Rekayasa Perkerasan Jalan

Overview

Bahan perkerasan jalan• Perkerasan jalan adalah segala jenis material

konstruksi yang dihampar dan dipadatkan di atas lapisan tanah dasar

• Konstruksi perkerasan jalan:– Perkerasan lentur/flexible pavement

• Agregat, sebagai tulangan• Aspal, sebagai pengikat

– Perkerasan kaku/rigid pavement• Agregat, sebagai tulangan• Semen, sebagai pengikat

• Uji terhadap bahan:– Jenis bahan– Keadaan fisik bahan– Kualitas bahan

• Konstruksi jalan:– Tanah dasar, merupakan tanah yang dipadatkan,

baik dari hasil galian maupun timbunan.tanah dasar memberi bentuk jalan

– Lapis pondasi, terdiri dari lapisan pondasi atas dan pondasi bawah. Distribusi beban dan kekuatan struktur ditentukan pada lapisan ini

– Lapis permukaan, merupakan lapisan yang kontak langsung dengan beban (roda kendaraan). Sudah termasuk lapis aus. Lapisan ini harus kuat, juga stabil dan memiliki daya tahan yang cukup kuat.

Contoh konstruksi perkerasan lentur

Contoh konstruksi perkerasan lentur

Bahan Agregat

Siklus Batuan

Batuan Sedimen

Batuan Metamorf

Batuan Beku

Magma

Sedimentasi

PemadatanSementasiKristalisasi

Pemindahan (Transport)

ErosiPelapukan Pelapukan

Sempurna

Tanah

Metamorfosis

Pemanasan

Pendinginan

Pemilihan Agregat

• Agregat yang akan digunakan sebagai bahan perkerasan jalan tergantung dari :– tersedianya bahan setempat– mutu bahan– bentuk/jenis konstruksi yang digunakan

Pemeriksaan/penelitian laboratorium

1. Ukuran dan gradasi (size and grading)

2. Kekerasan/keausan (toughness)

3. Ketahanan terhadap pelapukan (soundness)

4. Daya pelekatan terhadap aspal (affinity for asphalt)

5. Bentuk butir (shape)

6. Susunan/bentuk permukaan (surface texture)

7. Daya absorpsi (absorption)

8. Kebersihan (cleaness)

9. Berat jenis (specific gravity)

Penggolongan Agregat Berdasarkan Gradasi

a. Agregat bergradasi pekat/rapat (dense-graded)

b. Agregat bergradasi renggang/terbuka (open graded)

c. Agregat bergradasi seragam (single size/uniform graded)

d. Agregat bergradasi halus (fine graded)

e. Agregat bergradasi celah (gap-graded)

Contoh Grafik Gradasi

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0,01 0,1 1 10 100

No. Saringan

% L

olos

Bentuk Agregat

i.Rounded; ii. Irregular; iii. Angular; iv. Flaky; v. Elongated; vi. Flaky and Elongated

Alat Uji Agregat

Aggregate Impact Machine

Aggregate Crushing Machine

Alat Uji Agregat

Los Angeles Abrasion Test

Alat Uji Agregat

Alat Pengukur Kepipihan Agregat

Alat Pengukur Kelonjongan Agregat

Bahan Aspal

Definisi:• Asphalt is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present

in most crude petroleums and in some natural deposits. It is most commonly modeled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase and maltenes as the continuous phase (though there is some disagreement amongst chemists regarding its structure). In U.S. terminology, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside North America, the product is called bitumen.

Wikipedia

• Asphalt is a dark brown-to-black cement-like material obtained by petroleum refining and containing bitumens as the predominant component. Bitumen is a generic term for natural or manufactured black or dark-colored solid, semisolid, or viscous cementitious materials that are composed mainly of high-molecular weight hydrocarbons. The term includes tars and pitches derived from coal. Asphalt is used primarily for road construction and roofing materials due to its remarkable waterproofing and binding properties. The hard surfaces of roads, for example, depend on the ability of asphalt to cement together aggregates of stone and sand.

Encyclopedia of Earth

Klasifikasi Aspal Berdasarkan Sumber Dan Penggunaannya

ASPAL

Aspal Buatan(petrolueum asphalt) Asphaltic Base Crude

Oli Parafin Base Crude Oli Mixed Base Crude Oli

Aspal Keras atau Aspal Panas (AC, asphalt cement)

Aspal Cair (cut back) Rapid Curing (AC+benzene) Medium Curing

(AC+kerosene) Slow Curing (AC+minyak

berat)Aspal Emulsi (AC+air+asam/basa) Cathionic/Anionic Rapid

Setting Cathionic/Anionic Medium

Setting Cathionic/Anionic Slow Setting

Aspal Alam(Native Asphalt) Lake Asphalt (Trinidad

Lake) Rock Asphalt (Perancis,

Swiss, Pulau Buton)

0.50.50.50.51.0-Kehilangan Berat, %

99.099.099.099.099.099.0Kelarutan pada trichloroethene, %

232232232219177163Titik Nyala (C)

40506080140220Penetrasi (25C, 100 gr, 5 detik)

400350300250175125Viskositas, 135C (275F),Cs, Min

4000 80030006002000 4001000 200500100250 50Viskositas, 60C (140F), poises

AC-40AC-30AC-20AC-10AC-5AC-2.5

Nilai ViskositasBerdasarkan Nilai Viskositas

-100-100-75-50--Daktilitas setelah kehilangan berat

-40-46-50-54-58Penetrasi setelah kehilangan berat

1.5-1.3-1.0-0.8-0.8-Kehilangan berat, %

-99-99-99-99-99Kelarutan pada trichloroethele, %

-100-100-100-100-100Daktilitas (25C, 5 cm per menit)

-177-218-232-232-232Titik Nyala (Cleveland Open), C

3002001501201008570605040Penetrasi (25C, 100 gr, 5 detik)

maxminmaxMinmaxminmaxminmaxmin

200-300120-15085-10060-7040-50

Nilai Penetrasi

Berdasarkan Nilai Penetrasi

Klasifikasi Aspal Menurut AASHTO

Penyulingan Aspal Buatan

Skema AnalisisMenentukan Struktur Hidrokarbon Aspal

Pengujian-Pengujian Karakteristik Aspal1. Pengujian Penetrasi

2. Pengujian Daktilitas

3. Pengujian Titik Lembek

4. Kepekaan Aspal terhadap Perubahan Suhu

5. Pengujian Viskositas

6. Pengujian Titik Nyala dan Titik Bakar

7. Pengujian Berat Jenis

8. Hilang dalam Pemanasan

9. Penyulingan Aspal Cair

10. Kadar Air dalam Minyak Bumi dan Bahan yang Mengandung Bitumen

11. Kelekatan Aspal dalam Batuan

Alat Pengujian Aspal

Pengujian Penetrasi

Alat Pengujian Aspal

Pengujian Titik Lembek Ring and Ball

log PEN T2

log PEN = AT + K

log PEN T1

log PEN (dmm)

T (oC) T2 T1

K

A

log Viskositas (cSt)

Suhu (oC)

log (170 20)

log (280 30)

Suhu pemadatan Suhu pencampuran

Hubungan Suhu dan Viskositas Aspal

Hubungan Suhu dan log Pen Aspal

Temperature SusceptibilityPersamaan dasar:

logP = AT + K

A = (log pen T1 – log pen T2)/(T1 – T2)A = (log pen T1 – log 800)/(T1 – SP)A 0,015 sampai 0,06

Persamaan PI:

50 A = (20 – PI)/(10 + PI)

PI = (1952 – 500 log pen – 20SP)/(50log pen – SP – 120)

?

Alat Pengujian AspalAlat Pengujian Aspal

Pengujian Daktilitas Aspal

Cetakan Benda Uji dalam Pengujian Daktilitas

Alat Pengujian Aspal

Percobaan Titik Nyala dengan Alat Cleveland Open Cup

Alat Pengujian Aspal

Percobaan Hilang dalam Pemanasan dengan Alat Thin Film Oven

Alat Pengujian Aspal

Percobaan Penyulingan Aspal Cair

Jenis Aspal vs Penggunaan

AC

-40

AC

-20

AC

-10

AC

-5

AR

-8000

AR

-4000

AR

-2000

60-70

85-100

120-150

200-300

RS

-1

RS

-2

MS

-1, H

FM

S-1

MS

-2, H

FM

S-2

MS

-2h, H

FM

S-2h

HF

MS

-2s

SS

-1

CR

S-2

CM

S-2

CM

S-2h

CS

S-1

70

250

800

250

800

3000

Asphalt-Aggregate MixturesAsphalt Concrete and Hot Laid Plant Mix

Pavement Base and SurfacesHighways X X X X X7 X X X X X7 X X X X X7Airports X X X X X X X XParking Areas X X X X X X X X XDrivewas X X X X X X

Curbs X X XIndustrial Floors X X X X X XBlocks X X XGroins X X X X X XDam Facings X X X X X XCanal and Reservoar Linings X X X X X X

Cold-Laid Plant Mix 10Pavement Base and Surfaces

Open-Graded Aggregate X X X XWell-Graded Aggregate X X X X X X X X X X X

Patching, Immediate Use X X X X XPatching, Stockpile X X X X

Mixed-in-Place (Road Mix) 10Pavement Base and Surfaces X X X X X X X X

Open-Graded Aggregate X X X X X X X X XWell-Graded Aggregate X X X X X X X X

Sand X X X X X X X X XSandy Soil X X X X X X X X X XPatching, Immediate Use X X X XPatching, Stockpile

RecyclingHot-Mix X X X X X X X X XCold-Mix 10 X X X X X X X X X X X X

Asphalt-Aggregate ApplicationsSurface Treatments

Single Surface Treatment X X X X X X X XMultiple Surface Treatment X X X X X X X XAggregate Seal X X X X X X X X X XSand Seal X X X X XSlurry Seal X X X X

Asphalt ApplicationsSurface Treatments

Fog Seal X5 X2 X2 X2 X2Prime Coat X16 X1 X1 X1 X1 X1 X X XTack Coat X X2 X2 X X2 X2Dust Laying X5 X2 X2 X2 X2 X X X X XMulch X2 X2

MembraneCanal and Reservoar Linings X XEmbankment Envelopes X X X X X X

Crack FillingsAsphalt Pavements X3 X3 X3 X3Portland Cement Concrete

Pavements X4 X4 X4

1 Mixed-in Prime Only 5 Diluted with water by the manufacturer 8 Before using MC's for spray applications (other than prime coats) check with local pollution control agency2 Diluted with water 6 MS-2 only 9 Emulsifed asphalts shown are AASHTO and ASTM grades and may not include all grades produced in all geographical areas3 Slurry mix 7 For use in cold climates 10 Evaluation of emulsified asphalt-aggregate system required to determine the proper grade of emulsified asphalt to use4 Rubber asphalt compounds

Anionic

AR

-16000

Viscosity Graded-Original

AR

-1000

Cationic

SS

-1h

CR

S-1

CS

S-1h

40-50

Viscosity Graded-Residue

Penetration Graded

Type of Construction

30

3000

Medium Curing (MC) 8

Emulsified Asphalts 9 Cutback-Asphalts

Rapid Curing (RC) 8

Asphalt Cements

70

AC

-2.5

Spesifikasi Bitumen (Japan Road Association)

Penetration Grade 60 - 80 80 - 100 100 - 120 120 - 150

Penetration (25oC, 100g, 5 sec) 60 – 80 80 – 100 100 – 120 120 – 150

Softening Point oC 44.0 – 52.0 42.0 – 50.0 40.0 – 50.0 38.0 – 48.0

Ductility (15oC) min. cm 100 100 100 100

Loss on Heating maz. % (1) 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5

Retained Penetration after Heating min. % 80 80 75 (3) 70

Penetration Ratio adfter Heating maz. % (2) 110 110 - -

Loss of Weight after Thin Film Oven Test maz. % (1) 0.6 0.6 - -

Retained Penetration after Thin Film Oven Test min. % 55 50 - -

Solubility in Carbon Tetrachloride min. % 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5

Flash Point (Cleaveland) min. oC 260 260 210 210

Specific Gravity (25oC/ 25oC) min. 1.000 1.000 - - Note : 1) In some cases, the test will be resulted in weight increase.

2) Penetration ratio after heating (%) = stirredthoroughlysampletheonheatingafternPenetratio

sampletheofstirringanywithouheatingafternPenetratio

3) It is desirable for asphalts having more than 47.5oC softening point, percentage of retained penetration exceeds 80. 4) As for asphalts of penetration grade 60 – 80 and 80 –100, it is necessary to inform the Kinematic-viscosity

measurement results at the temperature of 120oC, 140oC, 160oC and 180oC respectively. For the penetration grades 100 – 120, 120 – 150, not only the viscosity-temperature relationship the specific gravity – temperature relationship is also needed.

Karakteristik Campuran

Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 11a. Gradasi Menerus (skematis)

Ukuran Butir

Proporsi

Grafik Komulatif

Ilustrasi Gradasi

Ilustrasi Setting

- Prinsip Interlocking- Sifat Kaku- Kebutuhan Aspal Sedang

Grafik

Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 21b. Gradasi Menerus (ilustrasi visual)

Potongan campuran Bentuk Briket Marshall

Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 32a. Gradasi Senjang (skematis)

Ukuran Butir

Proporsi

Grafik Komulatif

Ilustrasi Gradasi

Ilustrasi Setting

- Prinsip Suspensi Mortar- Sifat Lentur- Kebutuhan Aspal Tinggi

Grafik Ukuran yang

hilang

Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 42b. Gradasi Senjang (ilustrasi visual)

Potongan campuran Bentuk Briket Marshall

Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 53a. Gradasi Seragam (skematis)

Ukuran Butir

Proporsi

Grafik Komulatif

Ilustrasi Gradasi

Ilustrasi Setting

- Prinsip Max Tekstur Makro- Sifat Kasar- Kebutuhan Aspal Khusus

GrafikDominasi Ukuran

Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 63b. Gradasi Seragam (ilustrasi visual)

Permukaan campuran Bentuk Briket Marshall

Rongga dalam Campuran 1

Agregat

Aspal

Rongga

Ilustrasi Umum

Berat Volume

X

Y

Vx = X/(SGagregat x air)

Vy = Y/(SGaspal x air)

Vr = Vtotal – (Vy + Vx)0

VtotalWtotal

Rongga dalam Campuran 2

Aspal

Rongga

VMA, VIM, VFB/VFA

VMA

VIM

KadarAspal

Absorbed

Agregat

VFB

Specific Gravity 1

Solid Aggregate

Water-impermeable Pores

Water-permeable Pores

Apparent & Bulk SG

Ws

Volume

Vs

0

VtotalWtotal 0

Weight

Vi

Vp

SG Apparent = Ws / ((Vs + Vi) x water)

SG Bulk = Ws / ((Vs + Vi + Vp) x water)

Specific Gravity 2Apparent, Bulk & Effective SG

Apparent SG:Rongga Permeable diisi bitumen sebanyak air yang bisa mengisinya

Bulk SG:Rongga Permeable tidak terisi bitumen sama sekali

Effective SG:Rongga Permeable terisi bitumen sebanyak bitumen yang bisa mengisinya

Specific Gravity 3

Solid Aggregate

Bitumen-impermeable Pores

Bitumen-permeable Pores

Effective SG

Ws

Volume

Vs

0

VtotalWtotal 0

Weight

Vc

Vb

SG Effective = Ws / ((Vs + Vc) x water)

SG Effective = (Apparent SG + Bulk SG)/2

Perhitungan Proporsi

Berat Agregat

Berat Campuran

Proporsi Agregat

Berat Aspal

Selisih Berat

Agregat dan

Campuran

By Weight

Berat agregat

Volume Agregat

SG Agregat

Berat aspal

By Volume

VolumeCampuran

Proporsi Agregat,

Aspal dan

Rongga

VolumeAspal

Proporsi Aspal

SG Aspal

Daur Ulang Perkerasan

Perkerasan Daur-ulang

• Perbaikan terhadap struktur perkerasan lentur pada prinsipnya mencakup: pelapisan ulang (overlaying), daur-ulang (recycling) dan rekonstruksi (reconstruction). Material dari perkerasan yang rusak (deteriorated) yang dikenal sebagai Perkerasan Aspal yang Diundang Kembali atau Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), sebagian atau seluruhnya digunakan pada konstruksi baru.

Diambil

Digelar &dipadatkan

RAPMaterial SegarAspal

+Agregat

+

1: Eksisting 2: Pengambilan 3: Pencampuran4: Penghamparan Kembali

Jenis Proses Daur-ulang

• Hot in-Place Recycling(Daur-ulang Panas di Lokasi)

• Cold in Place Recycling(Daur-ulang Dingin di Lokasi)

• Hot Central Plant Recycling (Daur-ulang Panas di Kilang)

• Cold Central Plant Recycling (Daur-ulang Dingin di Kilang)

Hot in-Place RecyclingDaur-ulang Panas di Lokasi

Sumber: Lebuhraya Malaysia (2005)

Cold in-Place RecyclingDaur-ulang Dingin di Lokasi

Sumber: EDP Consultant, USA (2006)

Hot Central Plant RecyclingDaur-ulang Panas di Kilang

Sumber: Fujian South Highway Machinery Co., Ltd., Japan (2006)

RAP Feeding

Main Unit

Surge Hopper

Drum Mixer

Cold Central Plant RecyclingDaur-ulang Dingin di Kilang

Sumber: Public Work Deparment, Malaysia (2005)

Kelebihan Perkerasan Daur-ulang

• Mempersingkat gangguan yang dirasakan pengguna

• Konservasi kebutuhan energi

• Preservasi kondisi lingkungan

• Memperkecil biaya konstruksi

• Konservasi kebutuhan material dasar (agregat dan aspal)

• Preservasi geometri perkerasan eksisting