Pengelolaan

Pengganggu Tanaman

Oleh: Irda Safni

1. Pendahuluan - Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang

berhubungan dengan penyakit tumbuhan

2. Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang berhubungan

dengan penyakit tumbuhan pada tanaman perkebunan

3. Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang berhubungan

dengan penyakit tumbuhan pada tanaman pangan dan

palawija

4. Pengelolaan pengganggu tanaman yang berhubungan

dengan penyakit pada tanaman hortikultura

Silabus

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PENDAHULUAN

Penyakit tumbuhan

adalah kerusakan fungsi fisiologi normal suatu

tanaman atau bagian tanaman, yang disebabkan

oleh gangguan berkelanjutan dari faktor-faktor

utama.

Kehilangan karena kisaran penyakit (max 30%)

Infeksi parah: kegagalan tanaman hingga 100%

Apa penyebab penyakit tumbuhan?Jamur

Bakteri

Fitoplasma

Virus

Nematoda

Fungi Bacteria Viruses Nematodes

Survival Crop residue

Soil

Alt. hosts

-

Crop residue

Soil

Alt. hosts

Insect vectors

-

-

Alt. hosts

Insect vectors

Crop residue

Soil

-

-

Dispersal Wind

Rain

Insects

Wind

Rain

Insects

-

-

Insects

Tillage

Equipment

Water run-off

Infection Directly

Wounds

Insect feeding

-

Wounds

Insect feeding

-

-

Insect feeding

Directly

-

-

Perbandingan Siklus Penyakit

Segitiga Penyakit

Bagaimana suatu penyakit tumbuhan

berkembang…….

• Perkembangan penyakit

bergantung kepada interaksi

di atara 3 faktor-faktor yang

berbeda, yaitu:

• Tanaman Inang

• Patogen

• Lingkungan

i. Genetic resistance or susceptibility of Host

–Vertical Resistance

–Horizontal Resistance

ii.Degree of genetic uniformity of host in a particular field

–Monoculture, especially Clones

–Natural, Intermingled Populations

iii.Type of crops

-Annual crops & foliar or fruit diseases develop much

more rapidly (in weeks)

-Perennial woody diseases take longer time to develop (in years)

iv. Age of host plants

-Some plants are susceptible only during growth period & become resistant during

mature period

1. How the Plant Affects Development disease

i.Levels of virulence

–Faster Production of Larger # Inoculum

ii.Quantity of inoculum near hosts

iii.Type of reproduction of the pathogen

–Monocyclic

–Polycyclic

•Responsible for most Sudden, Catastrophic Epidemics

iv.Ecology of the pathogen

–Reproduce on Surface of Aerial Parts of Plant

–Reproduce inside Plant

–Reproduce on Infected Plant Parts in Soil

v.Mode of spread of the pathogen

–Breezes or Strong Winds

•Most Sudden & Widespread Epidemics

–Inoculum Carried by Airborne Vectors

–Wind-Blown Rain

–Carried on Seed, Tubers, Bulbs

–Beetles

–Pathogens Spreading through Soil

•Usually Local, Slow-Spreading Diseases of Considerable Severity

3. Environmental factors

i. Moisture

-Rain, dew, high humidity

-Dominant factor in diseases caused by oomycetes,

fungi, bacteria & nematodes

ii.Temperature

-Affects disease cycles of pathogens

Disease development is also affected by

4. TimeTime factors

Season of the year

Duration & frequency of favorable temp. & rains

Appearance of vectors, etc.

Site Selection & Preparation

Selection of Propagative Material

Introduction of Exotic Pathogens

Cultural Practices

Disease control measures

Introduction of new pathogens or disease

How Humans Affect Development of

Plant Disease

• Measures taken to prevent incidence of adisease, reduce the amount of inoculum thatinitiates the spreads of disease and finallyminimises the loss caused by the disease havetraditionally being called as control measures.

• Plant disease management is the eminentprocess in crop production.

• A disease can be managed by eliminatinginteraction between

o A susceptible host

o A virulent pathogen

o In suitable environmental condition

What is Control Measures……

Disease Cycle

Siklus Sekunder

Siklus Primer

Fase Patogenesa

Fase Saprogenesa

Siklus Primer

Fase patogenesa

Inokulum patogen pertama ada di lapang

dan melakukan infeksi serta

menimbulkan penyakit.

Fase Saprogenesa

Patogen bertahan pada kondisi tertentu di

alam terjadi bila kondisi tidak optimal atau

ekstrim.

Siklus SekunderFase destruktif patogen

Terjadi pada inang utama dan kondisi

optimal kerusakan tanaman

Disease Cycle

Management = interrupt the disease cycle

Disease Cycle

Survival Inoculum produced

Dispersal

Infection ColonizationSymptoms

Production of survival

structures

Adapted from P. Vincelli, 2005

Management = interrupt the disease cycle

PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DISEASE

MANAGEMENT

1) AVOIDANCE

2) EXCLUSION

3) ERADICATION

4) PROTECTION

5) RESISTANT VARIETIES

6) THERAPY

H. H. Whetzel included four general disease control principles, Exclusion, Eradication, Protection, Resistance

AvoidanceAvoiding disease by altering planting time, or

planting in areas where inoculum is ineffective due to environmental condition or rare or absent.

Avoidance can be carried out by:-

Choice of geographical areas

Selection of field

Selection of seed and planting material

Choice of time of showing

Disease escaping varieties

Modification of cultural practices

Seed quality- plant seed that is high quality

Planting infected seed can inhibit germination, slow seedling growth, or introduce new pathogens into a field.

Exclusion

Preventing the inoculum from entering or establishing in the field or area where it does not exist.

• Seed treatment

• Inspection

• Certification

• Quarantine (Federal or State)

• Cleaned farm equipment

Cleaning farm equipment

Example of Quarantine Regulation

Eradication

This principle aims at eliminating a pathogen after it is introduced into an area but before it has become well established or widely spread.

It can be applied to

individual plants,

seed lots,

fields or regions

It is generally not effective over large geographic areas

Eradiation can be done by……

Destroying weeds that are reservoirs of various pathogens or insect vectors of disease,

Biological control of plant pathogen Crop rotation Soil treatment Heat and chemical treatment

Elimination of potato cull pilesWeed Control

Crop Rotation

Soil Treatment

Burning of infected

residues crop

Propane flaming

Crop rotation- prevents build up of inoculum

Competition for foodDestroyed/suppressed

Protection

Preventing infection by creating a chemical toxic barrier between the plant surface and pathogens.

• Chemical treatment

• Chemical control of insect vector

• Modification of environment

or environment condition

• Modification of host nutrition

Fungicides

Foliar fungicides- stop infection and colonization of host

Syngenta

Resistant Varieties

Preventing infection or reducing effect of infection by managing the host through improvement of resistance in it by genetic manipulation or by chemotherapy.

• Selection and hybridisation of disease resistance

• Mutation for disease

resistance

Resistance- prevents colonization and disease development

Soybean cyst nematode

Resistance- reduces build up of inoculum

Resistant variety has smaller and yellowish-green

color lesions

Susceptible variety has large lesions

Corn Leaf Blight

Susceptible and resistant plant to papaya ringspot

virus

Susceptible and resistant plant

Therapy of disease plant

Reducing severity of disease in an infected individual by chemicals.

• Chemotherapy

• Tree Surgery

• Heat Therapy

Survival Inoculum produced

Dispersal

Infection Colonization Symptoms

Production of survival

structures

How does management interrupt the disease cycle?

Interrupting the disease cycle

Survival Inoculum produced

Dispersal

Infection Colonization Symptoms

Production of survival

structures

Rotation; tillage; planting high quality seed

Interrupting the disease cycle

Survival Inoculum produced

Dispersal

Infection Colonization Symptoms

Production of survival

structures

Interrupting the disease cycle

Variety resistance; fungicides

Summary

The disease cycle for all pathogens is essentially the same.

Effective management strategies break the disease cycle.

An understanding of the disease cycle will help implement management strategies.

Understanding disease cycle is the fundamental of plant disease management

TERIMA KASIH