rangka aksial @ rangka tubuh.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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The Skeletal System
Skeleton comes from Greek for dried up body
The skeleton is the framework upon which our entire bodiesare built.
Our bones are light yet strong, and are perfectly suited to
provide protection and movement.
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The Skeletal System
The skeleton is divided into two divisions,the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton .
The axial skeleton are the bones that form the longitudinalaxis of the body
The appendicular skeleton is composed of the bones of
the limbs and the girdles.
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The Functions of Bones
Our bones give us shape and form, andcontribute to homeostasis in several importantways.
1.) Support : Bones are the girders of our body
They also serve to protect soft organs, and provideattachment points for muscles
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The Functions of Bones
4.) Storage : The internal cavities of bones areused to store fat.
The bones themselves are repositories for minerals suchas calcium and phosphorous. The turnover of theseminerals is controlled by hormones.
5.) Blood Cell Formation : Hematopoiesis occurs withinthe marrow cavities of certain bones
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Classification Of Bones
Adult skeletons have 206 bones
Bones are made of two basic types of osseous tissue :
Compact Bone
Spongy Bone
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Classification of Bones on theBasis of Shape
Figure 5.1
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Classification Of BonesLong bones
Short bones
Flat Bones
Irregular bones
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The Axial Skeleton
Forms the longitudinal part of the bodyDivided into three parts
SkullVertebral columnBony thorax
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The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6
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The Skull
Two sets of bonesCraniumFacial bones
Bones are joined by suturesOnly the mandible is attached by a freelymovable joint
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The Skull
Figure 5.7
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Bones of the Skull
Figure 5.11
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Human Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8
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Human Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9
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Bones of the skullThe cranium is composed of 8 bones, except for 2paired bones, they are all single bones.
Frontal Bone : the forehead, also forms the theprojections under the eyebrows and the superior
part of each eye orbit
Parietal Bones : paired bones that form thesuperior and lateral walls of the skull
They meet at the sagittal suture and form thecoronal suture where they meet the frontal
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Bones of the skullThe temporal bones are inferior to the parietalbones, and join with them at the squamous suture
There are several important bone markings on thetemporal bone.
External auditory meatus: ear canal
Styloid process : allows for muscle attachment
Zygomatic process : the thin bridge of bone that joinsanteriorly with the zygomatic bone
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Bones of the skullMastoid process provides an attachment site forsome neck muscles. Also contains the mastoidsinuses.
Jugular foramen : allows for the passage of the jugular vein .
Carotid canal : anterior to the jugular foramen,allows for passage of the carotid artery.
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Bones of the skullOccipital Bone forms the inferior posterior portionof the skull.
The occipital bone contains the magnum foramen,which is the large opening that allows for passage
of the spinal cord from the base of the brain downthe vertebral column .
The occipital bone joins with the temporal and
parietal bones
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Bones of the skullThe occipital bone features the occipital condyles,which articulate with the first cervical vertebrae,called the atlas.
The sphenoid bone is the wing shaped bone whichspans the skull, most of which is visible on theinterior of the skull .
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Bones of the Face
14 bones compose the face
12 Bones are paired, and only the mandible and thevomer are single bones.
Maxillae ( maxillary bones) fuse to form the upper jaw. All of the facial bones join the maxillae, exceptthe mandible
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Bones of the Face
The palatine processes form the anterior hardpalate
The maxillae also contain the para-nasal sinuses
Palatine Bones paired bones that lie posterior tothe hard palate
Failure of these bones to fuse results in a cleftpalate
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Paranasal Sinuses
Hollow portions of bones surrounding thenasal cavity
Figure 5.10
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Bones of the FaceThe Zygomatic bones : commonly called thecheekbones, they also form a large portion of theeye sockets
Vomer : single plow-shaped bone that forms thenasal septum
Inferior conchae : thin curved bones that projectfrom the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
Mandible : Lower jaw, the largest strongest bone ofthe face
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Bones of the FaceHyoid Bone:
The only bone in the body that does not directlyarticulate with another bone.
It is located in the mid neck, above the larynx, andis anchored to the styloid process by ligaments
Shaped like a horse shoe, it serves as a movable
base for the tongue and as a point of muscularattachment for muscles in the neck
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The Hyoid Bone
The only bone thatdoes not articulatewith another boneServes as amoveable base forthe tongue
Figure 5.12
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The Vertebral Column
Is formed by 26 irregular bonesIs a flexible, curved structure extending fromthe skull to the pelvisProtects the delicate spinal cordTransmits the weight load of the body to thelower limbs
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The Vertebral Column
Vertebrae separatedby intervertebral discsThe spine has anormal curvatureEach vertebrae isgiven a nameaccording to itslocation
Figure 5.14
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Vertebral column
There are 33 separate vertebrae at birthNine of these fuse to for the composite bonesof the sacrum and the coccyxFrom superior to inferior the bones aredesignated by location and numberCervical 7Thoracic 12Lumbar 5
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Vertebral column
Herniated, or slipped disks can pressagainst the spinal cord or nerves that exit thespinal cord..This can result in extreme pain, and loss offunctionSpinal CurvaturesThe spine is curved to help absorb shock.
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Vertebral column
The thoracic and sacral curves are calledprimary curves because they are present atbirth.The secondary curves develop later.The cervical develops when the baby beginsto raise its head, and the lumbar when thechild begins to walk.
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Structure of Vertebrae
All vertebrae have a similar structural pattern.Some common features:Body or centrum: the weight bearing part of thevertebra, and it faces anteriorly.Vertebral arch: formed by the joining of all theposterior extensions from the body of the vertebrae.Vertebral foramen: canal through which the spinalcord passes.
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Structure of Vertebrae
Transverese Process: Two lateral projections fromthe vertebral archSpinous Process : Single projection arising from theposterior aspect of the vertebral arch.Superior and Inferior Articular Processes : pairedprojections that allow vertebra to form joints withadjacent vertebraeVertebral arch: formed by the joining of all theposterior extensions from the body of the vertebrae.
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Structure of Cervical Vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae ( C1 to C7 )form the neckregion of the spine.C1 and C2 are specialized, they performfunctions not shared by other vcervicalvertebraeThe Atlas ( C1)Has no body
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Regional Characteristics ofVertebrae
Figure 5.17a b
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Structure of Cervical Vertebrae
Transverse processes have depressions thatreceive the occipital condyles.The Axis ( C2 ) Acts as a pivot for the atlasand the skullC3 through C7 are the smallest and lightestvertebraeTheir spinous processes are short and divideinto two branches.
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Structure of Cervical Vertebrae
The transverse processes contain foraminafor the arteries to pass through on their wayto the brain.They are the only group of vertebrae with thisfeature.
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Regional Characteristics ofVertebrae
Figure 5.17a b
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Structure of ThoracicVertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae ( T1 T 12 ).Larger than cervical vertebrae
Have two costal demifacets on each side toreceive the head of the ribsHave long spinous processes that anglesharply downward.When viewed from the side resemble thehead of giraffe
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Regional Characteristics ofVertebrae
Figure 5.17c d
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Structure of Lumbar Vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae ( L1 L 5 ). Are the strongest and stursiest of allvertebrae.Have large block- like bodiesSpinous processes are short, and hatchetshaped.When viewed from the side resemble thehead of a moose.
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The Sacrum
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The Thorax
The Thoracic cage surrounds and protectsthe heart, lungs and major blood vessels. The SternumIs a flat bone composed of the fusion of 3bones. Superior to inferior they are:ManubriumBody ( Gladiolus)Xiphoid process
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The Thorax
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The Sternum
The sternum articulates with the first 7 pairsof ribs.The sternum has 3 important landmarksThe jugular notchThe sternal angleThe xiphisternal joint
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The Sternum
The jugular notch: the concave upper part of themanubrium, usually at the level of T3The sternal angle : site where the manubrium and
the gladiolus meet to form a slight angle.It is the reference point for locating the secondintecostal space for listening to the heart valvesXiphisternal joint : Where the sternal body and thexiphoid process meet. Used as a landmark to locatethe level of T9
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The Ribs
12 Pairs of ribs form the thoracic cageMen and women have the SAME number ofribs
All ribs articulate with the vertebral columnposteriorlyThe first 7 pairs are known as true ribsbecause they attach directly to the sternumby costal cartilage
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The Ribs
The next 5 pairs are false ribs because theyeither attach indirectly to the sternum, or notat allThe last 2 pairs of false ribs lack sternalattachment, and are called floating ribs