesis and M.Phil Thesis

Journal articles which draw on primary data

Studies based on Primary sources

Observation as a tool of

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

95/105

research

How, When, Why and Challenges

Observation

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

96/105

Observation

Casual Observation and Observation

for Research

What happened in our Role Play

Scientific observation

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

97/105

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

98/105

Issues in any Observation

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

99/105


Chances of subjectivityreducedas long asobservation is accurate anddone scientifically

Relates to the presentnot thepast or the future

Independent of Respondenttheir willingness


8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

100/105


Time consuming and could escalate costs of

research

Accessibility

Unforeseen factors impacting the observation

Is the researcher making a correctinterpretation of what he/she observers

Issue 1 : Plan for Data Collection

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

101/105

Issue 1 : Plan for Data Collection

Sounds so straight forward what looks straight forward

rarely ever is

What am I trying to achieve through the data collection

Need to address the below mentioned issues

A brief description of the research :

the specific data that is needed, the rationale for collecting the data, what insight the data might provide what will be done with the data once it has been

collected.

Issue 2 : Freeze Operational Definitions and

Methodology

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

102/105

Methodology

What are we measuring?

Why are we measuring?

How are we measuring?

Who is measuring?

Clarity on definitions andprocedures

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

103/105

Issue 4: The Data Collection

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

104/105

Issue 4: The Data Collection

Process

Scrupulously follow through for

consistency and accuracy

Role of Guide

Issue 5: Soon after Data

8/12/2019 RM PPt 2012

105/105

Collection

How to address missingdata?

How to addressmeasurement error ?

How to addressspecification error ?

rm ppt 2012

Documents