penulisan esei edited

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GTU 201

KESIHATAN DAN MASYARAKAT

DR. ROHANI ISMAIL

PUSAT PENGAJIAN SAINS KESIHATAN


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Pendahuluan/ Pengenalan Memperkenalkan topik secara ringkas dengan

menerangkan perkara yang ingin diperkatakandalam topik.

Memberi definisi konsep-konsep yang berkaitan denganberkaitan dengan topik.

Menyatakan kepentingan membincangkan topiktersebut.

Susun atur pembentangan esei mengikut urutan


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Isi yang akan dibincangkan Sekurang-kurangnya lima isi (5 points) .

Isi perlu dikupas dengan terperinci beserta contoh.

Perbincangan juga berkaitan kebaikan dankeburukan sesuatu topik/isu yang dibincangkan.

Data yang terkini.

Panjang karangan lebih daripada 3000 perkataan.


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Kesimpulan/ penutup Rumuskan perkara yang dibincangkan dalam bahagian

isi. Kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat tentang topik/isu.

Rujukan Sekurang-kurangnya 5 rujukan (3 jurnal yang berbeza)

Dicadangkan menggunakan HARVARD STYLE


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Harvard style The Harvard style is a generic author-date style for citing

and referencing information in assignments andpublications. There are many styles which follow the

author-date convention, including the AmericanPsychological Association (APA) and the Chicago Manualof Style. This guide is based on an Australian style manual(AGPS style) now revised by Snooks & Co, 2002.

Note: Before you create your list of references, checkwith your lecturer or tutor for the bibliographic stylepreferred by the School. There may be differences inthe style recommended by the School.


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Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging

the sources of information and ideas that you haveused in your document.

What is referencing?


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Why reference?

Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify

quotations and to enable readers to follow up whatyou have written and locate the cited authors work.


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Steps in referencing

Keep a record of the full bibliographic details and

relevant page numbers of all the sources from whichinformation is taken.

Insert brief citations at the appropriate places in thetext of your document.

Compile a reference list at the end of the documentthat includes full details of all references cited.


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In-text citations In an author-date style, in-text citations usually

require the name of the author(s) and year of thepublication.

Example :-


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Postcessation variables that promote success include less

severe withdrawal symptoms and cravings, greater social

support (Nides 1995), cognitive-behavioral skill use

(Heinold & Hitchcock 1989), not smoking even one

cigarette after the quit date (Borland, 1990; Brandon,

Tiffany & Baker 1990), and experiencing less stress

(Cohen et al. 1990).


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A page number is included if you have a direct quote,

paraphrase a passage or you want to direct the readerto a specific page. Page numbers may also be includedif the you are referring to a long work and the pagenumbers might be useful to the reader.

Example:- "Smith spoke to several members of the association,

including David Jones, Gertrude Fingle, BarryBackwater, Paul Dingleberry, Melinda Wossname, and

Jane Doe, in order to promote his widgetiscope idea."(Bogus 1980, p47)


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How to create a reference

list/bibliography A reference list contains only the books, articles, and web

pages etc that are cited in the text of the document. Abibliography includes all sources consulted for backgroundor further reading.

A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If anitem has no author, it is cited by title, and included in thealphabetical list using the first significant word of the title.

If you have more than one item with the same author, listthe items chronologically, starting with the earliestpublication.

Each reference appears on a new line. There is no indentation of the references. There is no numbering of the references.


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Reference list entry for a book

Reference list entry for a journal

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