“Tempat yang dicari dan terbebankan…….”

Triarko NurlambangDept. Geografi FMIPA UI

2009

• Karakteristik Wilayah Pesisir sebagai tempat

permukiman

• Pertumbuhan pesat pembangunan Wilayah

Pesisir

• Permasalahan dalam pembangunan Wilayah

Pesisir

• Alternatif pemecahan masalah Pembangunan

Wilayah

Pesisir dari perspektif Ruang (Spatial) dan

studi kasus

Shores and Coastal Processes

Shorelines are places where bodies of water meet dry land

Coasts are landward of ocean shorelines Beach: a narrow strip of land, washed by waves

or tides . Ordinary Waves are caused by WIND

Waves are produced when wind drag causes the surface water of oceans/lakes to rise and fall

- Waves get refracted on approaching shoreline

Typical Coast

( DENR, 2001)

KOMPLEKSITAS PERMASALAHAN DI WILAYAH PESISIR

penggundulan hutan dan erosi

padat tangkap

polusi

limbah RT

limbah pertanian

kepadatan penduduk

penambangan pasir

pengeboman ikanSampah

pelabuhan

peracunan ikan

rusaknya habitat dan benih ikan

limbah budidaya ikan

penimbunan unsur kimia dari pertanian

operasi kapal asing di perairan teritorial

operasi kapal asing di perairan ZEEI

pertumbuhan penduduk di wilayah pesiisr

dampak industri

reklamasi dan pengembangan pantai

peracunan ikan

overfishing

akses terbuka

alat tangkap yg. merusak: trawl dasar, drift nets dan jaring halus

COASTAL FACTS

• The oceans cover 70 per cent of the planet’s surface area and marine and coastal environments contain diverse habitats that support an abundance of marine life; coastal zones account for 20 per cent of the world’s land area

The oceans cover 70 percent of the planet’s surface area and

UNEP-CBD 2005; GEO Year Book 2006; UNEP 2005

• Coral reef ecosystems are increasingly being degraded and destroyed worldwide by a variety of human activities and by global warming

• Global harvests for marine fisheries have been above 80 million tonnes per year since the latter half of the 1980s, with peak of 87 million tonnes in 1997 and 2000

• Mangroves extend over 18 million hectares (44 million acres) worldwide, covering a quarter of the world’s tropical coastlines

Jalur Maritim dan Lokasi Strategis

SuezHormuz

PanamaMalacca

Magellan

Good Hope

Gibraltar

Bab el-Mandab

Jalur Perdagangan Dunia, 1400-1800

Mexico Havana

PeruBrazil

West Africa

WesternEurope

Manila

PacificOcean

PacificOcean

IndianOcean

East Africa

IndiaChina

Southeast Asia

Baltic

Hormuz

Aden

Aceh

North America Central Asia

Canton

Malacca

Caribbean

AtlanticOcean

Trade Route

Dominant Capital Flow

1

2

3

4

Core PeripheryPeriphery

A B C

D E F

Maritime Corridor Land Corridor

Air Corridor

Articulation point (port, airport rail terminal)

Road andrail link

Fluvial Corridor

City

Maritimecorridor

Fluvialcorridor

Aircorridor

This area is devoted to the study of whole systems.

Nature is a whole system. But also an economy, a family, a company, a community, or many other things, can be looked at as whole systems. A whole system view would include all the factors involved and examine how they relate to each other and how they work as a whole. To deal with a whole system we can't leave anything out as irrelevant. Intuition is as important as rationality, we must address both scientific and artistic approaches, both material and spiritual needs, the small as well as the big, what we feel as well as what we think, what we perceive as well as what we imagine.

Whole systems are dynamic, they change they move, they develop. Frozen pictures of how things are supposed to be might do us no good, we need to deal with the live systems, whichever surprising directions that might take us in.

There is no one authority in the field of whole systems. Luckily nobody has monopolized it by putting it into a standard curriculum defining what it IS. So, we all have the opportunity to discover together what whole systems are about.

Shrimp farms replacing mangroves in Gulf of Fonseca,

Honduras

1987-1999: shrimp farms and ponds have mushroomed, carpeting the landscape around the Gulf of Fonseca, in blocks of blue and black shapes

Loss of Mangrove in Ecuador’s largest seaport - Gulf of Guayaquil

1985-2000: Loss of mangrove; aquaculture grew 30 percent in a 15-year period

Dramatic changes in Huang He Delta, China

Images show the mouth of the Yellow River and the emergence of a huge parrot-headed peninsula

• 1979-2000: Huang He’s yellow color is the result of huge loads of sediments

Changes in Huang He Delta, China

• From 1989 to 1995 the Yellow River delta area grew

• From 1995 to 2000 the Yellow River delta area shrank

Credit: NASA Earth Observatory

Replacement of mangroves by aquaculture in Thon Buri, Thailand

• 1973-1978: Area is caught in the battle between needs of people versus the welfare of the coastal areas

• 2002: Shows extensive aquaculture ponds (blue patches inland)

Sundarban: Largest mangrove forest of the world, India/Bangladesh

Forest degradation has been occurring in many parts of Sundarbans

Shrimp farming is a major threat to mangrove forests

These images show the extent of flooding and extensive ditches and canals used for irrigation

• 2000: Taken during the period of flooding

• 2001: Taken after the flood waters had receded

Impact of flooding in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

• 1993: Turning tidal lands into farmlands

• 2001: The straight line of the sea wall is visible

• 2003: The area has been fully reclaimed from the sea

Land reclamation changes along Isahaya Bay, Japan

Coastal vegetation change along Knife River Delta, Canada

• 1973: Impact of snow geese on coastal vegetation

• 1996: Overgrazing has turned the shoreline into an enormous mudflat

These images show the transformation of polders (areas of reclaimed land) into useable farming land• 1973-2004: lighter blue water is the Markermeer – buffer against floodwaters

• 2004: this area of reclaimed land was covered with farms

Transformation of Ijsselmeer The Netherlands

KONDISI KAWASAN PANTURA JAKARTASlum Area Kemacetan Hutan

bakau

Kampung Nelayan

Pelabuhan ikan

Endapan sampah

Abrasi

Global Warming may caused sea level rise. It is predicted that by 2050 Tanjung Priok Port and Pantai Indah Kapuk Real Estate in northern part of Jakarta will be sank.

General Motivation… ICZM and GISIntegrated Coastal zone management (ICZM)

requires robust geospatial information to be effective Particularly for nearshore areas… land

development impacts surface water runoff in watersheds that drain into coastal waters

ICZM is a multi-stakeholder process that can make use of geographic information systems (GIS)Using GIS can help develop a shared insight

about problems, challenges and solutions about how to management coastal resources

Zon

e

A

Zon

e

B

WHY SPATIAL PLANNING ?

Spatial planning provides a spatial/geographic and temporal context for the implementation of policies developed. It uses planning systems to provide decision support. This provides clear spatial context for:

• Proactive not reactive management ‐ enabling planning ahead;

• Resource use ‐ allowing multiple resource use where practicable: e.g.

wind farms and biodiversity conservation in the same parts of sea;

• Management of areas of sea using plans and other decision support

methods (carrying capacity);

• Reducing conflicts: reducing conflict ‐ saves time, money and duplication

of effort (and therefore more time to be proactive). Increases certainty for

developers. Increases stakeholder participation;

• Map constraints and opportunities to deliver sustainable

solutions/management;

• Consents (agreement) ‐ spatial planning provides the spatial/geographic

context to the process of consenting; planning and resource allocation for

developers; and

• Effective environmental / sustainability management and context of

particular sectoral activities and projects throughout their life cycle within

the given area.

WHY SPATIAL PLANNING ?

In general terms, the objectives for a regional marine spatial plan could be to: (a) Develop a shared understanding and appreciation of the characteristics of the region through assessing the current knowledge of its: • Biological and physical characteristics; • Community and cultural values; • Current uses and pressures; • Future uses and opportunities; • Value of marine resources; • Threats to the natural system; and • Management and institutional arrangements.

(b) Design a Regional Sea Plan that is a decision‐making and planning framework for management across sectors that: • Identifies shared values of the region, including environmental, economic, social and cultural values; • Identifies new information needed; • Integrates resource management on an ecosystem basis; • Identifies the methods for assessing performance; • Is adaptive to changing conditions and improved knowledge; and • Adds value to existing management arrangements.

(c) Use the shared values of the Region to guide development of economic, social and conservation opportunities. (d) Accommodate community needs and aspirations by encouraging involvement and being inclusive, fair and transparent at all stages of the Plan. Source: Based on objectives outlined in the RSPB OSPAR paper Version 2 and Robert Canning (Defra). Studi kasus ICMZ

WHY SPATIAL PLANNING ?

Case Study: Community Motivation… Revitalizing Puget Sound

Puget Sound is the 2nd largest estuary in the U.S. In 2005, WA State Governor Gregoire established

the Puget Sound Partnership (PSP) for Nearshore Restoration, and in 2007 the larger PSP became a state agency.

Goal of the Puget Sound Partnership (2006, p.10) is to “…ensure that Puget Sound forever will be a thriving natural system, with marine and freshwaters, healthy and abundant native species”.

Goal of the Puget Sound Nearshore Partnership (2006, p.1) is to “identify significant ecosystem problems, evaluate potential solutions, and restore and preserve critical nearshore habitat.”

Overall revitalization activity expected to last until 2020, and will cost several billion dollars

Puget Sound Nearshore as a basis for data community

…area of marine and estuarine shoreline extending approximately 2,500 miles from the Canadian border, throughout Puget Sound and out the Strait of Juan de Fuca to Neah Bay.

Nearshore – 2500 miles of shore

Puget Sound (dilafalkan /ˈpjuːʤɪt/) adalah teluk besar sebagai kepanjangan Samudera Pasifik, terbentang antara Danau Washington hingga Samudera Pasifik di barat laut Seattle, Washington.

What is at issue with the PS Nearshore?The integrity of the nearshore ecosystem is in jeopardy.

Nine of the ten species listed as endangered or threatened within the Puget Sound region inhabit the nearshore.

Pollution in parts of Puget Sound has caused lesions and tumors in flatfish eaten by eagles, seals, birds, and porpoises.

Urban and suburban developments along the Puget Sound shoreline have taken away critical shoreline, and estuarine and nearshore habitats.

Changes in the physical processes include limiting food and nutrient sources for marine life, deteriorating beach sediment movement, and altering the flows of surface and groundwater.

Data modeling assists learning about ICZM and GIS

Conceptual, logical, physical data modeling is useful for learning about how to represent coastal features associated with water flow from watersheds into estuarine ecosystems – a core issue in previous described problems

Focus on a nearshore coastal data model to address Puget Sound Partnership concerns

Developing a data model…Everyone has a mental model of the problem

Data models help scaffold our mental modelsFully articulated data model consists of three

components (Codd 1981): geospatial constructs for structuring data, operations that can be performed on those

structures to derive information from the data, and rules for maintaining the integrity of data.

Developing a Coastal Data Model through information integrationGoal: Develop an overall “conceptual data

schema” - a collection of feature classes and potential relationships that form the core of a PS nearshore database design

Information integration involves identifying, comparing, contrasting, synthesizing feature classes

Three steps in the method used…each used a different source of “community

knowledge” knowledge to perform integration analysis

Integration Analysis - Three StepsStep 1 - integrate watershed data (ArcHydro Data

Model) and marine data (ArcMarine Data Model) Step 2 - identify coastal feature classes described

within a textbook reader about coastal zone management and add them to the feature class list for the coastal data model.

Step 3 - use recommendations from Puget Sound Nearshore Partnership report to further contextualize the coastal data model

Knowledge from a different “community of practice” associated with each step…and integrated into an overall data model

Step 1 - Using ArcHydro and ArcMarine Data Models

ArcHydro Data Model describes geospatial and temporal data about surface water resource features in watersheds (Whiteaker, Schneider, Maidment 2001) Addresses principal water resource features on a landscapeDescribes how water moves from feature to feature through

multiple connective networks and channels over time

ArcMarine Data Model provides integration of important features of the ocean marine realm, both natural and human-made (Wright 2006)Considers how marine and coastal data can be most

effectively integrated within 4D space-time; that is the multidimensional and dynamic nature of ocean data and processes

Step 1 Results – Data Models(See table 1 in reading)

Geospatial Data Types ArcHydro Data Model ArcMarine Data Model

Fixed point Drainage area centroids Marker, buoy, transponder

Instantaneous point Discharge measurement, dissolved oxygen value

Raw bathymetry

Line Stream Sediment transport line

Polygon Catchment Habitat, marine boundaries

Time duration points None? Current meter

Time duration vectors Temperature at one point to temperature at another point

Algae bloom trawl

Time duration areas Water surface elevation Oil spill

Feature classes Drainage, network, channel, hydrology

Watershed, waterbody, monitoring points, streams

Step 2 - Feature Classes from a Coastal Zone Management Book

Collection of feature classes and several attributes compiled from a text reader about coastal zone management

Another form of expert knowledge (Coastal Zone Management - Beatley, Brower, and Schwab 2002 published by Island Press)

Authors of a textbook are themselves experts in a topic, and that topic is peer reviewed by other experts familiar with the topic

Step 2 Results - CZM feature classes(see table 2 in reading)

• Barrier Islands• Estuaries• Coastal Marshes• Coral Reefs• Rocky Shores• Bluffs• Tides (dynamic, temporal)• Currents• Wind (Currents/Patterns)• Erosion and Accretion• Pollution and Toxic Contaminants• Wetlands (Protected/Unprotected)• Habitats – endangered species

• Land use and zoning of areas• Building code• Soil Composition/make-up• Catch Basins/ catchments• Watershed areas• Streams/Rivers/Water Flow• Ports – Freight and Passenger• Ferry Systems/Water Taxi• Continental Shelf/Slope• Water Depth/Slope• Land Cover – (e.g. Beach/Dunes)• Present Buildings/Structures• Infrastructure (on land, underneath)

Step 3Puget Sound Nearshore Partnership

On October 13th, 2006, the Puget Sound Partnership executive committee released recommendations for focusing efforts in the Puget Sound area

Recommendations are useful for… a) identifying fundamental theme for improving the health

of Puget Sound, b) identifying features that can corroborate the list

identified from reviewing Beatley, Brower, and Schwab (2002) as well as those in the integration of the ArcHydro and ArcMarine Data Models, and

c) identifying primary and secondary processes that encourage a type of GIS data analysis to derive information as a basis for decision support to restore the Sound

Step 3 Results – Processes(see table 3 in reading;

possible geog 460 final project topics)Protect existing habitat and prevent further lossesRestore amount and quality of habitat; reduce fragmentationReduce toxics entering the SoundReduce pollution from human and animal wastes into the SoundPromote and support new and existing treatment facilitiesImprove water quality and habitat; managing stormwater runoffIdentify, prioritize, and implement retrofits where stormwater

runoff is causing environmental harm; mitigation strategiesProvide water for people, fish and wildlife, and the environmentProtect ecosystem biodiversity and recover imperiled speciesImplement existing recovery plans and create recovery programs

for species at risk of extinction lacking current recovery plans

Overall ResultsFeature classes identified in steps 1, 2, and

3 are collected together in Table 1 in proceeding (Table 4 page 6 in paper handout on your table)

The feature classes are grouped into feature datasets

We identify the most likely geospatial data type to act as a database representation

Not all features would be used in all applications, so it is important to identify which feature classes and processes are to be manipulated by what data operations

Coastal Data Model Features and Geospatial Data Construct Types

(see Table 4 in reading) Features/Process Geospatial Data Construct Types

Raster Point Line Polygon Network

Physical/Natural Shoreline

Human Infrastructure/Impact

Dynamic Natural Phenomena

Water and Water Bodies

Underwater Topography

ConclusionsData models enable and limit GIS applications for

communities of practice (groups using data)

Different communities of knowledge practice (per the three integration steps) result in different data models, but there are commonalties as one might expect

Participatory GIS-based data model development can form the foundation of community-based analytic-deliberative decision processes that draw together diverse stakeholder, scientist, and decision maker perspectives

DirectionsEducational activity part of exploratory work on multi-

stakeholder participatory modeling addressing coastal environmental improvement programming in which social (community) learning is a key issue.

What is the opportunity for social learning about complex problems when that learning is set within an engaging situation like “revitalizing Puget Sound”? … such engagement is a basis of participatory

governance

Research and teaching about participatory GIS web applications to support broad-based analytic-deliberative decision processes (a core issue in participatory governance) is ongoing in Geography at the U of W.