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    The Skeletal System

    Skeleton comes from Greek for dried up body

    The skeleton is the framework upon which our entire bodiesare built.

    Our bones are light yet strong, and are perfectly suited to

    provide protection and movement.

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    The Skeletal System

    The skeleton is divided into two divisions,the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton .

    The axial skeleton are the bones that form the longitudinalaxis of the body

    The appendicular skeleton is composed of the bones of

    the limbs and the girdles.

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    The Functions of Bones

    Our bones give us shape and form, andcontribute to homeostasis in several importantways.

    1.) Support : Bones are the girders of our body

    They also serve to protect soft organs, and provideattachment points for muscles

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    The Functions of Bones

    4.) Storage : The internal cavities of bones areused to store fat.

    The bones themselves are repositories for minerals suchas calcium and phosphorous. The turnover of theseminerals is controlled by hormones.

    5.) Blood Cell Formation : Hematopoiesis occurs withinthe marrow cavities of certain bones

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    Classification Of Bones

    Adult skeletons have 206 bones

    Bones are made of two basic types of osseous tissue :

    Compact Bone

    Spongy Bone

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    Classification of Bones on theBasis of Shape

    Figure 5.1

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    Classification Of BonesLong bones

    Short bones

    Flat Bones

    Irregular bones

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    The Axial Skeleton

    Forms the longitudinal part of the bodyDivided into three parts

    SkullVertebral columnBony thorax

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    The Axial Skeleton

    Figure 5.6

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    The Skull

    Two sets of bonesCraniumFacial bones

    Bones are joined by suturesOnly the mandible is attached by a freelymovable joint

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    The Skull

    Figure 5.7

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    Bones of the Skull

    Figure 5.11

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    Human Skull, Superior View

    Figure 5.8

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    Human Skull, Inferior View

    Figure 5.9

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    Bones of the skullThe cranium is composed of 8 bones, except for 2paired bones, they are all single bones.

    Frontal Bone : the forehead, also forms the theprojections under the eyebrows and the superior

    part of each eye orbit

    Parietal Bones : paired bones that form thesuperior and lateral walls of the skull

    They meet at the sagittal suture and form thecoronal suture where they meet the frontal

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    Bones of the skullThe temporal bones are inferior to the parietalbones, and join with them at the squamous suture

    There are several important bone markings on thetemporal bone.

    External auditory meatus: ear canal

    Styloid process : allows for muscle attachment

    Zygomatic process : the thin bridge of bone that joinsanteriorly with the zygomatic bone

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    Bones of the skullMastoid process provides an attachment site forsome neck muscles. Also contains the mastoidsinuses.

    Jugular foramen : allows for the passage of the jugular vein .

    Carotid canal : anterior to the jugular foramen,allows for passage of the carotid artery.

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    Bones of the skullOccipital Bone forms the inferior posterior portionof the skull.

    The occipital bone contains the magnum foramen,which is the large opening that allows for passage

    of the spinal cord from the base of the brain downthe vertebral column .

    The occipital bone joins with the temporal and

    parietal bones

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    Bones of the skullThe occipital bone features the occipital condyles,which articulate with the first cervical vertebrae,called the atlas.

    The sphenoid bone is the wing shaped bone whichspans the skull, most of which is visible on theinterior of the skull .

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    Bones of the Face

    14 bones compose the face

    12 Bones are paired, and only the mandible and thevomer are single bones.

    Maxillae ( maxillary bones) fuse to form the upper jaw. All of the facial bones join the maxillae, exceptthe mandible

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    Bones of the Face

    The palatine processes form the anterior hardpalate

    The maxillae also contain the para-nasal sinuses

    Palatine Bones paired bones that lie posterior tothe hard palate

    Failure of these bones to fuse results in a cleftpalate

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    Paranasal Sinuses

    Hollow portions of bones surrounding thenasal cavity

    Figure 5.10

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    Bones of the FaceThe Zygomatic bones : commonly called thecheekbones, they also form a large portion of theeye sockets

    Vomer : single plow-shaped bone that forms thenasal septum

    Inferior conchae : thin curved bones that projectfrom the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.

    Mandible : Lower jaw, the largest strongest bone ofthe face

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    Bones of the FaceHyoid Bone:

    The only bone in the body that does not directlyarticulate with another bone.

    It is located in the mid neck, above the larynx, andis anchored to the styloid process by ligaments

    Shaped like a horse shoe, it serves as a movable

    base for the tongue and as a point of muscularattachment for muscles in the neck

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    The Hyoid Bone

    The only bone thatdoes not articulatewith another boneServes as amoveable base forthe tongue

    Figure 5.12

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    The Vertebral Column

    Is formed by 26 irregular bonesIs a flexible, curved structure extending fromthe skull to the pelvisProtects the delicate spinal cordTransmits the weight load of the body to thelower limbs

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    The Vertebral Column

    Vertebrae separatedby intervertebral discsThe spine has anormal curvatureEach vertebrae isgiven a nameaccording to itslocation

    Figure 5.14

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    Vertebral column

    There are 33 separate vertebrae at birthNine of these fuse to for the composite bonesof the sacrum and the coccyxFrom superior to inferior the bones aredesignated by location and numberCervical 7Thoracic 12Lumbar 5

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    Vertebral column

    Herniated, or slipped disks can pressagainst the spinal cord or nerves that exit thespinal cord..This can result in extreme pain, and loss offunctionSpinal CurvaturesThe spine is curved to help absorb shock.

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    Vertebral column

    The thoracic and sacral curves are calledprimary curves because they are present atbirth.The secondary curves develop later.The cervical develops when the baby beginsto raise its head, and the lumbar when thechild begins to walk.

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    Structure of Vertebrae

    All vertebrae have a similar structural pattern.Some common features:Body or centrum: the weight bearing part of thevertebra, and it faces anteriorly.Vertebral arch: formed by the joining of all theposterior extensions from the body of the vertebrae.Vertebral foramen: canal through which the spinalcord passes.

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    Structure of Vertebrae

    Transverese Process: Two lateral projections fromthe vertebral archSpinous Process : Single projection arising from theposterior aspect of the vertebral arch.Superior and Inferior Articular Processes : pairedprojections that allow vertebra to form joints withadjacent vertebraeVertebral arch: formed by the joining of all theposterior extensions from the body of the vertebrae.

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    Structure of Cervical Vertebrae

    Cervical vertebrae ( C1 to C7 )form the neckregion of the spine.C1 and C2 are specialized, they performfunctions not shared by other vcervicalvertebraeThe Atlas ( C1)Has no body

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    Regional Characteristics ofVertebrae

    Figure 5.17a b

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    Structure of Cervical Vertebrae

    Transverse processes have depressions thatreceive the occipital condyles.The Axis ( C2 ) Acts as a pivot for the atlasand the skullC3 through C7 are the smallest and lightestvertebraeTheir spinous processes are short and divideinto two branches.

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    Structure of Cervical Vertebrae

    The transverse processes contain foraminafor the arteries to pass through on their wayto the brain.They are the only group of vertebrae with thisfeature.

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    Regional Characteristics ofVertebrae

    Figure 5.17a b

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    Structure of ThoracicVertebrae

    Thoracic vertebrae ( T1 T 12 ).Larger than cervical vertebrae

    Have two costal demifacets on each side toreceive the head of the ribsHave long spinous processes that anglesharply downward.When viewed from the side resemble thehead of giraffe

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    Regional Characteristics ofVertebrae

    Figure 5.17c d

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    Structure of Lumbar Vertebrae

    Lumbar vertebrae ( L1 L 5 ). Are the strongest and stursiest of allvertebrae.Have large block- like bodiesSpinous processes are short, and hatchetshaped.When viewed from the side resemble thehead of a moose.

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    The Sacrum

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    The Thorax

    The Thoracic cage surrounds and protectsthe heart, lungs and major blood vessels. The SternumIs a flat bone composed of the fusion of 3bones. Superior to inferior they are:ManubriumBody ( Gladiolus)Xiphoid process

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    The Thorax

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    The Sternum

    The sternum articulates with the first 7 pairsof ribs.The sternum has 3 important landmarksThe jugular notchThe sternal angleThe xiphisternal joint

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    The Sternum

    The jugular notch: the concave upper part of themanubrium, usually at the level of T3The sternal angle : site where the manubrium and

    the gladiolus meet to form a slight angle.It is the reference point for locating the secondintecostal space for listening to the heart valvesXiphisternal joint : Where the sternal body and thexiphoid process meet. Used as a landmark to locatethe level of T9

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    The Ribs

    12 Pairs of ribs form the thoracic cageMen and women have the SAME number ofribs

    All ribs articulate with the vertebral columnposteriorlyThe first 7 pairs are known as true ribsbecause they attach directly to the sternumby costal cartilage

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    The Ribs

    The next 5 pairs are false ribs because theyeither attach indirectly to the sternum, or notat allThe last 2 pairs of false ribs lack sternalattachment, and are called floating ribs