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Pengenalan

kepada baikpulih

dan senggaraan

Mengenal pasti sumber bagi voltan arus terus (DC) dan voltan

arus ulang alik (AC)

• Power supply unit (PSU), menukar voltan “AC” ke “DC”

• PSU mengeluarkan 3 jenis voltan

• 3.3v

• 5v

• 12v

• 3.3 dan 5 volts digunakan untuk circuit, 12 volts biasanya digunakan

untuk disk drives and fan

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Menerangkan komponen asas bagi komputer peribadi dan

komputer riba

• Komponen luaran seperti monitor, mouse, keyboard dan etc.

• Komponen dalaman seperti motherboard, processor, memory dan

etc.

Inside Computer

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The Motherboard

• The largest and most important circuit board

• Also known as the main board or system board

• Contains the CPU, expansion slots, other devices

• All devices communicate with CPU on motherboard

• A peripheral device links to motherboard via cable

• Some motherboard ports outside of the case: Keyboard, mouse,

parallel, USB ports, sound ports

The Motherboard

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Common IO Ports

Selecting a Motherboard

• What form factor does the motherboard use?

• What CPU socket does the motherboard support?

• What type of BIOS does the motherboard use?

• Does the board fit the case you plan to use?

• Avoid board with too many embedded components, such boards do

not easily accept add-on devices

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Form Factor

• Form factor

• Specifies size, shape, features of a hardware device

• Form factor for motherboard is chosen first

• Same form factor is used for case and power supply

• Using the same form factor assures you that:

• The motherboard fits the case

• The powers supply cords provide proper voltage

• Holes in the motherboard align with holes in the case

• Holes in the case align with ports off the motherboard

• Wires on the case match connections on motherboard

Casing

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Expansion Slot

Motherboard Bridge

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BIOS

• Chipset, also called ROM BIOS chip

• Contains,

• CMOS setup program

• Startup BIOS that manages the startup process

• System BIOS that manages basic I/O functions

• Programs on BIOS may need upgrades. Flashing means to upgrade

or refresh ROM BIOS firmware

CMOS

• CMOS RAM

• Also called clock/nonvolatile RAM (RTC/NVRAM)

• Stores most configuration for the motherboard

• CMOS setup program

• Stored on ROM BIOS chip

• Access built-in program by pressing key during POST

• Menus: Main, Advanced, Power, Boot, and Exit

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CMOS Battery

• Battery power to CMOS RAM

• Enables CMOS to hold data after

the PC is turned off

• Setup information is lost if

battery fails or disconnects

CMOS Setup Program

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Jumper

• Reset BIOS from failed updates and clear cmos password

PROCESSOR

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CPU & Chipset

• CPU: chip that performs most data processing

• Chipset: group of microchips controlling data flow

• Major manufacturers of CPUs and chipsets for PCs eg. Intel, AMD,

VIA, SiS, and Cyrix

Chipset

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Processor Sockets / Slots

• Connects the processor to the motherboard

• Motherboard type must match processor socket / slot

• Types of Sockets

• pin grid or land grid arrays

• Types of slots

• Packages fit into slots like expansion cards

• New processor packages use sockets, not slots

Processor Sockets

Pin Grid Array (PGA)

Land Grid Array (LGA)

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STORAGE DEVICE

Storage Type

• Primary Storage:

• Temporary storage used by application eg: RAM (Random Access

Memory)

• Secondary / Permanent Storage:

• Enables data to persist after the machine is turned off eg: hard

drive, CD, floppy disk

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RAM

• RAM (Random Access Memory):

• Device providing temporary storage

• Located on motherboard and on other circuit boards

• Volatile (data does not persist)

• Three types of RAM boards (memory modules):

• DIMM (Dual inline memory module)

• RIMM (Rambus inline memory module)

• SIMM (Single inline memory module)

RAM Type

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Installing Memory

• Follow safety procedures when installing RAM eg: use a ground

bracelet as you work

Secondary Storage

• Hard drive

• Case containing disks that rotate at high speeds

• An arm with a read/write head traverses the platter

• Hard drive / disk types:

• IDE

• ATA

• Serial ATA (SATA)

• SCSI

• Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)

• SSD

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SATA Hard Disk

SATA / IDE Devices

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Practice:

• Remove Hard drive

• Identify Hard drive type, IDE or SATA

• Check Jumper setting

• Install Hard drive

• Power-on and check CMOS setup

PERIPHERALS

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Display

• Interface between monitor and computer

• Also called graphics adapters

• Can be in-built unit or card unit

• Five ports for five methods of data transfer:

• RGB (red, green, blue) video using a VGA port

• DVI (Digital Visual Interface): used by LCD monitors

• Composite video: RGB mixed in the same signal

• S-Video (Super-Video): sends two signals over cable

• HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)

Display

• Video cards currently use AGP or PCI Express

• AGP

• Major AGP releases: AGP 1.0, AGP 2.0, AGP 3.0

• PCI Express

• PCI Express x16 is twice as fast as AGP x8

• Graphics accelerator is a video card that has a processor

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Video Card / Adapter

Fan on Graphics Processor (GPU)

Video Card Slot

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Sound

• Operations performed on sound:

• Basic: recording, storing, and replaying

• Advanced: editing and mixing

• Types of ports

• Output ports: used by speakers

• Input ports: used by microphone, CD player, others

• Can be in-built unit or card unit

Onboard

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Sound Card

Menentukan peralatan yang digunakan di dalam kerja

baikpulih dan senggaraan komputer

• Jelaskan fungsi atau peranan peralatan bagi kerja-kerja baikpulih

komputer

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Support Tools

Recovery CD

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Ground Bracelet

Cara mengenal pasti masalah-masalah komputer

• Visual

• Bunyi

• Pengunaan perisian

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Menerangkan teori yang sesuai untuk teknik baikpulih

berdasarkan masalah

• Teknik yang selalu digunakan ialah “process of elimination”

• Keluaran satu demi satu komponen komputer dan “power on”

untuk menghidupkan komputer

• Sekiranya komputer dapat dihidupkan selepas komponen

dikeluarkan, maka komponen tersebut bermasalah

Menyediakan perancangan bagi penyelesaian masalah

• Backup sistem (sekiranya boleh)

• Semak manual

• Buat catitan untuk semua langkah yang diambil

• Ambil gambar sebelum membuka atau menangalkan komponen dan

wayar

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Baikpulih dan

senggaraan

perkakasan

Komputer peribadi

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Overclocking

• Kelajuan CPU pada tahap yang lebih daripada yang sebenarnya,

biasanya ke satu atau dua tahap dari kelajuan CPU yang bertujuan

untuk meningkatkan kelajuan CPU tanpa memerlukan perbelanjaan

yang banyak.

• Berguna untuk menaikkan clock speed / meningkatkan kapasiti RAM,

video card untuk kelancaran/peningkatan kualiti komputer anda.

• Keburukan : dapat meyebabkan perkakasan menjadi sangat panas

dan boleh menyebabkan kerosakan

• Untuk langkah pencegahan, memberikan pendingin/cooler untuk

menghindari panas yang berlebihan.

Kepanasan (Overheating)

• Perkakasan menjadi sangat panas dan boleh menyebabkan kerosakan

di sebabkan oleh tiada pengudaraan yang cukup, overclock, terlalu

banyak habuk

• Untuk langkah pencegahan:

• memberikan pendingin/cooler untuk menghindari panas yang

berlebihan

• Membersihkan habuk

• Tidak meletakkan komputer di tempat yang sempit

• Hindari meletakkan komputer di tempat yang mempunyai tahap

kepanasan yang tinggi

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Menjelaskan simptom berkaitan kepanasan sistem (excessive

heat)

• Panas

• Sistem “crash” tanpa sebab

• Prestasi perisian yang lembab

Menerangkan simptom berkaitan bau (odor)

• Bau bakar?

• Power supply yang terlampau panas akibat “stressed” menyebabkan

kebakaran komponen dalaman

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Menerangkan simptom berkaitan bunyi bising (noise)

• Bunyi kipas yang kuat

• Power supply “failing” atau tidak menyalurkan tenaga secara

consisten

• Peningkatan haba dalam komputer

• Kipas cpu atau casing rosak

• Hard disk “failing” atau mengalami kerosakkan

Menerangkan simptom berkaitan penunjuk lampu (Light

Indicator)

• Selalunya perkaitan dengan “power”, pasti sumber kuasa berfungi

• Sekiranya komputer dapat dihudupkan, led indicator rosak

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Menerangkan simptom berkaitan kerosakan yang tidak

kelihatan (non-visible damage)

• Kerosakkan dalaman komponen komputer, seperti chipset “short”,

hard disk “bad sector”, battery hilang kuasa, tarikh dan masa sistem

selalu lari dan etc.

• Jangka hayat komponen hampir luput

• Voltage spike

Mengesan dan baikpulih kerosakan bekalan kuasa

• Gunakan “voltage meter” atau “tester” untuk memastikan voltage

“DC” dalam lingkungan yang sepatutnya

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Mengesan dan baikpulih kerosakan papan induk

• Selepas melalui “process of elimination” dan komputer masih tidak

dapat dihidupkan, tukar motherboard yang baru.

• Sekiranya motherboard yang rosak masih dalam “warranty”, semak

dengan pembekal

Troubleshooting Motherboard

• Field replaceable units (FRUs) on old motherboards

• CPU, RAM, RAM cache, ROM BIOS, CMOS battery

• FRU components on newer motherboards:

• CPU, RAM, CMOS battery, and motherboard itself

• A good tactic: replace a bad device with a new one

• Caveat: check voltage from power supply first

• If voltage is excessive, new part may be damaged

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Troubleshooting (continued)

• If CPU was added to working motherboard, check:

• Thermal paste between CPU and heat sink

• Fastening between cooler and motherboard frame

• Pins or lands on the socket and processor

• Things to check if new motherboard is not working:

• Whether the front cover of the case is installed

• Whether the power switch on back of the case is on

• Incorrect connections

• Installation of CPU, thermal compound, and cooler

• Installation of all motherboard drivers on the CD

Troubleshooting (continued)

Beep Code Description

No Beeps No Power, Loose Card, or Short.

1 Short Beep Normal POST, computer is ok.

2 Short Beep POST error, review screen for error code.

Continuous Beep No Power, Loose Card, or Short.

Repeating Short Beep No Power, Loose Card, or Short.

One Long and one Short Beep Motherboard issue.

One Long and Two Short BeepsVideo (Mono/CGA Display Circuitry) issue.

One Long and Three Short Beeps. Video (EGA) Display Circuitry.

Three Long Beeps Keyboard or Keyboard card error.

One Beep, Blank or Incorrect Display Video Display Circuitry.

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Troubleshooting (continued)

Beep Code Description

1 – 4 Beeps Memory

6 Beeps Keyboard

8 Beeps Video Card

10 Beeps CMOS

Replacing (continued)

• Overview of the replacement process

• 1. Verify that you have selected the right motherboard

• 2. Determine the power configuration settings

• 3. Remove components to reach the old motherboard

• 4. Set any jumpers or switches on the motherboard

• 5. Install the processor and processor cooler

• 6. Install RAM into appropriate slots on motherboard

• 7. Install the motherboard

• 8. Attach cabling (case switches, power supply, drives)

• 9. Install the video card on the motherboard

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Replacing (continued)

• Overview of the replacement process (continued)

• 10. Plug in PC and then attach monitor and keyboard

• 11. Boot the system and enter CMOS setup

• 12. Make sure the settings are set to default

• 13. Observe POST and verify that no error occurs

• 14. Check for conflicts with system resources

• 15. Install the motherboard drives

• 16. Install any other expansion cards and drives

• 17. Verify the system is up and running

Mengesan dan baikpulih pemproses

• Isi semula “thermal paste”

• Pastikan kipas cpu berfungsi

• Pasti cpu rapat dan dikunci pada socket motherboard

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Mengesan dan baikpulih kerosakan memori

• Gunakan aplikasi “memory tester”

• Sekiranya kesemua teknik “troubleshooting” gagal, tukar memory

baru

Troubleshooting Memory

• Boot failure

• A system that hangs, freezes, or becomes unstable

• Intermittent application errors

• General Protection Fault (GPF) errors

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Mengesan dan baikpulih kerosakan media simpanan

• Periksa untuk “error” dengan mengunakan Windows , sekiranya

gagal, tukar yang baru.

• Semak dengan pembekal sekiranya “hard disk” masih dalam warranty

Hard Drive Problems

• Does your system BIOS recognize large drives?

• Is auto detection correctly configured in CMOS setup?

• Are the jumpers on the drive set correctly?

• Are the power cord and data cable connected?

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Mengesan dan baikpulih kerosakan sistem penyejukan

• Pastikan kipas berfungsi dan tidak berbunyi kuat

• Pasti mengaliran udara yang baik

• Bersihkan habuk

• Isi semula cooling atau thermal paste

• Tukar heatsink

Mengesan dan baikpulih kerosakan expansion card

• Pastikan pin dalam keadaan elok

• Pastikan socket dalam keadaan baik

• Bersihkan habuk

• Pasti wayar dalam keadaan baik

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Komputer riba

Komputer riba

• Mengenal bentuk rupa komponen komponen dalam komputer riba

• Tidak seperti “desktop”, komputer riba mengandungi banyak “screw”

dan komponen komponen yang kecil. Pastikan pengendalian dan

susunan yang sistematik

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Planning

• There are several types of

small screws that are used

throughout the laptop.

• Place these in small envelopes

and write the component

name on the envelope.

• Be organized and keep track of

all the screws.

Battery Removal

• The location of the battery is not the same for every laptop.

However, laptops consistently have a release latch for the process of

removal

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Hard Drive Removal

• Laptop hard drives also have variations for removal. Compare the

HP dv2700 and the HP ze5300 below.

Memory Module Removal

• The Memory Module compartment is usually located on the back of

the laptop

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Wireless LAN Module

• The WLAN Module is consistently located on the back of the laptop.

(Wireless Local Area Network)

Switchboard and Keyboard Removal

• To access many laptop components the keyboard must be removed.

Often, the switchboard, keyboard cover, and other components

must be removed to access the keyboard connections and screws

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Switchboard and Keyboard Removal

CD/DVD Drive removal

• The CD/DVD Drive , also called the Optical Drive on some models,

has variations for removal as shown below. The HP ze5300 requires

the removal of the Switchboard Cover and Keyboard to access the

screws for removal

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Display Removal

• Removing the Display Assembly is one of the more intricate

procedures when working on a laptop.

• The HP dv2700 requires the removal of many components beginning

with the Wireless Antenna Cable located in the WLAN module

compartment and also a screw that secures the Display Assembly to

the computer

• The Keyboard and Switch cover also need to be removed

Display Removal

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Display Removal

Mengesan dan baikpulih kerosakan adapter

• Pastikan adapter tidak mengalami kerosakkan atau tidak “kembung”

• Gunakan “tester”

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Mengesan dan baikpulih kerosakan panel skrin paparan

• Pastikan screen tidak pecah atau calar

• Pastikan wayar dalam keadaan elok

• Sambungkan “vga out” dengan monitor untuk memastikan sama ada

paparan atau tidak

Pengenalan

Windows 8

Melakukan pemasangan OS:

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Operating Systems (OS)

• What an operating system (OS) does:

• Manages hardware

• Runs applications

• Provides an interface for users

• Retrieves and manipulates files

• The OS can be analogized to a “middleman”

• A computer needs only one operating system

• Operating systems have evolved to a complex form

Operating System

• Sequence of events occurring after PC is turned on

• The operating system is loaded

• Running OS provides an interface (desktop)

• OS awaits an event, such as a double-click

• A user can initiate an event in several ways:

• Click a menu item

• Enter a command in Run dialog or command console

• Double-click an icon

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Operating System

• OS interacts and manages hardware using drivers or BIOS

• Software falls into three categories:

• Device drivers or the BIOS

• Operating system

• Application software

Operating System

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Files & Folders

File System

• The format of how files & folders are kept and managed on storage

devices

• File systems used by Windows for hard drives:

• File Allocation Table (FAT)

• New Technology File System (NTFS)

• Other File Systems

• Ext (Used in Linux OS)

• ReiserFS (Used in Linux OS)

• HPFS (Used in HP Unix OS)

• CDFS (File System for CD)

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Application

• The OS installs and runs all other PC software

• Application is a software that provides services for users

• Applications rely on the OS for support operations, eg: MS word

relies on OS to manage memory

• Applications are typically tailored to a single OS. Ensure that OS is

suitable for a given application

• 64bit OS can run both 32bit and 64bit applications

• 32bit OS can only run 32bit applications

Practice:

• Installing Windows 8 via USB

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Baikpulih dan

senggaraan

perisian

Melakukan baikpulih bagi:

Print spool stalled

• Cuba “cancel” document di print dialog

• Sekiranya gagal, restart print spooler service

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Incorrect/incompatible driver/form printing

• Dapatkan driver terkini, bersesuaian untuk OS yang digunakan dari

laman pengilang printer

Auto-restart errors

• Faktor – faktor yang menyebabkan

• Virus

• Kerosakkan atau korupsi file operating system

• Jangka masa “evaluation” sudah tamat

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Bluescreen error

• Disebabkan oleh kerosakkan hardware, terutamanya memory (RAM)

System lock-up

• Sistem “Hang” atau “not responding”

• Faktor-Faktor yang menyebabkan,

• Kelembaban aplikasi

• Aplikasi error

• “Bug”

• Virus atau “malware”

• “Hardware” yang lembab atau yang bermasalah, terutamanya

memory, processor dan hard disk

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Kegagalan driver perkakasan

• Versi driver yang salah

• Versi driver yang tidak sesuai untuk versi OS

• Korupsi

• Virus

• Kerosakan pada hardware

• Pastikan tidak kerosakkan hardware dan reinstall driver terkini untuk

versi OS yang digunakan

Kegagalan untuk memulakan aplikasi

• Security – run as administrator

• Compatibility

• Sumber hardware seperti memory

atau processor kehausan

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Invalid boot disk

• Kerosakan pada active partition

• Korupsi atau kehilangan boot file

• Virus

• Boot priority yang salah di cmos setup

• Gunakan Windows recovery dan laksanakan “automatic repair” atau

kebalikan keadaan system dengan system restore

inaccessible boot drive

• Rujuk “invalid boot disk”

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Missing NTLDR

• Tidak berkaitan dengan Windows 8, NTLDR adalah “boot loader”

yang bertangungjawab untuk memulakan Windows XP atau variasi

Windows NT

• Gunakan Windows XP recovery cd dan lancarkan command “fixboot”

Mengesan kerosakan berkaitan perisian sistem

• Error semasa startup

• Hang secara tiba tiba

• Applikasi tertutup dengan mesej “has stopped working”

• Prestasi lembab

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Mengesan kerosakan berkaitan perisian aplikasi

• Rujuk “perisian sistem”

Menyenaraikan jenis-jenis arahan Command Prompt

• tukar direktori (cd)

• create direktori (md)

• delete file (del)

• list kandungan (dir)

• Penggunaan wildcard seperti * dan ?

• Penggunaan output redirector ( > )

• list semua process yang berjalan ( tasklist )

• lupuskan process ( taskkill /pid N – dimana N ialah nombor process

dari “tasklist”)

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Penyelenggaraan

pencegahan

(preventive

maintenance)

Menggunakan peralatan yang sesuai bagi pemeriksaan fizikal

• Rujuk “support tools”

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Melaksanakan pemeriksaan fizikal ke atas computer

• Pastikan tiada retakkan, wayar tercabut, pin dalam keadaan baik,

screw komponen ketat dan etc.

Menggunakan peralatan yang sesuai bagi proses

penyelenggaraan pencegahan

• Rujuk “Checklist”

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Maintenance Checklist

Task Schedule

Check for updates with Windows Update Automatically

Create System Restore Once a month

Check all hard drives for errors Once a week

Run Disk Cleanup Wizard Once a week

Scan and optimize all hard drives Once a month

Manually scan for viruses Once a month

Back up your hard drives Once a month (at minimum)

Check for latest video and sound card drivers Once a month

Check Device Manager for hardware problems Once a month

Melaksanakan proses penyelenggaraan pencegahan ke atas

computer

• Scan disk

• Check Disk

• Defrag

• Disk Cleanup

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Melaksanakan proses disk cleanup

• Berfungsi untuk menghapus file-file yang sudah tidak digunakan lagi.

Contoh file di dalam recycle bin, fail sementara (temporary file),

setup log file

• Command prompt: cleanmgr

Melaksanakan proses defrag

• Menjaga kestabilan komputer dan keadaan hardisk kerana

defragmenter mampu mengelakkan / membetulkan boot sector

dalam hardisk ataupun error program untuk menjaga perkakasan

• Menyusun fail dengan lebih teratur bagi pencarian cepat

• Menyusun fail yang bertaburan/berselerak

• Command prompt: defrag

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Melaksanakan proses scandisk

• Dapat membetulkan kerosakan fail seperti fail bersilang atau fragmen

fail hilang

• Memeriksa cakera keras

Melaksanakan proses check disk

• Memeriksa bad sector dan bad file pada hard disk

• Memperbaiki kesalahan (error) pada sistem di hardisk.

• Command prompt: chkdsk

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Melaksanakan pengemaskinian driver

• Meningkatkan sekuriti sistem operasi untuk menangkis serangan-

serangan virus yang baru mahupun yang lama

• Mengemaskini driver atau perisian kepada versi yang terkini

Melaksanakan pengemaskinian firmware

• Terdapat 3 cara,

1. download file bios (.BIO) dan aktifkan “flash update” semasa

POST

2. download file bios (.ZIP), gunakan “bootable” usb untuk boot

sistem dan lancarkan setup

3. download file bios (.EXE), and lancarkan setup di windows. Setup

akan pasang, reboot, flash (update bios) dan kembalikan

windows

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Melaksanakan pengemaskinian OS

• Rujuk “pengemaskinian driver”

Melaksanakan pengemaskinian security

• Rujuk “pengemaskinian driver”

• Tukar pasword

• Update perisian anti-virus

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Mengenalpasti dan menggunakan perisian freeware

• HwInfo

• http://www.hwinfo.com/

• Microsoft Security Essentials

• http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security-essentials-download

• Kaspersky virus Removal Tools

• http://www.kaspersky.com/antivirus-removal-tool?form=1

Penyelenggaraan

Pencetak

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Menerangkan komponen asas pencetak

• Cartridge

• Paper tray

• Power supply

• USB cable

• Installation CD

Menerangkan fungsi asas komponen

• Cartridge

• Mengandungi ink atau toner

• Paper tray

• Memuatkan kertas

• Power supply

• USB cable

• Menyambungkan pencetak ke komputer

• Installation CD

• program maintenance dan memantau paras ink

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Mengesan kerosakan

• Printout pudar, tak jelas, kotor

• Berbunyi semacam semasa pencetakkan

Melakukan baikpulih pada pencetak

• Lancarkan “clean ink” dan “clean printer”

• Pastikan bahagian dalaman bersih dan tidak ada cebisan kertas atau

habuk

• Tukar cartridge

• Semak dengan syarikat pengeluar